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International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry logoLink to International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry
. 2026 Jan 15;19(1):92–99. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-3455

Effect of Baicalein on Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study

Sejal Patil 1, Madhura Pawar 2,✉, Avinash Kharat 3, Nishant Mante 4, Sneha Panamgipalli 5, Supriya Kheur 6
PMCID: PMC12855021  PMID: 41624368

Abstract

Background

Human dental pulp cells (HDPCs) are the primary cellular components of the pulp tissue and play a crucial role in its regenerative potential. In the context of vital pulp therapy (VPT), naturally derived herbal compounds have emerged as potential alternatives to conventional direct pulp capping agents due to their biocompatibility and bioactivity. Baicalein, a flavonoid derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has demonstrated anticancer, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its effects on odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) remain unclear.

Aim

To evaluate the effect of baicalein on the odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs.

Materials and methods

Baicalein was prepared in varying concentrations from a commercially available source. DPSCs were isolated using the explant culture method and characterized through flow cytometry for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers: CD73, CD90 (positive), and CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR (negative). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Odontogenic differentiation and mineralization were evaluated by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineral deposition using 2% Alizarin Red S staining.

Results

Mesenchymal stem cells from explant culture were free of hematopoietic lineage. MTT assay showed no cytotoxicity at 1–50 µg/mL. Compared to control, 10 and 15 µg/mL baicalein increased cell proliferation, though higher concentrations reduced it. At 10 µg baicalein, ALP activity (p < 0.05) and mineral matrix deposition significantly increased, as indicated by darker Alizarin Red S staining. Destaining confirmed higher calcium content in the 10 µg group compared to the control.

Conclusion

Baicalein promotes odontogenic differentiation and mineralization of DPSCs at optimal concentrations, highlighting its potential as a novel bioactive agent in direct pulp capping procedures.

How to cite this article

Patil S, Pawar M, Kharat A, et al. Effect of Baicalein on Odontogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2026;19(1):92–99.

Keywords: Baicalein, Dental pulp stem cells, Odontoblastic differentiation

Introduction

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are widespread around the world and continue to be a significant contributor to dental morbidity in people of all ages. According to epidemiological data, up to 30% of children and 25% of adults will suffer from dental trauma at some point in their lives.1,2

Complex endodontic intervention is frequently required for the treatment of TDIs, particularly in cases where pulp necrosis develops. Conventional root canal therapy is usually necessary for mature teeth. However, regenerative endodontic operations (REPs), particularly revascularization, have virtually replaced traditional apexification in young permanent teeth with inadequate root growth. By utilizing the apical blood supply and remaining stem cells, revascularization makes use of the body's healing capacity to restore pulp vitality and promote further root formation.3,4 According to clinical data, this biologically based strategy encourages periapical pathosis resolution as well as dentinal wall thickening and apical closure, both of which are essential for long-term tooth preservation.5,6

The idea of the tissue engineering triad—which consists of stem cells, scaffolds, and growth factors—is essential to regenerative endodontic treatments. Together, these elements form a microenvironment that promotes pulp–dentin regeneration. The regeneration capacity is supplied by stem cells, such as those found in dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and the stem cell apical papilla (SCAP). Autologous blood clots and biomimetic materials are examples of scaffolds, which serve as physical matrices to promote cell migration and organization. Cellular differentiation and tissue repair are guided by signaling molecules, including growth factors that are generated during root canal disinfection or obtained from platelet concentrates.7,8 The endodontic treatment of injured immature teeth might undergo a paradigm change thanks to this trifecta, which replaces conventional obturation methods with physiologically based, regenerative results.

