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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2026 Feb 20;46(2):473–478. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.02.25

嗜粘蛋白阿克曼氏菌与心血管及代谢性疾病相关性的研究进展

Research progress on the correlation between Akkermansia muciniphila and cardiovascular diseases

JIANG Sijie 1,1,3, GONG Lan 2,, ZHENG Hua 1,✉,2,3
PMCID: PMC12867613  PMID: 41633704

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death globally, characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates. Metabolic disorders are critical risk factors for CVD. In recent years, growing evidence has highlighted the crucial role of gut microbiota in the onset, progression, and pathological mechanisms of both metabolic diseases and CVD. Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila), a promising next-generation probiotic, has attracted considerable attention due to its unique metabolic functions and immunomodulatory properties. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms and research progress regarding the role of A. muciniphila in metabolic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. It elucidates how this bacterium exerts beneficial effects on metabolic disorders through multiple pathways, including improving gut barrier function, regulating lipid and glucose metabolism, increasing short-chain fatty acid production, and suppressing inflammatory responses. Meanwhile, A. muciniphila is also involved in cardiovascular protective processes such as anti-atherosclerosis, blood pressure regulation, alleviation of atrial fibrillation, and improvement of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Its mechanisms involve immunomodulation, regulation of metabolites, and multi-level interactions along the gut-cardiovascular axis, offering novel microbial targets and strategies for intervening in related diseases.

Keywords: Akkermansia muciniphila, gut Microbiota, metabolic disease, cardiovascular diseases


心血管疾病(CVD)是全球范围内导致死亡的主要疾病之一,其发生因素复杂多变,既受到基因因素的影响,也与环境因素密切相关。糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常以及空气污染均是CVD的高危因素1。我国CVD发病情况日益严峻,我国2023年心血管疾病与健康概要表明,2019年农村CVD占死因的46.74%、城市中为44.26%,即意味着每5例死亡中就有2例死于CVD2。2022年美国AHA最新统计数据显示,2015年~2018年,成年人CVD总体患病率为49.2%,且患病率随年龄的增加而增加;2017~2018年,CVD的直接成本加间接成本估计为3780亿美元,CVD的支出占美国医疗总支出的12%,超过任何其他主要诊断群体3

随着基础研究和临床实践的不断推进,近年来心血管疾病的治疗方法取得了显著进展4。然而,仍有许多挑战需要克服,包括病理机制的深入理解、新型治疗靶点的探索以及有效治疗策略的开发等。近年来,肠道内菌群与宿主之间的相互作用引起了人们的广泛关注5。肠道菌群是定植于人体肠道中复杂的微生态系统,由原核微生物、真核微生物及病毒等构成,也被称为人体的“代谢器官”6。越来越多的证据表明,肠道菌群失衡可能是CVD的潜在危险因素。首先,与疾病相关的肠道菌群的成分和功能的变化与动脉粥样硬化(AS)、心力衰竭和2型糖尿病(T2MD)有关,其次,肠道菌群可以产生生物活性代谢物,可以通过特定的受体导致CVD的发生,从而促进CVD的进展7

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼菌(A.muciniphila)是肠道微生物群的重要成员,其丰度占菌群总量的1%~5%。A.muciniphila丰度与癌症、肥胖、糖尿病、炎症性肠病等疾病密切相关,在代谢性疾病、肠道免疫及保持肠道黏膜屏障完整性等方面发挥重要作用8,基于其独特的代谢特性,A. muciniphila已被欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)正式认定为新型食品原料,并被国际益生菌科学界提议作为治疗性微生物候选菌株9。近年也有越来越多研究表明,A.muciniphila与CVD存在密切的关联10A.muciniphila能够通过改善肠道屏障功能、调节代谢紊乱和抗炎作用,对动脉粥样硬化等心血管疾病起到潜在的保护作用11。本综述旨在系统梳理A. muciniphila与心血管疾病的相关性,深入探讨其在代谢紊乱(包括肥胖、糖尿病、脂质代谢异常及尿酸代谢紊乱)中的作用机制,以及其与动脉粥样硬化、高血压、房颤和心力衰竭等心血管疾病的具体关联。同时,还将探讨A. muciniphila在心血管疾病预防中的潜在临床应用价值。

