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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2019 Dec 20;27(12):982–988. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2019.12.010

特利加压素对顽固性肝硬化腹水的治疗作用与效应特点观察

Observation of the therapeutic and characteristic effects of terlipressin on refractory cirrhotic ascites

Xing Feng 1, Li Shuang 2, Zhang Jianjun 3, Sun Changyu 4, Huang Jianrong 5, Gao Zeli 6, Zhu Tingting 1, Zhao Qiang 1, Zhang Hua 1, Liu Chenghai 1,7,8,通信作者:
Editor: 孙 宇航
PMCID: PMC12814613  PMID: 31941260

Abstract

Objective

To observe the therapeutic effect of terlipressin on refractory ascites (RA) in cirrhosis, and its role and impact on acute kidney injury (AKI).

Methods

A non-randomized controlled clinical trial data of 111 hospitalized cases of liver cirrhosis accompanied with RA was collected from Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Hubei Province, Th e First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Zhejiang University, and People's Hospital of Pudong New Area of Shanghai between March 2015 and March 2017. 26 cases of conventional treatment group (control group) were divided into two subgroups: RA without AKI (RA-NAKI) and RA with AKI (RA-AKI), and each subgroup consisted 13 cases. Patients with bacterial infection were treated with diuretics, albumin supplementation and antibiotics. 85 cases were presented in terlipressin combined treatment group, of which 27 cases were of RA-NAKI and 58 cases were of RA-AKI. Control group was injected terlipressin 1mg of intravenous drip or static push (once q6 h~12 h) for more than 5 days. The treatment duration lasted for 2 weeks with 4 weeks of follow-up. Body weight, 24-hour urine volume, abdominal circumference, mean arterial pressure (MAP), liver and kidney function, anterior hepatic ascites, deepest point of ascites, and ultrasonographic detection of ascites in supine position before treatment, one and two weeks after treatment and 4 weeks after follow-up were compared. Count data were tested by x2 Samples of four groups at baseline were compared. One-way analysis of variance was used for normal distribution data and Kruskal-Wallis H test for non-normal distribution data. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the difference in efficacy between different time points before and after treatment in the group. The LSD method of one-way ANOVA was used to compare the two groups. A t-test of independent samples was used to compare the efficacy of different time series between the two groups. Mann-Whitney rank- sum test was used to compare the data of non-normal distribution between the two groups.

Results

(1) Baseline data were compared among 4 subgroups of terlipressin RA-NAKI and control RA-AKI. Control group age was higher than that of terlipressin group, and the serum creatinine (SCr) of the RA-AKI group was higher than RA-NAKI group, and there was no signiffcant difference in the rest of the baseline data and the combined medication (P>0.05). (2) An intra-group comparison between control and trelipressin before and after treatment showed that all patients had lower body mass, abdominal circumference and deepest ascites, and higher serum albumin (P<0.05). 24-hour urine volume and MAP was significantly increased in the terlipressin group, while the pre-ascites, SCr and child Turcotte Pugh (CTP) scores were decreased. Body weight, abdominal circumference, pre-ascites, and deepest ascites of the terlipressin group were decreased, while MAP was increased during the treatment and follow-up periods. The differences were statistically significant when compared with the control group at the same time (P<0.05).There was a statistically significant difference in the mcrease of 24-h urine volume in the terlipressin group compared with the control group (P<0.05). The decrease in SCr and CTP in the terlipressin group after 2 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of follow-up was statistically significant compared with the control group (P<0.05). (3) Among the two subgroups of RA-AKI and RA-NAKIin the terlipressin group, the baseline SCr value of the former was higher than that of the latter. After treatment, the body weight, abdominal circumference, pre-ascites, deepest ascites and CTP scores were decreased. In the RA-AKI group, 24-hour urine volume, MAP, SCr and serum albumin concentration were significantly increased. The difference between the two subgroups before and after treatment was compared, and the body weight of RA-AKI group at 1, 2 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of follow-up was significantly lower than RA-NAKI group, which were (-2.3±0.2 vs.-1.5±0.2) kg, (-4.1±0.2 vs. -2.6±0.2) kg, (-4.2±0.3 vs. -2.4±0.3) kg, respectively. RA-NAKI group urine volume was significantly increased at 2 weeks of treatment and 4 weeks of follow-up, which was (468±42 vs. 110±131) ml, (272±34 ml vs. 11±112) ml, respectively. SCr reduction (18.3±4.7 vs. 0.9±2.4) umol/l at 4 weeks of follow-up was apparent in RA-NAKI group, and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Addition of terlipressin to conventional treatment may significantly increase MAP, 24-h urine volume, improve renal function and promote ascites resolution in patients with refractory cirrhotic ascites. Moreover, its combination effect is more obvious in AKI patients, and adverse reactions are mild.