In addition to full pulp regeneration, recent studies have demonstrated the therapeutic promise of DPSCs in conservative techniques such as pulp capping, which aim to maintain pulp vitality in teeth with reversible pulpitis or mechanical/traumatic exposure. DPSCs can develop into odontoblast-like cells and aid in the production of reparative dentin when they are stimulated by bioactive substances. Their trophic, angiogenic, and immunomodulatory qualities, which promote hard tissue development and inflammation management, lend support to their application in vital pulp therapy (VPT).7,9,10

Because of their biocompatibility and capacity to promote dentin bridge formation, traditional pulp capping materials like calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine have been in use for a long time. But when it comes to handling qualities, long-term sealing capabilities, discoloration possibility (which applies to MTA), or cost-effectiveness, these materials sometimes fall short.11,12 As a result, there is now more interest in biologically produced materials that actively aid in healing by cellular recruitment and bioinduction, in addition to sealing.

Herbal and plant-based bioactive molecules have been investigated as innovative alternatives to synthetic materials in order to overcome their shortcomings. In vitro and in animal investigations, natural substances such as propolis, Aloe vera, turmeric (curcumin), and green tea polyphenols have shown antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and even odontogenic qualities.13–16 Particularly in environments with limited resources, their natural origin, low cytotoxicity, and advantageous interaction with stem cells make them appealing candidates for biocompatible and regenerative pulp capping agents. In order to broaden the range of biological alternatives in critical pulp therapy, ongoing research aims to confirm their capacity to promote DPSC proliferation, improve mineralization, and change inflammatory mediators.

Stem cell research is one of the scientific fields with the quickest rate of growth due to the potential applications of stem cells in regenerative and reconstructive medicine.17 In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have drawn special attention from scientists because they are easier to collect from adult tissues18 and are not as burdened by the ethical difficulties.19 Because of their strong ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, stem cells are regarded as a powerful source of cells for engineering a wide range of tissues, including skeletal and epithelial surfaces. These cells are crucial for the regeneration of enamel, dentin, and pulp tissues because their primary roles include differentiating into odontoblasts, which start the dentinogenesis process and the formation of mineralized dentin, and participating in the formation of enamel through mutual and sequential interactions with the dental epithelial stem cells.20,21

By stimulating odontoblast-like cells, the pulp capping technique aims to promote reparative dentin production and repair by covering the exposed pulp surface with a medication.22 A variety of materials can be used for pulp capping in order to promote tissue regeneration and dentinogenesis throughout the exposed pulp. Additionally, natural herbs might be a viable pulp capping solution.23

Scutellaria baicalensis, often known as Chinese skullcap, is a traditional Chinese herbal remedy that contains a significant flavonoid called baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one). Baicalein exhibits anti-inflammatory,24 antiviral,25 and anticancer,26 antioxidant properties.

According to a recent study, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi's active components, wogonin and baicalein, had an impact on the matrix calcification and proliferation encouragement of hPDLCs.27,28

The effects of baicalein on odontoblastic differentiation and angiogenesis, however, have not been documented, and the outcomes of these investigations have not been consistent.

The interconnected mechanisms of angiogenesis and odontogenic differentiation are essential to pulp capping's efficacy. Angiogenesis guarantees a sufficient flow of blood, supplying the resources required for tissue regeneration and cell survival, whereas odontogenic differentiation encourages the development of new dentin to shield the pulp. Together, the two techniques support tooth pulp healing and the long-term viability of pulp capping operations.

The current work aimed to investigate the possible effects of baicalein on DPSC's odontoblastic differentiation, which is essential for odontogenesis.

Materials and Methods

This study was conducted in the Regenerative Medicine Laboratory of Dr. D.Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pimpri, Pune. The study was conducted after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The study was conducted during the time period between April 2022 to September 2023. The inclusion criteria were healthy teeth selected that were free of caries, trauma, and did not show any radiolucency in the furcation or in the periapical area. The teeth were disease-free, with more than 2/3rd of the root present. Teeth showing any signs of caries, pathologic resorption, trauma, or periapical radiolucency were excluded from the study. Healthy over-retained teeth that fit into the inclusion criteria were extracted and stored in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) until the cells could be harvested from the pulp using the explant culture method.