1. A.muciniphila与代谢性疾病

1.1. A.muciniphila与肥胖

既往研究表明,我国居民肥胖流行率不断上升,且与CVD的患病和死亡风险密切相关。有研究表明,A.muciniphila在肥胖人群和高脂饮食小鼠中丰度显著降低,其丰度与体重、脂肪量的增加、脂质代谢标记物等呈负相关;而补充A.muciniphila能够减少高脂饮食诱导的体重和脂肪质量的增加,可能原因是A.muciniphila能降低脂肪组织中与脂肪滴相关的蛋白 perilipin2 的表达12,同时增加脂肪酸氧化,改善肠道屏障功能,增加肠道内源性内分泌肽2-花生四烯酸甘油酯和2-油酰甘油的水平,从而调节脂肪组织代谢13

在一项针对超重与肥胖患者的临床研究中,研究者对超重与肥胖人群使用A.muciniphila治疗,3个月后,A.muciniphila改善了该类人群胰岛素敏感性,降低了体重、脂肪质量、臀围及血清总胆固醇,同时还可降低相关炎症指标,但并不影响整体肠道菌群结构14。最新有研究表明,A.muciniphila能够激活ILA/m6A/CYP8B1信号通路,从而改善胆汁酸代谢,缓解肥胖和非酒精性脂肪肝病,为肥胖的治疗提供了新的策略15

1.2. A.muciniphila与脂质代谢

脂质代谢异常是CVD的一个重要的危险因素,有研究表明,肠道A.muciniphila丰度的改变与脂质代谢相关指标(如甘油三酯、瘦素)的表达明显相关16。在近期的一项研究中,补充A.muciniphila可以缓解CREBH基因缺失引起的慢性高甘油三酯血症,还可以增加其肝脏中低密度脂蛋白受体和载脂蛋白E的表达,促进循环系统内残留的富含三酰甘油的脂蛋白、乳糜微粒和中间密度脂蛋白的清除17

关于A.muciniphila影响脂质代谢的潜在机制尚未完全明确。有研究表明,A.muciniphila能够通过降解肠道黏液促进短链脂肪酸 (SCFA) 的生成,特别是乙酸和丙酸,这些SCFAs可以调节与转录因子调控、细胞周期控制、脂质分解和饱腹感相关的基因表达,如空腹诱导脂肪因子、G蛋白偶联受体43、组蛋白去乙酰化酶)等18,从而对脂质代谢产生影响。A.muciniphila还能通过GPR119-cAMP-PKA信号通路刺激L细胞分泌GLP-1,从而促进胆固醇转运19A.muciniphila对脂质代谢的作用在细菌被巴氏杀菌后依然存在,在对A.muciniphila进行分子结构的研究中发现,外膜蛋白Amuc-1100发挥了重要作用,Amuc-1100具有热稳定性,能直接参与A.muciniphila与宿主之间的相互作用20。Amuc-1100可以与Toll样受体2结合,激活NF-κB信号通路,上调NPC2基因表达,促进胆固醇的代谢19。且体外研究表明,无论活菌、巴氏灭活A.muciniphila以及Amuc-1100均能降低高脂诱导小鼠的血清胆固醇及甘油三酯含量21

1.3. A.muciniphila与糖尿病

T2DM患者肠道内A.muciniphila的丰度与体重、体内炎性因子、甘油三酯水平及胰岛素抵抗的程度呈负相关22。T2DM常用药物二甲双胍可调节肠道内A.muciniphila数量,服用二甲双胍的T2DM患者粪便中A.muciniphila丰度比未服用二甲双胍的患者高出4倍以上23。肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)能通过磷酸化胰岛素受体底物1(IRS-1)中的丝氨酸残基,降低骨骼肌和脂肪组织中的葡萄糖转运子-4水平,从而阻止葡萄糖进入细胞,造成高糖血症,因此TNF-α也被认为是与IR相关的细胞因子24。有研究证实,提升小鼠肠道中 A.muciniphila丰度或补充外膜蛋白Amuc-1100能降低其血清TNF-α的表达水平,从而减轻胰岛素抵抗25

A.muciniphila可以促进大鼠胰岛细胞瘤细胞Glut2基因表达,Glut2基因编码的蛋白是调节胰岛素释放的葡萄糖传感器,活性由葡萄糖浓度直接或间接调节,进而改变胰岛β细胞的糖代谢,调节胰岛素的分泌26