【Key words】: Liver cirrhosis, Ascites, Acute kidney injury, Terlipressin


腹水是肝硬化患者失代偿期最为常见的临床表现[1,2],并见于顽固性腹水(refractory ascites, RA)、低钠血症与肝肾综合征(hepatorenal syndrome, HRS)等多种并发症中,功能性急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)常与HRS-1型并见,在腹水相关并发症的发生和发展中起到重要作用。该病病情严重,治疗困难。特利加压素是一种人工修饰血管加压素,通过与内脏平滑肌的血管加压素V1受体结合,可以收缩内脏血管、降低门静脉压力,在食管胃静脉曲张出血中有良好作用[3]。特利加压素与白蛋白联合使用也可逆转改善肝肾综合征、并降低其短期病死率[4,5],但是特利加压素对于肝硬化顽固性腹水疗效如何?伴有急性肾损伤时对其疗效有何影响?我们通过多中心非随机对照研究,以常规治疗为对照,观察加载特利加压素对肝硬化顽固性腹水的作用,并分析是否合并AKI的差异影响,以期探讨特利加压素对肝硬化顽固性腹水的疗效及其作用特点。

资料与方法

1.研究对象:2015年3月至2017年3月期间的多中心(上海中医药大学附属曙光医院,上海市宝山区中西医结合医院,湖北省中山医院,郑州大学第一附属医院,浙江大学附属第一医院,上海市浦东新区人民医院)肝硬化顽固性腹水住院患者。

2.诊断标准:参考2010年欧洲肝病学会[6]及2015年国际腹水俱乐部[7]诊断标准:(1)顽固性肝硬化腹水分为2类:①利尿药抵抗性腹水:由于对限钠和最大有效利尿药治疗无应答,腹水不能减退或治疗后不能预防早期复发。②利尿药不耐受性腹水:虽然利尿药没有达到最高有效剂量,但是由于发生利尿药诱导的并发症而妨碍利尿药有效使用,腹水不能减退或治疗后不能预防早期复发。诊断要点:①有效利尿药的剂量与疗程:安体舒通400 mg/d、速尿160mg/d,至少1周,并且限制钠盐饮食<88mmol/d。②利尿无应答:治疗4d,体质量减少<0.8kg,并且尿钠排出<78mmol/d。③早期腹水复发:治疗后腹水减退,但4周内复发2级及其以上腹水。④利尿药相关并发症:缺乏其他诱发因素的情况下发生肝性脑病;血清肌酐(serum creatine, SCr)达到AKI诊断标准;血清Na+下降>10mmol/L至血清Na+<125mmol/L;血清K+<3mmol/L或者>6mmol/L。符合①+②或①+③或④即可诊断为肝硬化顽固性腹水。(2)AKI诊断标准:48h内SCr升高≥0.3 mg/dl(26.5μmol/L),或在7d内升高至基线水平的1.5倍以上。基线指3个月内最近1次的SCr浓度。

3.纳入标准:年龄18岁以上,性别不限。诊断为肝硬化顽固性腹水合并AKI(RA-AKI)或肝硬化顽固性腹水未合并AKI(RA-NAKI)。签署知情同意书。有利水剂或血管活性药物用药史者,设洗脱期为4周。