Step 1: Preparation of Baicalein from a Commercially Available Form

Baicalein (98% pure) was commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, United States. It dissolves in organic solvents and has limited solubility in aqueous media. Baicalein was dissolved in PBS, and serially diluted in alpha minimum essential medium (α-MEM) to final concentrations of ±10 mg/mL stock, and then various concentrations were prepared for its assessment.

Step 2: Isolation and Culture of DPSC

Pulp tissue was cut into roughly 1 mm pieces and arranged in two distinct patterns on 60 mm culture dishes (checkerboard and random), and drops of fetal bovine serum (FBS) were applied to the tissues until they were completely covered. The dishes were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours with 5% CO2, and the addition of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% FBS and antibiotic–antimycotic (AA) solution was done. Every 2–3 days, the culture media were replaced, and the cell outgrowth was monitored using an inverted phase-contrast microscope (Olympus, Japan). Then the outgrown cells at 70–80% confluence were removed and transferred to a culture flask using 0.25% trypsin-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution.

Step 3: Characterization of Stem Cells Using Surface Marker Analysis and Trilineage Differentiation

Dental pulp stem cells were collected at 80–90% confluence, washed in PBS, and incubated with CD73, CD90, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR antibodies.

Flow cytometry was used to examine the CD markers. Trilineage differentiation was assessed using chondrogenic induction medium, osteogenic and adipogenic induction medium.

Step 4: Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Test Material on Stem Cells Using 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay

Dental pulp stem cells were seeded on a 96-well plate and cocultured with the test materials for 48 hours using a colorimetric MTT assay. The vitality of the cells at concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 20, and 50 µg/mL was determined using the MTT test, which involves adding MTT solution (5 mg/mL) to the culture incubator. The solution was removed, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added, likely to result in a purple color. At 570 nm wavelengths, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader was utilized to measure the absorbance values.

Step 5: Evaluation of Effect of Baicalein on Odontogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells

Dental pulp stem cells were exposed to induction medium (DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1%AA, 0.1 mM dexamethasone, 50 mM ascorbate 2-phosphate, and 10 mM β-glycerophosphate) and nitric oxide/pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) to stimulate odontogenic differentiation. Baicalein was added to this culture medium. To evaluate early odontogenic differentiation, a quantitative analysis of the gene expression of osteonectin (OSN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) relevant to odontogenic differentiation of cells will be performed.

Late odontogenic differentiation and mineralization were evaluated by formalin fixing the cells and staining with 2% Alizarin Red.

Statistical Interpretation

The qualitative analysis of cell proliferation across the group, which included one control and one test group, revealed significant differences in the ability of the proliferation to support cell growth. The test group, that is, baicalein, showed markedly higher cell proliferation compared to the control. This suggests that baicalein may provide a more conducive environment for cell growth and proliferation, possibly due to the synergistic effects of baicalein. These findings indicate the potential effectiveness of baicalein for applications where enhanced cell proliferation is desirable.

Results

Flow Cytometry

The cells were incubated with CD73, CD90, CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR antibodies. The results are given in Figure 1. The cells tested positive for CD73 and CD90. The cells tested negative for CD45, CD34, and HLA-DR.

Fig. 1:

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Positive expression of CD73, confirming mesenchymal identity of isolated hMSCs

The mesenchymal cells showed positive expression of CD73 (99.71%) and CD90 (99.62%), as shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Fig. 2:

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Positive expression of CD90, supporting hMSC phenotype

The mesenchymal cells showed negative expression of CD45 (0.0%), HLA-DR (1.33%), and CD34 (4.55%) as shown in Figures 3 to 5.

Fig. 3:

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Negative expression of CD45, indicating absence of hematopoietic cells

Fig. 5:

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Negative expression of CD34, confirming mesenchymal purity of the cells

Fig. 4:

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Negative expression of HLA-DR, showing non-immunogenic nature of hMSCs

Trilineage Differentiation

Mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated into chondrocytes (Fig. 6), osteocytes (Fig. 7), and adipocytes (Fig. 8).