1.4. A.muciniphila与尿酸代谢

高尿酸血症是一种常见的代谢性疾病,逐渐成为继高血压、高血糖、高脂血症之后的“第四高”且血尿酸升高与CVD疾病具有很强的相关性27A.muciniphila已被证明对多种代谢疾病表现出有益作用,有动物研究表明,A.muciniphila能够抑制肝脏中黄嘌呤氧化酶的表达及活性,从而减少尿酸生成;同时,A.muciniphila能修复肠道屏障,下调高尿酸血症所引发的肠道及肾脏炎症通路及促炎因子的表达,缓解肠道及肾脏炎症反应,从而促进肾脏和肠道的尿酸排泄,降低血尿酸水平28

2. A.muciniphila与心血管疾病

2.1. 动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化(AS)是冠心病的基本病理基础,越来越多证据表明肠道菌群与AS之间相互关联,AS小鼠肠道菌群会发生紊乱,而肠道菌群变化也可影响AS进展。A.muciniphila作为肠道有益菌群,具有一定的抗AS作用,其作用机制除了维持肠道屏障稳定以及改善代谢性疾病外,还可能与以下两方面相关(图1)。其一,A.muciniphila能够减轻炎症反应。研究证明西方饮食诱导的ApoE-/-小鼠肠道内A.muciniphila菌群丰度减少,导致肠道黏膜屏障受损以及内毒素血症的增加,加重了血管炎症,从而加剧了动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的的发生与发展;而A.muciniphila能抑制高脂饮食诱导的循环中脂多糖水平的升高,减轻巨噬细胞浸润,且增加抗炎因子白细胞介素10的水平,调节细胞因子的分泌29。此外,A.muciniphila还可抑制高脂饮食诱导的细胞间黏附分子1和单核细胞趋化蛋白1的表达,进一步抑制巨噬细胞与内皮细胞的粘附30,同时也能降低循环中IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α等的表达,减轻炎症反应,从而发挥抗AS的作用31。除此之外,A.muciniphila还可影响免疫细胞的组成,增加B细胞数量,减少T细胞和中性粒细胞总数,还可降低树突状细胞上的激活标志主要组织相容性复合体和B细胞上的CD86表达,降低其免疫细胞的激活状态,从而抑制AS的发生与进展32

图1.

图1

A.muciniphila抗AS作用机制

Fig.1 Mechanism of anti-atherosclerosis action of A.muciniphila.

其二,三甲胺氮氧化物(TMAO)可能参与了A.muciniphila的抗As作用。在与AS相关的肠道菌群代谢产物中,研究的较为透彻的是TMAO,它是由富含肉碱或胆碱的食物经肠道菌群代谢成三甲胺(TMA),经人体吸收后在肝脏内经肝黄素单加氧酶氧化形成33。TMAO与心血管疾病的发生密切相关,它能够诱导线粒体氧化应激及炎症反应,在动脉粥样硬化中起重要作用34。研究发现,A.muciniphila与血浆中TMA和TMAO呈负相关,补充A.muciniphila可以影响TMA和TMAO代谢相关基因的表达20。因此提示,A.muciniphila也能通过抑制TMAO的表达来发挥抗AS作用。

2.2. A.muciniphila与高血压

作为CVD最重要的危险因素,血压稳态受到许多因素的调节,高血压与肠道菌群的关系也逐渐清晰。Sun等35进行的一项年轻人冠状动脉风险发展研究 发现,血压与A.muciniphila的丰度呈负相关。 A.muciniphila可能通过多条途径来调节血压,包括短链脂肪酸(SCFA)、肾上腺素-血管紧张素系统(RAAS)、交感神经系统、TMAO、一氧化氮(NO)途径以及慢性炎症途径等36

其中,A.muciniphila调节血压的一个重要机制可能是通过黏蛋白释放SCFAs37,而SCFAs,尤其是醋酸盐和丙酸盐,能够通过人类的G蛋白偶联受体(GPR41和GPR43)与肠道内分泌L细胞相互作用,促进GLP-1的分泌。GLP-1进一步激活其受体,减弱颈动脉的交感神经活动,从而降低血压38

RAAS系统在高血压中的作用已被广泛研究,A.muciniphila与RAAS系统之间的具体作用机制尚未完全阐明,但有研究表明,A.muciniphila可能通过影响血管紧张素的代谢来调节RAAS系统,A.muciniphila能增加血管紧张素(1-7)的表达,这是一种具有血管舒张作用的肽,可以对抗血管紧张素II的血管收缩作用39。此外,A.muciniphila还可能与RAAS抑制剂药物具有潜在协同作用,研究表明,对自发性高血压的大鼠使用氯沙坦治疗,能显著改善A.muciniphila的丰度水平40

