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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2021 Mar 20;29(3):234–239. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20191128-00436

211例长期应用恩替卡韦单药治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者骨密度变化情况及其影响因素分析

Analysis of bone mineral density and its influencing factors in 211 patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with long-term entecavir monotherapy

Ning Huibin 1, Jin Huiming 1, Li Kuan 1, Peng Zhen 1, Li Wei 1, Shang Jia 1,通信作者:
Editor: 孙 宇航
PMCID: PMC12814821  PMID: 33902190

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the changes of bone mineral density and its related influencing factors in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with long-term entecavir monotherapy.

Methods

211 cases with chronic hepatitis B treated with entecavir monotherapy in the Department of Infectious Diseases of Henan Provincial People's Hospital from June 2018 to September 2019 were retrospectively collected. Age, gender, body mass index, number of years of medication use, presence or absence of liver cirrhosis and current bone mineral density level (using dual-energy X-ray detection, taking lumbar L1~4 and left femur as observation region) and other related data were collected. 211 cases general situation was descriptively analyzed by case-control study design. Two independent sample t-tests were used to compare the differences in serum calcium, phosphorus, and renal function levels in patients with different medication durations. Univariate logistic regression was used to screen the influencing factors of bone mineral density level. Significant variables of univariate analysis were included in multivariate logistic regression to obtain the independent influencing factors leading to the decrease of bone mineral density level. The test level was set as α=0.05.

Results

The average age of 211 cases with chronic hepatitis B was (42.36±11.10) years. The average medication time use was (2.52±1.94) years. The body mass index (23.95±3.11),and male-to-female ratio was 2.25/1. The incidence of liver cirrhosis was 35.5%. The incidence of low bone mass in the two observation sites (lumbar spine L1~4 and left femur) was 24.6% and 29.4%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in serum calcium, phosphorus and renal function levels among patients with different entecavir treatment duration (≥3 years and<3 years) (P<0.05). Univariate analysis result showed that the influencing factors of BMD were age,the number of years of medication use, gender, liver cirrhosis (L1~4 of the lumbar spine region) and age, the number of years of medication, and gender (left femoral region). The variables that entered the two models after the multivariate analysis were age (L1~4 region of lumbar spine: OR=2.225,left femur OR=1.660), gender (L1~4 region of lumbar spine: OR=3.048, left femur OR=2.496), number of years of medication use (L1~4 region of lumbar spine: OR=1.387,1eft femur OR=1.276).

Conclusion

Age, gender, and the number of years of medication use are independent factors that influence the bone mineral density of patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with long-term entecavir. Low bone mass risk at the two observation sites is 2.225 and 1.66 times the normal level for every 10 years of age increase. Com pared with men, the risk of low bone mass at the two observation sites is 3.048 and 2.496 times for women, and for every additional year of medication use, the risk of low bone mass at the two observation sites is 1.387 and 1.276 times the normallevel. Female patients with older age and prolonged medication use are at high risk of developing bone mineral density reduction.

Keywords: Chronic hepatitis B, Entecavir, Antiviral therapy, Bone mineral density, Influencing factors


慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B, CHB)是引起终末期肝病及肝细胞癌的重要病因之一[1]。目前国内外指南均推荐恩替卡韦(ETV)、富马酸替诺福韦酯(TDF)和丙酚替诺福韦作为一线的长期抗病毒治疗选择[234],但越来越多研究结果显示这些药物有出现骨肾不良反应的风险[56]。随着CHB患者老龄化的发展及合并症的增加,其出现低骨量甚至骨质疏松的发生越来越受到关注,低骨量所致骨痛、骨折等严重影响生活质量。然而,不同的指南和研究对于ETV和其他核苷酸类药物(阿德福韦酯、TDF)所致骨肾风险及推荐不同,本研究重点探讨分析长期ETV单药治疗患者骨密度变化情况及其影响因素。

资料与方法

1.研究对象:回顾性分析2018年6月至2019年9月河南省人民医院感染科门诊及住院就诊乙型肝炎患者211例。CHB及肝硬化的诊断符合“慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2015更新版)[2]”。入组患者除外失代偿期肝硬化、腹水、腹膜炎、肝性脑病等并发症,除外合并药物性肝炎、自身免疫性肝炎、恶性肿瘤及孕妇等。