Fig. 6:

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Chondrocytes

Fig. 7:

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Osteocytes

Fig. 8:

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Adipocytes

Cytotoxicity of Baicalein via MTT Assay

This assay was used to find out the cytotoxicity of baicalein on human DPSCs (hDPSCs).

The results of the MTT assay have shown that the material, when tested at concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 50 µg/mL, has not been toxic to the cells (Fig. 9). When compared to the control, 10 and 15 µg/mL of baicalein showed increased proliferation of cells. As we increased the concentration of baicalein, the cell proliferation slightly decreased and showing that the proliferation of cells decreased as the concentration was increased.

Fig. 9:

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Cytotoxicity of baicalein via MTT assay

Effect of 10 µg/mL Baicalein on the Proliferation of hDPSCs

On days 1, 3, 5, and 7, the impact of 10 µg/mL baicalein concentration on the growth of hPDLCs was assessed. The cell growth rate was negligible on day 1 by baicalein at a concentration of 10 μg. In the presence of 10 µg/mL baicalein, the quantity of hPDLCs increased significantly on days 3, 5, and 7.

Effect of 10 µg/mL Baicalein on the ALP activity of hDPSCs

The impact of 10 µg/mL baicalein on the early osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs was evaluated by ALP staining and ALP activity testing. Baicalein-administered hPDLCs showed a dose-dependent increase in ALP expression and activity levels. When 10 μg baicalein (B10) was added to hPDLCs, the ALP activity increased significantly (p < 0.05) and was higher than in the control group (p < 0.05), as shown in Figure 10.

Fig. 10:

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Effect of 10 µg/mL baicalein on the ALP activity of hDPSCs

Effect of 10 µg/mL Baicalein on Calcium Deposition

The development of mineralized nodules and calcium deposition was used to assess the impact of baicalein on the late osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Alizarin red S staining allowed for the visualization of red mineralized nodules following 21 days of osteogenic development. At the 10 µg concentration of baicalein, the stain color was thicker and darker, suggesting that there was more accumulated mineral matrix deposition. We also used a destaining technique to measure the calcium content. Alizarin red S deposition was noticeably higher than in the control group (Figs 11 and 12). The cells in the control group did not create as much calcium deposition as the cells treated with 10 μg baicalein, as shown in Table 1 and Figure 13.

Fig. 11:

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Control

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Baicalein

Table 1:

Effect of 10 µg/mL baicalein on calcium deposition

Average SD
Control 0.2665 0.2692 0.2627 0.2661 0.002666
Baicalein 0.2775 0.2801 0.2814 0.2797 0.001621
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Fig. 13.

Fig. 13

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: Effect of 10 µg/mL baicalein on calcium deposition

Effect of 10 µg/mL Baicalein on the Expression of Osteogenic Markers

After 10 µg/mL baicalein was administered to the hPDLCs for 3, 7, and 11 days, the expression of several osteogenic marker genes, such as OSN and ALP, was detected using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), using glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a housekeeping gene for normalization due to its typically stable expression across different conditions. On days 3 and 7, hPDLCs cultivated with 10 μg baicalein showed an increase in expression, and on day 11, baicalein treatment dramatically amplified this expression. On day 11, the expression of ALP was five times more than the control group's (p < 0.05). Whereas, when compared to the control, OSN level in the group was considerably higher (p < 0.05); on day 11, the mRNA expression level was around twice that of the control (Table 2).