4.排除标准:(1)合并循环、呼吸、泌尿、神经、血液及内分泌系统严重原发疾病;(2)机械性肠梗阻;(3)精神病;(4)肿瘤患者,如合并肝癌患者需符合米兰标准;(5)妊娠及哺乳期妇女;(6)对血管活性药物过敏者;(7)特利加压素使用少于5d者。脱落标准:(1)腹水未消退且未完成临床试验的全程观察;(2)观察过程中出现不良反应不能继续治疗者。

5.分组及治疗方案:本研究比较在真实临床情况下,不同处理措施的差别。不同处理由临床医师根据实际情况提出,按规范实施。研究过程为观察性。分组方法:根据治疗方案将入组患者分为2组,常规治疗组(对照组)与特利加压素联合治疗组(特利组)。治疗方案:(1)对照组:①利尿药:安体舒通片不超过400mg/d,速尿不超过160mg/d或托拉塞米不超过80mg/d。②人血白蛋白:入组时血清白蛋白低于30g/L的患者按常规需求使用人血白蛋白静脉滴注。③确诊为自发性细菌性腹膜炎或其他细菌感染者应使用敏感抗生素。(2)特利组:在常规治疗基础上,加用特利加压素1mg(购自深圳翰宇药业股份有限公司)静脉滴注或微泵静脉推注,每12h1次~每6h1次,使用5d及以上。(3)疗程:治疗2周,随访4周。如疗程未满2周,但超声证实腹水完全消退,则视为疗程结束。

6.观察内容:主要疗效指标:①腹水:腹部超声检查,记录仰卧位肝前腹水深度(以下简称“肝前腹水”)及仰卧位腹水最深处深度(以下简称“最深腹水”);②血清肾功能指标。以上指标治疗前、治疗第7天、治疗2周及随访4周各1次。③体质量:清晨排空二便后空腹状态测量;④腹围:清晨排空二便后空腹状态皮尺测量卧位最大腹围;⑤24h尿量。以上指标治疗期间每天及随访4周各记录1次。次要疗效指标:动脉血压治疗期间每天记录,随访4周记录1次。血清肝功能指标、电解质、血常规、凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值(international standardized ratio of prothrombin time, INR)于治疗前、治疗第7天、治疗2周及随访4周各1次。本研究方案经由上海中医药大学附属曙光医院伦理委员会审批(批号:2014-338-34-01)。

7.统计学方法:应用SPSS17.0统计软件进行数据分析。计数资料用x2检验。基线4组样本比较,正态分布资料采用单因素方差分析,非正态分布资料用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。采用重复测量方差分析,比较组内治疗前后不同时点序列疗效差异。组内两两比较采用单因素方差分析LSD法;两组间不同时点序列疗效差异比较采用独立样本t检验;两组非正态分布资料间比较采用Mann-Whitney秩和检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.病例资料:共收集到111例RA患者作为研究对象,其中对照组26例、特利组85例。对照组中,RA-NAKI与RA-AKI患者各13例;特利组中,RA-NAKI患者27例,RA-AKI患者58例。

2.各组患者基线资料比较:特利组和对照组的RA-NAKI与RA-AKI亚组这4组间,在性别、体温、平均动脉压(mean artery pressure, MAP)、体质量、腹围、24h尿量、血清白蛋白、总胆红素(TBil)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血K+、血Na+、INR、外周血白细胞(white blood cell, WBC)、血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)、血小板(platelet, PLT)、肝前腹水、最深腹水、Child-Turcotte-Pugh(CTP)评分及合并利尿药、人血白蛋白用量等基线比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。对照组的年龄高于特利组;RA-AKI组的SCr高于RA-NAKI组。特利组RA-AKI与RA-NAKI间特利加压素日用量差异无统计学意义,使用天数RA-NAKI组略长于RA-AKI组,见表1

表1. 各组治疗前基线比较.