2.检测方法:血常规、肝脏生物化学指标、肾功能、血磷、血钙及病毒学等相关指标均采用我院检验科标准及参考值范围。骨密度检测设备为美国Hologic公司生产的Hologic QDR 2000型双能量X线骨密度仪(DEX A Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry)。应用Hologic QDR 2000型自动内部质控系统进行工作,机器精密度达到0.4%。采用其中具有代表性的腰椎L1~4部位及左侧股骨部位为观察指标,骨密度值单位:g/cm2

3.统计学方法:所有数据资料采用SPSS 22.0软件处理。采用病例对照研究设计,患者的一般情况采取描述性分析。采用两独立样本t检验比较不同用药时长患者血清钙、磷及肾功能水平差异;利用单因素logistic回归筛选相关影响因素,将单因素分析有意义的变量纳入多因素logistic回归,获得导致患者低骨量发生的独立影响因素,检验水准取α=0.05。

结果

1.一般资料:211例CHB患者年龄(42.36±11.10)岁、用药(2.52±1.94)年、人体质量指数(23.95±3.11)、男女比例2.25/1、肝硬化发生率35.5%、两个观察部位(腰椎L1~4与左侧股骨)骨密度降低的发生率分别为24.6%(52/211)与29.4%(62/211),见表1

表1. 211例患者一般情况描述.

一般情况 结果
患者例数(n 211
性别(男/女) 146/65
年龄(均数±标准差);中位数(四分位数) 42.36±11.10;41(34、50)
用药年数(均数±标准差);中位数(四分位数) 2.52±1.94;2.06(1.01、3.69)
人体质量指数(均数±标准差);中位数(四分位数) 23.95±3.11;23.88(21.68、25.71)
肝硬化比例(是/否) 75/136
L1~4腰椎骨量情况(正常/降低)a 159/52
左侧股骨骨量情况(正常/降低)a 149/62

注:a:骨量正常T值≥-1.0SD,骨量降低T值< -1.0SD,以同年龄正常人群为参考

2.不同用药时长患者相关指标的变化情况:211例患者中用药3年以上者76例,3年以内者135例,不同组别的患者血清钙、磷及肾功能水平差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05),见表2

表2. 不同恩替卡韦经治时长患者临床相关指标比较.

组别 例数 血磷(mmol/L) 血钙(mmol/L) 肌酐(μmol/L) 肾小球滤过率(ml/min) β微球蛋白(mg/L)
3年以内 135 1.15±0.19 2.28±0.15 62.33±11.92 128.87±27.81 2.07±0.50
3年以上 76 1.03±0.24 2.18±0.37 67.16±10.66 117.56±30.02 2.61±0.78
统计值 t=3.817 t=2.081 t=2.929 t=2.756 t=5.382
P <0.001 0.040 0.004 0.006 <0.001

3.影响患者骨密度变化的单因素分析:对于211例患者的不同部位的骨密度进行分析,结果显示腰椎L1~4的骨量影响因素中年龄、用药年数、性别及是否存在肝硬化有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3;左侧股骨的骨量影响因素中年龄、用药年数及性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4

表3. 影响患者骨密度变化的单因素logistic分析结果(腰椎L1~4骨量).

变量 β SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI
年龄 0.989 0.177 31.314 <0.001 2.688(1.901,3.800)
用药年数 0.326 0.086 14.391 <0.001 1.385(1.171,1.639)
人体质量指数 -0.019 0.052 0.138 0.710 0.981(0.886,1.086)
性别 1.347 0.336 16.119 <0.001 3.847(1.993,7.426)
肝硬化有无 1.023 0.328 9.718 0.002 2.780(1.462,5.288)

注:用药年数、人体质量指数以数值变量纳入分析;年龄20~80岁分为6个年龄组,组间距为10岁;性别(男=0,女=1),肝硬化(无=0,有=1)作为二分类变量纳入分析;OR:比值比;CI:可信区间

表4. 影响患者骨密度变化的单因素logistic分析结果(左侧股骨骨量).

变量 β SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI
年龄 0.675 0.148 20.764 <0.001 1.964(1.469,2.626)
用药年数 0.256 0.080 10.172 0.001 1.291(1.104,1.511)
人体质量指数 -0.093 0.051 3.347 0.067 0.911(0.825,1.007)
性别 1.116 0.319 12.226 <0.001 3.054(1.633,5.709)
有无肝硬化 0.388 0.311 1.557 0.212 1.474(0.801,2.711)

注:用药年数、人体质量指数以数值变量纳入分析;年龄20~80岁分为6个年龄组,组间距为10岁;性别(男=0,女=1),肝硬化(无=0,有=1)作为二分类变量纳入分析;OR:比值比;CI:可信区间

4.影响患者骨密度变化的多因素分析:对影响两个观察部位骨量的单因素变量进一步进行多因素分析,结果显示患者的年龄、性别及用药年数在两个部位的骨量变化上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表5表6

表5. 影响患者骨密度变化的多因素logistic分析结果(腰椎L1~4骨量).