血管内皮功能障碍是高血压发病的重要因素,肠道菌群对血管功能的调节也起着关键作用。内皮衍生的NO被认为是一种有效的血管扩张剂,其能够促进血管舒张,改善内皮功能障碍,从而对血压进行调节。Catry等41的研究表明,菊粉型果糖补充剂通过eNOS-NO途径改善了ApoE-/-小鼠的内皮功能障碍,同时增加了的A.muciniphila丰度。表明A.muciniphila可能通过影响NO的水平来改善血管功能。A.muciniphila的抗炎作用也能减轻内毒素血症诱导的趋化因子在血管上聚集,从而改善血管内皮功能障碍,调节血压42

除上述途径外,前文中提到的A.muciniphila能抑制TMAO的表达水平,也能在一定程度上缓解高血压进展4344。虽然目前暂无临床研究使用A.muciniphila来控制血压,但相关16s RNA测序数据及临床研究均有表明,A.muciniphila丰度减少能够导致高血压的发展45

2.3. A.muciniphila与心房颤动

寒冷暴露是房颤发生的独立危险因素46。研究表明,寒冷环境能够显著改变肠道菌群的组成,某些肠道衍生物可能通过影响心房电生理的不稳定性,进而诱发房颤的发生47。研究发现在寒冷刺激下,大鼠肠道中A.muciniphila的丰度显著下降,而口服补充A.muciniphila则能够有效减轻寒冷引发的房颤48

2.4. A.muciniphila与肺动脉高压

肺动脉高压(PH)是一种由肺血管阻力进行性增加和右心衰竭引起的慢性疾病,PH的发展与肠道菌群密切相关,肺肠轴可能是PH治疗的潜在靶点49。研究发现,A.muciniphila能够显著改善心肺系统的血流动力学和结构,并逆转了缺氧诱导的小鼠PH的病程进展;通过miRNA测序分析得知,A.muciniphila处理能够下调肺组织中的miRNA-208a-3p的表达,从而改善了缺氧诱导的肺动脉平滑肌细胞的异常增殖,A.muciniphila通过调控miRNA-208a-3p/NOVA1轴改善PH的发生发展50

2.5. A.muciniphila与心力衰竭

心力衰竭是所有心脏疾病的终末阶段。近年来越来越多证据表明,肠道菌群失调在心力衰竭的发生发展中扮演重要角色,一项纳入了10篇关于慢性心力衰竭患者肠道菌群研究的荟萃分析,结果显示,慢性心力衰竭患者的微生物功能发生改变,主要体现在色氨酸代谢、脂质代谢和脂多糖合成方面。此外,与有害代谢产物TMAO的生成相关的细菌基因显著增加,而与有益代谢产物SCFA的生成相关的细菌基因则减少51。虽然目前暂无A.muciniphila改善心力衰竭相关研究,但A.muciniphila作为第二代益生菌,其降低TMAO生成,增加SCFA、提高肠道黏膜屏障功能、减轻内毒素血症及炎症反应等作用,可能成为心力衰竭治疗的新方向。

3. 总结

肠道菌群紊乱和代谢性疾病与CVD的发生发展密切相关。近年来,作为肠道益生菌的典型代表,A. muciniphila因其独特的生理功能和潜在的健康益处,逐渐成为研究热点。目前研究表明,A. muciniphila通过增加SCFA等有益代谢产物、减少TMAO等有害代谢产物,以及减轻炎症反应,展现出对代谢性疾病及CVD的潜在治疗价值(图2)。其在调节肠道微生态平衡、改善代谢紊乱和抑制炎症中的作用,为心血管疾病的预防和干预提供了新的思路。

图2.

图2

A. muciniphila改善CVD可能机制

Fig.2 Possible mechanisms of A. muciniphila in improving CVD.

然而,尽管现有研究已揭示A. muciniphila的部分功能机制,其在CVD发生发展及治疗中的具体分子机制仍需进一步深入探索。未来的研究应聚焦于解析A. muciniphila如何通过代谢调控、免疫调节和肠道-心血管轴等途径影响CVD进程,并探索其作为潜在治疗靶点的可行性和临床应用前景。这不仅有助于揭示肠道菌群与心血管健康的深层联系,也为CVD的精准治疗提供了创新方向。

基金资助

广东省自然科学基金(2015A030313305)

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