组别 例数 男/女 年龄
(岁)
平均动脉压
(mmHg)
体质量
(kg)
腹围
(cm)
尿量
(ml/d)
CTP评分 特利剂量
(mg/d)
特利使用时间
(d)
实验室检查 肝前腹水深度
(mm)
最深腹水深度
(mm)
合并用药
丙氨酸转氨酶
(IU/L)
总胆红素
(µmol/L)
白蛋白
(g/L)
肌酐
(µmol/L)
国际标准化比值 螺内酯
(mg/d)
呋塞米
(mg/d)
人血白蛋白
(g/d)
特利组( n=85)
RA-NAKI 27 15/12 51.6±12.4 81.0±9.7 66.9±8.9 96.6±11.9 1412±438 10.7±2.1 2.1±0.4 10.8±5.1 53.8±88.8 74.7±77.6 27.0±4.4 67.7±18.2 1.60±0.28 24.1±8.8 81.2±20.2 156±170 75±67 11.9±6.5
RA-AKI 58 32/26 62.4±9.7 80.4±9.0 64.6±15.4 94.4±9.2 1234±430 10.0±1.7 2.4±0.8 8.6±4.4 37.7±44.4 55.6±51.5 27.3±5.0 118.4±48.0 1.55±0.36 24.9±8.8 85.4±26.0 135±85 69±37 10.1±4.6
对照组( n=26)
RA-NAKI 13 7/6 67.9±12.7 80.1±9.5 66.7±8.0 95.8±12.8 1468±695 10.1±1.4 - - 48.0±32.2 33.6±15.0 27.5±3.7 75.2±15.5 1.45±0.13 23.7±8.7 81.7±16.9 83±40 52±24 11.2±4.2
RA-AKI 13 7/6 71.6±8.8 81.9±7.2 66.5±9.4 95.0±16.1 1296±398 9.5±1.3 - - 39.5±25.0 52.2±31.6 27.8±2.7 123.2±43.7 1.42±0.15 23.6±10.4 84.9±25.6 99±44 59±27 10.0±0.0
x2/方差/H - 0.018a 13.357 0.119 0.261 0.234 1.445 1.798 0.865b 1.983b 0.556 3.969c 0.114 46.136c 1.488 0.114 0.227 4.410c 2.207c 2.182c
P - 0.999 0.000 0.949 0.853 0.872 0.234 0.152 0.387 0.047 0.645 0.265 0.952 0.000 0.222 0.952 0.877 0.220 0.531 0.535

注:ax2检验。b:特利组RA-NAKI与RA-AKI比较,Mann-Whitney秩和检验,Z值。c:Kruskal-Wallis H检验。其余为单因素方差分析。

3.特利组与对照组疗效比较:(1)2组各组内治疗前后比较:患者体质量、腹围、最深腹水均显著降低,血清白蛋白浓度明显升高;特利组24h尿量、MAP明显增加,肝前腹水、SCr及CTP评分降低。2组患者的ALT、血K+、血Na+、INR等无明显变化。(2)治疗前后不同时间点差值(治疗后-治疗前)的2组间比较:特利组治疗1周、2周及随访4周体质量、腹围、肝前腹水及最深腹水降低,MAP增加,均较同时点对照组差异有统计学意义;特利组治疗1周、2周24h尿量增加较对照组明显;特利组治疗2周、随访4周SCr及CTP降低较对照组差异有统计学意义,小部分患者因长期卧床未能监测体质量,见表2

表2. 肝硬化顽固性腹水患者特利组与对照组疗效比较.