Table 2:

Effect of 10 µg/mL baicalein on the expression of osteogenic markers

Control (S) GAPDH 1.000 Control (S) ALP 1.000 Control (S) OSN 1.000
Baicalein GAPDH 1.000 Baicalein ALP 5.421 Baicalein OSN 1.605
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Discussion

This study used a multifactorial in vitro strategy to examine the odontogenic potential of baicalein, a naturally occurring flavonoid produced from Scutellaria baicalensis, on hDPSCs. Because of their strong proliferative capability, MSC-like phenotype, and capacity to develop into odontoblasts, osteoblasts, and other lineages, DPSCs have attracted a lot of interest in the field of regenerative endodontics. These cells are essential for the regeneration of the dentin–pulp complex and are at the heart of biologically based treatments such as revascularization in immature permanent teeth and VPT.20,29

Growing interest in herbal remedies as supplements or substitutes for traditional pulp capping materials, including calcium hydroxide, MTA, and Biodentine, led to the selection of baicalein for this investigation. Although conventional materials have been the gold standard for many years, their drawbacks—such as tooth discoloration, high cost, low bioactivity, and sporadic cytotoxicity—make it necessary to investigate more recent, biologically active substances. Plant-based substances like baicalein are attractive options for regenerative dentistry because of their special blend of odontogenic stimulation, anti-inflammatory qualities, and biocompatibility.13–16

Flow cytometry plays a crucial role in verifying the identity, purity, and multipotency of stem cell populations. In this investigation, flow cytometric examination verified that a characteristic MSC immunophenotype, expressing CD73 and CD90 but lacking the hematopoietic markers CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR. Xu et al. found similar outcomes, showing that even in the presence of inflammatory stress, stem cell surface markers were preserved in DPSCs treated with baicalin.30

The ISCT (International Society for Stem Cell Research) guidelines state that any study involving stem cells must always follow the isolation, characterization, and trilineage differentiation into chondroblast, osteoblast, and adipocyte. This procedure verifies the cells' stemness for functional use and their mesenchymal stromal origin.

Multipotency in MSCs is characterized by the ability to differentiate into distinct lineages. Trilineage differentiation was assessed using chondrogenic induction medium, osteogenic and adipogenic induction medium. This study found that DPSCs were able to differentiate into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages. This is consistent with research by Tyagi et al., which found that baicalein preserves multipotency while promoting osteo/odontogenic differentiation.31

The MTT assay is a colorimetric method that measures mitochondrial metabolic activity, a crucial sign of cell health and activity, in order to evaluate cell viability and proliferation. It is a useful technique in cell biology for a number of purposes, including toxicity assessment, drug screening. In the MTT assay, 10 µg/mL baicalein also showed a proliferative impact, as indicated by increased mitochondrial activity and cell survival. These findings concur with those of Tyagi et al., who discovered that baicalein stimulates Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/Akt signaling to encourage oral stem cell growth.31 Nevertheless, Cui et al. found that baicalin had a biphasic dosage response, with high doses (≥50 µM) causing cytotoxicity and downregulating genes linked to proliferation.32 This emphasizes how crucial it is to determine the ideal therapeutic window for using baicalein.

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is commonly utilized as a reference gene for normalization in stem cell investigations employing reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The reason for this is that GAPDH is typically regarded as a “housekeeping gene,” which means that under a variety of circumstances, such as stem cell differentiation and manipulation, its expression is thought to be comparatively consistent. Osteogenic differentiation, or the transformation of stem cells into bone-forming osteoblasts, is generally indicated by an increase in the expression of OSN (also called secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine—SPARC) and ALP in stem cells.

In our study, 10 µg/mL baicalein-treated DPSCs exhibited considerably higher levels of ALP activity, an early indicator of odontogenic differentiation, indicating that Baicalein triggers odontoblastic commitment. According to Lee et al., baicalein promotes odontogenesis by inducing the production of ALP and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.33 On the other hand, dexamethasone can cause ALP activity, but it does not have the same immunomodulatory and regenerative effects as baicalein, and it might harm long-term results by desensitizing glucocorticoid receptors.34