变量 β SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI
年龄 0.800 0.187 18.307 <0.001 2.225(1.542,3.209)
性别 1.114 0.404 7.605 0.006 3.048(1.380,6.730)
用药年数 0.327 0.106 9.571 0.002 1.387(1.127,1.706)
常数 -4.803 0.682 49.598 <0.001 0.008

注:用药年数、人体质量指数以数值变量纳入分析;年龄20~80岁分为6个年龄组,组间距为10岁;性别(男=0,女=1),肝硬化(无=0,有=1)作为二分类变量纳入分析;OR:比值比;CI:可信区间

表6. 影响患者骨密度变化的多因素logistic分析结果(左侧股骨骨量).

变量 β SE Waldχ2 P OR(95%CI
年龄 0.507 0.158 10.311 0.001 1.660(1.218,2.261)
性别 0.915 0.362 6.387 0.011 2.496(1.228,5.075)
用药年数 0.243 0.092 7.034 0.008 1.276(1.066,1.527)
常数 -3.289 0.527 38.929 <0.001 0.037

注:用药年数、人体质量指数以数值变量纳入分析;年龄20~80岁分为6个年龄组,组间距为10岁;性别(男=0,女=1),肝硬化(无=0,有=1)作为二分类变量纳入分析;OR:比值比;CI:可信区间

讨论

HBV感染是导致肝硬化和肝癌的主要原因,数据统计结果显示2015年高达42.2万患者死于肝癌,其中超过84%的HCC与HBV感染相关[78]。目前,全球范围内各大指南一致认为长期有效地抗病毒治疗,降低HCC风险,是CHB治疗的主要目标。核苷(酸)类似物中ETV、TDF、丙酚替诺福韦被推荐作为一线的口服抗病毒药物[123]。随着我国疫苗的广泛应用,HBV感染者的人群结构已经发生变化,我国CHB患者越来越老年化,45岁以上人群占比已由2013年40%显著提升至2016年的49%。既往HBV感染患者逐渐老龄化,在长期抗病毒治疗过程中其非肝脏相关的其他并存疾病显著增加。CHB患者除肝脏相关并发症外,也会罹患非肝脏相关的其他并存病,患者年龄越大,常见并存病如心血管疾病、糖尿病、肾脏及骨病并存症的比例均显著增加[9]

中国台湾13年的全民医保研究数据库[10]及中国大陆近50万例前瞻性队列研究结果[11]均显示HBV感染是肾脏损伤的高危因素,HBV感染者肾脏损伤的发病率高于非HBV感染者。基于2000至2011年人群的队列研究[12],从Longitudinal健康数据库纳入年龄>20岁的HBV感染患者显示CHB骨质疏松风险增加,且随年龄增加而升高。此外,来自2006至2015年美国国民保险数据库[13]也显示不同收入群体CHB患者骨折和骨质疏松发生率均显著高于非CHB人群,且逐年提高。以上数据都告诉我们HBV感染者随着年龄的增加其骨肾风险相应增加,且与肝病的严重程度相关。除此之外,长期的核苷(酸)药物的应用也能出现药物相关的骨肾不良反应。中国香港>5.3万例的队列研究结果显示核苷酸类药物暴露增加髋部骨折风险[14]。有研究者认为核苷(酸)类似物导致骨量流失或骨质疏松的机制主要包括对骨骼的直接不良作用(作用于成骨细胞和破骨细胞)及通过损伤肾脏间接影响骨代谢(影响维生素D代谢,导致甲状旁腺激素水平升高和骨转换增加)[151617]

美国国家营养与健康调查数据中CHB患者的回顾性队列研究,阿德福韦酯、ETV、TDF随用药时间进展逐步出现肾功能异常,明显低于正常人群自然下降情况[18]。也有研究者发现长期使用TDF和ETV的肾脏安全性无差异[19]。因此,对于有肾脏和骨骼疾病的患者,由于ETV和TDF所致潜在肾脏和骨骼疾病风险无显著差异,2018 AASLD指南[4]对于ETV和TDF的选择无优选推荐。但是2017 EASL指南[3]推荐,年龄较大或有发展为/存在潜在的肾脏或骨病风险的患者优选选择丙酚替诺福韦或ETV,使用TDF治疗的患者若有发展为/存在潜在的肾脏或骨病风险,应考虑转换至ETV或丙酚替诺福韦,那么对于两种药物,尤其是ETV长期应用对于HBV患者在骨的安全性上到底如何,需要更多的数据支持,本研究就此开展。