指标 治疗前 治疗1周 治疗2周 随访4周 重复测量F P
体质量(kg) 特利组 均值 66.9±9.1 64.8±9.1 63.3±9.3 63.3±9.2 118.825 0.000
( n=81) 差值 -2.1±0.1cb -3.6±0.2cdb -3.7±0.2cdb
对照组 均值 66.6±8.6 65.9±8.9 65.7±8.8 66.1±7.8 3.280 0.040
( n=25) 差值 -0.7±0.2c -0.9±0.4c -0.5±0.7
腹围(cm) 特利组 均值 95.1±10.1 90.3±10.1 88.0±11.7 87.9±10.1 117.257 0.000
( n=85) 差值 -4.9±0.3cb -7.9±0.4cdb -7.6±0.5cbde
对照组 均值 95.4±14.1 92.7±12.7 90.7±8.2 94.6±12.8 9.118 0.000
( n=26) 差值 -2.6±0.6c -2.9±0.7c -0.8±0.7de
24 h尿量(ml) 特利组 均值 1291±438 1789±472 1690±493 1521±390 34.266 0.000
( n=85) 差值 474±47cb 378±48cdb 207±40cde
对照组 均值 1386±567 1454±504 1423±401 1446±294 0.261 0.852
( n=26) 差值 63±110 32±114 55±102
平均动脉压(mmHg) 特利组 均值 80.6±9.2 84.8±8.6 83.8±7.6 82.2±8.1 11.965 0.000
( n=85) 差值 4.3±0.7cb 3.4±0.7cdb 1.8±0.6cbde
对照组 均值 81.0±8.3 81.9±7.0 81.6±6.6 81.1±8.1 0.806 0.503
( n=26) 差值 1.0±0.6 0.6±0.7 0.1±0.3
肝前腹水(mm) 特利组 均值 24.6±8.8 18.1±8.4 13.0±7.9 9.0±5.2a 102.911 0.000
( n=85) 差值 -6.2±0.7cb -11.7±0.9cdb -15.7±0.9cbde
对照组 均值 23.6±9.4 21.1±8.5 19.4±7.8 20.4±8.0 2.215 0.116
( n=26) 差值 -2.5±1.2c -4.3±1.7c -3.2±2.1
最深腹水(mm) 特利组 均值 84.0±24.2 57.8±20.1 38.0±11.4a 38.7±12.9a 127.023 0.000
( n=85) 差值 -25.1±1.9cb -45.0±2.3cdb -44.2±2.7cdb
对照组 均值 83.3±21.5 73.6±19.0 70.7±20.5 71.6±23.8 4.895 0.009
( n=26) 差值 -9.8±2.8c -12.6±3.6c -11.7±5.0c
肌酐(µmol/l) 特利组 均值 102.3±47.2 94.8±40.1 90.3±33.0 86.6±30.3a 5.974 0.001
( n=85) 差值 -3.8±3.6 -7.3±3.3cb -11.8±3.3cbde
对照组 均值 97.7±41.4 100.1±45.7 108.142.53 110.0±46.3 2.007 0.142
( n=26) 差值 2.5±3.6 8.4±4.3 12.2±6.0d
白蛋白(g/L) 特利组 均值 27.2±4.8 28.6±4.4 29.4±4.1 28.9±3.4 10.931 0.000
( n=85) 差值 1.4±0.3c 2.1±0.4cd 1.7±0.4c
对照组 均值 27.7±3.2 28.5±2.3 29.4±2.8 28.5±2.5 6.194 0.003
( n=26) 差值 0.8±0.3c 1.7±0.5cd 0.8±0.6e
CTP评分 特利组 均值 10.3±1.8 - 8.9±1.6 8.5±1.6 54.814 0.000
( n=85) 差值 -1.3±0.1cb -1.7±0.2bce
对照组 均值 9.8±1.4 - 9.4±1.1 9.2±1.2 2.359 0.134
( n=26) 差值 -0.8±0.5 -0.9±0.4c

注:差值:治疗后-治疗前。a:与同时点对照组均值比较,P < 0.05,独立样本t检验。b:特利组与对照组相同观察点差值比较,P < 0.05,独立样本t检验。c:与基线比较,P < 0.05;d:与治疗1周差值比较,P < 0.05;e:与治疗2周差值比较,P < 0.05,单因素方差分析LSD法。

4.基于AKI的特利组内疗效分层分析:2亚组间,除外RA-AKI组年龄、SCr高于RA-NAKI组,其余资料基线水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(1)各亚组内治疗前后比较:均见体质量、腹围、肝前腹水、最深腹水及CTP评分降低。RA-AKI组尚可见24h尿量、MAP明显增加,SCr明显降低,血清白蛋白浓度升高。2组治疗前后TBil、ALT、K+、血Na+、INR等差异无统计学意义。(2)治疗前后不同时间点差值(治疗后-治疗前)的亚组间比较:RA-AKI组治疗1、2周及随访4周体质量减轻均较RA-NAKI组明显,治疗2周及随访4周尿量增加较RA-NAKI组明显,随访4周SCr降低较RA-NAKI组显著,见表3

表3. 特利组RA-AKI与RA-NAKI患者疗效比较.