Baicalein's function in terminal odontogenic differentiation was further supported by its impact on calcium deposition as determined by Alizarin Red S staining. In comparison to controls, DPSCs treated with 10 µg/mL baicalein developed larger mineralized nodules. This result is consistent with research by Huang et al. and Xu et al., who found that treatment with baicalein increased calcium deposition and extracellular matrix mineralization.30,35 Baicalein seems to get around this restriction by reestablishing redox equilibrium, as Sui et al. observed that oxidative stress reduced DPSC mineralization.36

One of the most convincing results was that baicalein could alter the expression of odontogenic genes and proteins. Baicalein-treated cells exhibited a considerable upregulation of key markers, including ALP and osteonectin (OCN), suggesting a successful transformation from undifferentiated stem cells to functionally committed odontoblast-like cells. Baicalein's dual regulatory function, which suppresses the NF-κB pathway (reducing inflammation) and activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling (promoting differentiation), was credited by Li et al. for these results. Conversely, synthetic Wnt agonists can cause dysregulated signaling in inflammatory or diseased pulp tissue and have no anti-inflammatory effects.37

This study demonstrated that baicalein enhances DPSC proliferation, maintains stemness, and promotes odontogenic differentiation without cytotoxic effects. However, it was limited by its in vitro-only design, short-term observation, focus on a single concentration for differentiation, and lack of molecular pathway analysis. Additionally, in vivo efficacy and broader applicability to other stem cell types remain unverified. Future research should include long-term, in vivo studies, explore underlying signaling mechanisms, evaluate dose-dependent effects, and compare baicalein with standard inducers across multiple stem cell sources to validate its regenerative potential.

Baicalein provides an enticing blend of safety, effectiveness, and bioactivity from a clinical standpoint. It meets several of the requirements for the perfect pulp capping agent, including being economical, biocompatible, anti-inflammatory, and promoting regeneration. The necessity for substances like baicalein that can promote endogenous healing without the negative side effects of synthetic medications is further supported by the growing interest in less invasive endodontics and biologically based pulp therapy techniques.

All things considered, baicalein showed a strong capacity to promote and strengthen DPSCs' odontogenic differentiation. Baicalein shows promise as a natural substance for regenerative endodontics by preserving stemness, urging proliferation, and encouraging mineralization and the expression of odontogenic markers. In line with the future of tissue engineering in dentistry, its potential application as an herbal pulp capping agent presents an intriguing path toward patient-friendly, biologically active dental treatments.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the integration of DPSCs with herbal medicine presents a promising direction for advancing regenerative dentistry. The inherent antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and regenerative properties of herbal extracts may significantly enhance the healing and regeneration of dental pulp tissue. Compared to conventional synthetic materials used in pulp capping and dental tissue repair, herbal alternatives offer a less invasive and more biocompatible option.

These natural compounds may not only support the healing process but also reduce inflammation, thereby improving the outcomes of pulp therapy and aiding in the preservation of tooth vitality. Among them, Baicalein stands out for its potential to promote tissue repair, cell differentiation, and proliferation—especially when used in combination with the regenerative capabilities of DPSCs.

However, to fully understand the mechanisms, efficacy, and safety of baicalein in DPSC-based therapies, further research is essential. Preclinical studies, clinical trials, dosage optimization, and standardization will play a critical role in validating its effectiveness in dental pulp regeneration.

If proven successful, the synergy between herbal medicine and DPSCs could redefine regenerative endodontic therapy—offering a more natural, cost-effective, and biologically harmonious solution for dental tissue repair. Baicalein, in particular, holds considerable potential as a valuable agent in the future of dental pulp healing and regenerative treatments.

Orcid

Sejal Patil https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7147-8415

Madhura Pawar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8688-8340

Avinash Kharat https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5647-8340

Nishant Mante https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2293-8345

Sneha Panamgipalli https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0217-8972

Supriya Kheur https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2440-3547

Footnotes

Source of support: Nil

Conflict of interest: None

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Articles from International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry are provided here courtesy of Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishing (P) Ltd.

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