本研究结果显示211例长期应用ETV的患者年龄(42.36±11.10)岁、用药(2.52±1.94)年、男女比例2.25/1、肝硬化发生率35.5%、两个观察部位骨密度降低的发生率分别为24.6%与29.4%,与相关报道慢性肝脏疾病骨质疏松发生率中病毒性肝炎约20%~53%、肝硬化约12%~55%数据一致[20]。本研究中人群年龄平均偏大,用药时间3年左右,进一步分析患者用药3年以上者其血清钙、磷及肾小球滤过率水平与3年以内者相比明显下降,差异有统计学意义,这提示用药时间长者出现肾功能异常并影响钙磷代谢的发生率较高。有研究结果显示核苷(酸)类似物应用可以通过损伤肾脏,进而影响维生素D代谢,导致甲状旁腺激素水平升高和骨转换增加,最终可间接影响骨代谢。本研究同样进一步评估ETV应用后骨密度的变化。单因素分析显示对于L1~4的骨量影响因素中年龄、用药年数、性别及是否存在肝硬化有统计学意义;对于左股骨骨量影响因素中年龄、用药年数及性别有统计学意义,意味着年龄、用药时间及性别是影响两个观察部位骨密度的重要危险因素,然而本研究数据显示是否存在肝硬化可能会影响L1~4,这与肝硬化患者对于骨代谢影响的作用机制有关[21],且与相关研究数据显示一致[22]。但本研究结果显示是否存在肝硬化并没有对左侧股骨骨量有明显差异性影响,这可能与数据量有限及基线差异有关,需要更大的研究数据分析证实。

本研究数据显示对于ETV长期应用的CHB患者,其年龄、性别、用药年数是影响其骨密度水平的独立影响因素。年龄每增加10岁,两个观察部位发生低骨量的风险分别是原先的2.225倍和1.660倍;女性相比于男性,两个观察部位发生低骨量的风险分别为3.048倍和2.496倍;用药年数每增加1年,两个观察部位发生低骨量的风险分别是原先的1.387倍和1.276倍。总之,年龄越大、用药时间越长的女性患者是发生低骨量的高危人群。

我国约有6944万人患有骨质疏松症,近2.1亿人处于低骨量状态。骨质疏松易发生骨折,影响生活质量[23]。慢性HBV感染增加骨质疏松的风险,且与肝病严重程度、病程密切相关[2425]。CHB与骨质疏松相互影响,造成治疗的复杂性,影响患者疾病治疗。由于HBV的影响、CHB患者的老龄化、长期核苷(酸)类似物药物的应用3个方面的因素相互促进大大增加了CHB患者发生骨肾损害的风险。ETV和TDF两种主要的一线推荐药物,长期用药均有出现骨肾损伤的风险。本研究中ETV长期治疗者存在骨密度下降比例达到20%~30%。数据显示年龄、性别、用药年数是影响长期应用ETV治疗CHB患者骨密度水平的独立影响因素。患者年龄越大、用药时间越长其骨密度影响就越大。总之,年龄大、用药时间长的女性患者是发生骨密度降低的高危人群。因此,CHB患者在长期ETV治疗过程中同样应定期检测肾功能相关指标及骨密度等,及时发现早期的骨肾不良反应,预防严重骨肾不良事件的发生,进一步提高患者的生活质量及生存期。

作者贡献声明

宁会彬:研究设计、撰写文章;靳慧鸣:统计分析数据;李宽、彭真:数据收集;李威:指导写作;尚佳:指导写作、修改文章

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Funding Statement

基金项目:十三五国家科技重大专项子课题“乙型肝炎相关肝癌早期免疫诊断关键技术研发和应用”子课题编号(2018ZX10302205—004);中国肝炎防治基金会天晴肝病研究基金编号(TQGB20190252)

Fund program: National Key R&D Program of China “Development and application of key technologies for early immunologic diagnosis of HBV related liver cancer”(2018ZX10302205-004);Tian qing liver disease research fund of China Hepatitis Prevention Foundation (TQGB20190252)

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