指标 治疗前 治疗1周 治疗2周 随访4周 重复测量F P
体质量(kg) RA-AKI 均值 66.9±9.2 64.6±9.3 62.8±9.4 62.7±9.2 102.331 0.000
( n=55) 差值 -2.3±0.2bc -4.1±0.2cbd -4.2±0.3cbd
RA-NAKI 均值 66.9±8.9 65.4±8.9 64.3±9.1 64.5±9.1 41.373 0.000
( n=26) 差值 -1.5±0.2c -2.6±0.2cd -2.4±0.3cd
腹围(cm) RA-AKI 均值 94.4±9.2 89.4±9.2 87.1±11.6 86.7±9.3 98.585 0.000
( n=58) 差值 -5.1±0.3c -8.2±0.5cd -7.8±0.5cde
RA-NAKI 均值 96.6±11.9 92.3±11.8 90.8±11.5 91.0±11.6 22.671 0.000
( n=27) 差值 -4.4±0.5c -7.3±0.9cd -7.0±0.9cde
24 h尿量(ml) RA-AKI 均值 1234±430 1796±474 1702±506 1507±384 81.132 0.000
( n=58) 差值 571±38c 468±42cbd 272±34cbde
RA-NAKI 均值 1412±438 1776±477 1657±470 1565±416 0.730 0.549
( n=27) 差值 184±131 110±131 11±112
平均动脉压(mmHg) RA-AKI 均值 80.4±9.0 84.6±7.0 83.61±6.4 81.8±7.7 12.226 0.000
( n=58) 差值 4.3±0.7c 3.4±0.8cd 1.6±0.6cde
RA-NAKI 均值 81.0±9.7 85.4±11.4 84.2±9.7 83.1±9.0 2.524 0.082
( n=27) 差值 4.4±1.6c 3.2±1.3c 2.1±1.3
肝前腹水(mm) RA-AKI 均值 24.9±8.8 17.9±8.6 12.3±6.7 9.0±4.9 71.788 0.000
( n=58) 差值 -6.6±0.8c -12.8±1.0cd -16.0±1.1cde
RA-NAKI 均值 24.1±8.8 18.7±8.3 14.6±9.9 9.1±6.0 28.989 0.000
( n=27) 差值 -5.4±1.2c -9.5±1.7cd -15.0±1.6cde
最深腹水(mm) RA-AKI 均值 85.4±26.0 57.4±21.3 37.4±11.0 37.2±14.1 80.865 0.000
( n=58) 差值 -26.4±2.4c -46.3±2.9cd -46.5±3.6cd
RA-NAKI 均值 81.2±20.2 58.8±17.9 39.1±12.3 41.8±9.4 51.517 0.000
( n=27) 差值 -22.4±3.1c -42.1±3.6cd -39.4±3.3cd
肌酐(µmol/L) RA-AKI 均值 118.4±48.0a 107.9±40.8a 105.5±30.1a 99.3±29.0a 7.939 0.000
( n=58) 差值 -5.8±5.6 -11.0±5.2c -18.3±4.7cbde
RA-NAKI 均值 67.7±18.2 67.5±20.5 64.5±18.7 66.2±19.5 0.247 0.862
( n=27) 差值 -0.3±2.3 -1.1±1.3 -0.9±2.4
白蛋白(g/L) RA-AKI 均值 27.3±5.0 29.0±4.3 29.6±4.3 29.0±3.6 10.199 0.000
( n=58) 差值 1.7±0.3c 2.2±0.4c 1.6±0.5c
RA-NAKI 均值 27.0±4.4 27.9±4.6 29.0±3.6 28.8±3.1 2.315 0.101
( n=27) 差值 0.9±0.8 2.0±0.7c 1.8±0.7c
CTP评分 RA-AKI 均值 10.0±1.7 - 8.8±1.7 8.5±1.7 41.511 0.000
( n=58) 差值 -1.0±0.1c -1.4±0.2ce
RA-NAKI 均值 10.7±2.1 - 9.1±1.4 8.5±1.5 18.415 0.000
( n=27) 差值 -1.7±0.3c -2.2±0.4ce

