Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Insect Science logoLink to Journal of Insect Science
. 2026 Feb 4;26(1):ieag001. doi: 10.1093/jisesa/ieag001

Distribution patterns of Thripidae (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) diversity and environmental determinants in China

Chaorong Meng 1, Shengjun Jiang 2, Haixin Qin 3, Maofa Yang 4,5, Shimeng Zhang 6,✉
PMCID: PMC12873756  PMID: 41641855

Abstract

Thripidae, a member of the order Thysanoptera, has more than 2,200 existing species in the world. Many species of this family are economic pests for agriculture, horticulture, and forestry, whereas the distribution patterns of species diversity at large spatial scales remain poorly understood. We studied the species diversity of Thripidae and the distribution patterns of this family in China, as well as its environmental determinants and geographic determinants, on the basis of 376 species. As a result, 76 endemic species were examined, and Dendrothripinae has the highest percentage of endemic species among 4 subfamilies. The distribution patterns of Thripidae in China are mainly in the Oriental realm; only a few were distributed in the Palaearctic realm. High species richness was concentrated in the South China region, Southwest region, and Central China region. Six of 19 environmental factors were obtained for the relation between species richness and environmental factors. Our study showed that the species distributions of Thripidae in China were mainly influenced by monthly mean diurnal temperature range, Isothermality, SD of temperature seasonal change, Precipitation of the driest month, Precipitation of the wettest month, and Precipitation variation coefficient. The linear relationship between longitude, latitude of the distribution of Thripidae species, and climate factors were explored. Our study analyzed the diversity and distribution of Thripidae in China and provided basic data support for evolutionary biology and conservation of biodiversity.

Keywords: climate, endemic species, environment, model

Introduction

Thripidae is the second largest family in the order Thysanoptera, including more than 2,200 existing species within 289 genera (ThripsWiki 2025). However, it is more abundant than the largest family in temperate regions, whereas this situation is reversed in the tropics. Species of Thripidae are usually tiny, less than 3 mm, but they are widely distributed in all animal fauna in the world. Currently, 4 subfamilies are commonly recognized in Thripidae, Dendrothripinae, Panchaetothripinae, Sericothripinae, and Thripinae. Species of Thripidae are considered to be mainly flower thrips; a great deal of species breed only on leaves, a few are predatory on other small arthropods, and rarely are associated with mosses. Some Thripidae species are key pests with economic effects in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture; they can cause damage by feeding directly but also as a virus vector on plants. Especially some polyphagous species, such as Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci, their feeding and virus vectoring have come to involve serious economic losses worldwide (Mound et al. 2022).

Geographic patterns in the distribution of species are crucial to ecology, biogeography, climate change, and the conservation of biodiversity (Gaston 2000, Blanco-Pastor et al. 2019). The spatial distribution pattern of species richness has been examined on a large scale for insects in China (Wei et al. 2016, Zhang et al. 2018, Chen et al. 2020, Jiang et al. 2024). Thripidae species distribution is usually based on species descriptions and records in the world (Denmark et al. 1996, Strassen 2003, Mound et al. 2012, 2017, Cavalleri et al. 2018, Zhang et al. 2018, Okajima and Masumoto 2022).

In China, species composition and fauna distribution characteristics of Thysanoptera in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) revealed that the Sino-Japanese (21.79%) was prominent of Thysanoptera insects in the zoological fauna of the world (Wang et al. 2021). Analysis of relative abundance revealed that fungus-feeding Phlaeothripidae were a common group of soil fauna in the forest litter layer of tropical and subtropical regions (Wang and Zhao 2022). Species diversity and flora characteristics of Thripinae and Sericothripinae revealed that species in the genera Thrips and Neohydatothrips were the most abundant, respectively, with South China as the main distribution area (Hu et al. 2022, 2023), as well as the distribution of Haplothripini (Hu et al. 2019). However, these studies of Thysanoptera were investigated only across small areas or groups, and the environmental factors affecting population dynamics on large spatial scales are limited (Kirk 1997). Therefore, although considerable advances has been made in the study of Thripidae diversity, the relationship between species distribution patterns and the environment remains unknown, especially in China.

Currently, the knowledge of factors affecting the distribution and diversity of Thripidae in China is poorly understood compared to other insect groups. Reliable approaches are required to accurately reveal the diversity of Thripidae across different regions of China. In the present study, we explored the diversity and distribution patterns of Thripidae species in China and assessed the influence of environmental conditions. These findings will improve our understanding of Thripidae species diversity and distributions, and provide a foundation for the conservation of Thripidae species diversity.

Materials and Methods

Species Distribution Data

Species catalog and distribution information of Thripidae from 90% provinces of China were primarily derived from the following sources: collecting records and specimens of Thripidae preserved in the Entomological Museum, Northwest A&F University (NWAFU) (Shaanxi); collecting records from other institutions and academic collections, for example, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Beijing, China), South China Agricultural University (Guangzhou, China), Yunnan Agricultural University (Kunming, China), Australian National Insect Collection (Canberra, Australia); reference records (Han 1997, Wang 2002, Zhang et al. 2012, Zhang 2019, Wang 2020, Feng et al. 2021, Li et al. 2021a, 2021b). Where only administrative locations were given, precise coordinates were obtained using Google Earth according to the location of the administrative center. Recorded data with poorly documented localities (either non-terrestrial or only identified to the provincial/city level) were excluded from analysis. The final database comprised 1,144 records representing 325 Thripidae species and their geographic locations.