注:差值:治疗后-治疗前。a:与同时点RA-NAKI组均值比较,P < 0.05,独立样本t检验。b:RA-AKI与RA-NAKI相同观察点比较,P < 0.05,Mann-Whitney秩和检验。c:与基线比较,P < 0.05;d:与治疗1周差值比较,P < 0.05;e:与治疗2周差值比较,P < 0.05,单因素方差分析LSD法。

5.不良反应:RA-AKI与RA-NAKI组各有1例患者腹痛,经肌注山莨菪碱解痉治疗后缓解。RA-NAKI组另有1例患者腹泻,经口服蒙脱石散后缓解;1例患者面色苍白,降低给药速度后缓解。

讨论

肝硬化腹水形成的病理生理学基础是门静脉高压,而外周血管尤其是内脏动脉扩张导致水钠潴留则是腹水生成与持续发展的关键环节[8]。肝硬化时肝内血流阻力增加,形成窦性门静脉高压,内脏血流不畅、肠道微生态紊乱,产生炎性因子,刺激血管内皮细胞产生一氧化氮等舒张血管物质引起内脏血管扩张、血管阻力下降、有效动脉血容量不足。继而通过压力感受器与容量感受器,激活收缩血管的神经体液系统,引起钠水潴留与肾血管收缩,致使总血容量增加,在门静脉系统毛细血管压力增加与血浆胶体渗透压下降的影响下产生腹水。随着肝硬化的进展,感染或肝损伤等进一步加重内脏动脉扩张及其后续病理变化,导致顽固性腹水、低钠血症、急性肾损伤与肝肾综合征等腹水相关并发症出现。因此,内脏与外周动脉扩张是腹水形成与发展的关键病理机制,采用收缩内脏血管活性的药物是腹水相关并发症的重要治疗策略。

已有多项研究结果证实,特利加压素对于HRS-1具有良好的逆转作用[9]。但是,对于顽固性腹水研究不多。本研究结果显示:在补充人血白蛋白、利尿及必要时的抗感染等基础治疗上,加用特利加压素可明显降低患者体质量、腹围、仰卧位腹水最大深度,血清白蛋白浓度较治疗前升高。而特利加压素的使用可进一步增加患者24h尿量、平均动脉压,降低肝前腹水深度、SCr及CTP评分。而同一特利加压素加载治疗组内,根据肾功能即是否合并AKI进行分层分析,2个亚组均较基础治疗组疗效明显,但合并AKI患者24h尿量增加与MAP改善更明显,同时SCr明显降低。提示特利加压素无论有无AKI均可明显减轻顽固性腹水,而伴有AKI者效果更为明显,可能与基线水平肾功能有关;提高MAP、改善肾功能是重要效应特征。

受研究经费限制,本研究为观察性,非随机、安慰剂、双盲对照。而且因为考虑到特利加压素对于部分冠心病患者慎用,同时临床上部分年龄大的患者对药物价格较为敏感,所以本研究中基础治疗组年龄明显大于联合治疗组。顽固性肝硬化腹水异质性较大,包括感染、门静脉血栓及肾损伤等因素,后者又包含功能性肾功能不全等不同亚型及不同分期,遗憾的是病例量不足以进行仔细的分层分析。治疗方案上,特利加压素用量1mg,每12h1次~每6h1次,白蛋白用量以10g/d居多,均偏小,而中医药的使用也可能造成一些偏倚。今后研究可分层随机对照,增加观察肾血流等,延长随访期,以明确疗效与机制。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明

刘成海:临床研究的设计及文章修改;邢枫:病例采集及文章撰写;李爽、张建军、孙长宇、黄建荣、高泽立:病例采集、患者随访;朱亭亭、赵强:数据整理及录入;张华:数据分析处理

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81473479)

Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473479)

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