Distribution Mapping

China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world (Xie et al. 2001) and can be generally divided into 7 zoogeographical regions: North-East China Region, Mongolia-Xinjiang Region, North China Region, Qinghai-Tibetan Region, Central China Region, Southwest China Region, and South China Region (Zhang 2011). Data for all administrative units at the province levels (1:4 million) and the Zoogeographical Regionalization of China were from the Chinese Resources and Environment Database (https://www.tianditu.gov.cn/) and the Geographic Data Sharing Infrastructure, College of Urban and Environmental ­Science, Peking University (http://geodata.pku.edu.cn), respectively. ArcMap 10.8.1 geographic information system software was used to plot the data as XY coordinates on a map of China’s outline. The Chinese territory was divided into 1°×1° grids using the software’s function, and the number of species in each grid was counted to obtain the species richness pattern. We chose this grid size as it is a common standard in Chinese insect diversity studies, matches global environmental dataset resolution (eg WorldClim v2.1), and balances coverage and reliability for our 1,144-record (325 species) dataset.

Environmental Data

In total, the following 19 bioclimatic factors (2.5 arc-minute resolution, 1970 to 2000) were obtained from WorldClim 2.1 (https://worldclim.org/) as the foundational environmental environment dataset: Annual mean temperature (bio1), Monthly mean diurnal temperature range (bio2), Isothermality (bio3), SD of temperature seasonal change (bio4), Max temperature of the warmest month (bio5), Min temperature of the coldest month (bio6), Range of annual temperature (bio7), Mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio8), Mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio9), Mean temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10), Mean temperature of the coldest quarter (bio11), Annual precipitation (bio12), Precipitation of the wettest month (bio13), Precipitation of the driest month (bio14), Precipitation variation coefficient (bio15), Precipitation of the wettest quarter (bio16), Precipitation of the driest quarter (bio17), Precipitation of the warmest quarter (bio18), and Precipitation of the coldest quarter (bio 19).

Statistical Analysis

The species richness for each grid was determined by counting the number of species within it, and the distribution of Thripidae insects in China was analyzed based on the species richness pattern map. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to test the autocorrelation of the climate factor data by Origin10.1 to avoid the collinearity problem caused by the autocorrelation among the 19 climate factors, and climate data with a high correlation coefficient (|r| > 0.8) were removed in the subsequent analysis.

To further explore the linear relationship between longitude, latitude of the distribution of Thripidae species, and climate factors, each sample station was treated as a distinct point with respect to longitude and latitude; the values from each environmental data were also extracted from each point. The stepwise linear regression analysis was performed using SPSS 26 to examine the associations between climatic factors and the distribution of Thripidae along latitude and longitude. Selected climatic factors (with Pearson correlation coefficients |r| < 0.8, indicating no severe collinearity) were treated as independent variables, while longitude (denoted as Longitude, X) and latitude (denoted as Latitude, Y) served as dependent variables. The “Stepwise” method was adopted, combining forward selection and backward elimination, with inclusion criteria set at P ≤ 0.05 and exclusion criteria at P ≥ 0.10 for the F-test to ensure the model retained only significantly contributing variables.

Results

Species Diversity of Thripidae in China

Among 376 Thripidae species representing 104 genera recorded in China, most genera and all subfamilies of Thripidae were observed, but precise coordinates were available for only 325 species representing 100 genera (around 86% of species and 96% of the genera), and other species were excluded from the distribution analysis because of the absence of precise coordinates. Of the 376 Thripidae species included in this research, 28.99% (109 species) were considered endemic to China (defined as species with no recorded distribution outside China’s geopolitical boundaries, based on global thrips distribution databases and taxonomic records), with obvious variation in the proportion of endemic species across subfamilies (Table 1). Dendrothripinae had the highest proportion of endemic species (11 species, representing 44% of the total endemic species in China) among all subfamilies. Fourteen endemic species in Sericothripinae were sampled, representing 41.12% of all species in this subfamily. Thripinae is the most abundant member, with 76 endemic species reported and take up 27.84% of all species in this subfamily. Eight endemic Panchaetothripinae species were identified, constituting about 18.18% of the total species. One hundred nine endemic species of China were reported totally, but only 3 endemic genera were recorded: Araliacothrips in Panchaetothripinae, Hengduanothrips and Yaobinthrips in Thripinae.

Table 1.

Species diversity of Thripidae in China

Subfamily Genera Species Endemic species Percentage of endemic species (%)
Dendrothripinae 7 25 11 44.00
Panchaetothripinae 17 44 8 18.18
Sericothripinae 3 34 14 41.12
Thripinae 77 273 76 27.84
In total 104 376 109 28.99
Open in a new tab

Distribution Patterns of Species Richness

Thripidae species are found all across China, but as expected in a megadiverse country, their distribution pattern is asymmetric. Species distribution differs significantly between the south (Oriental realm) and the north (Palaearctic realm) of China (Fig. 1), with the majority of species distributed in the oriental realm, and a few in the palaearctic realm. Furthermore, species richness is unevenly distributed among 7 zoogeographical regions (Fig. 2). The high species richness is found in the South China region, followed by the Southwest region and the Central China region, whereas the Northeast region and the Qingzang Region have the lowest species richness. The species richness in the North China region and the Mengxin region is generally moderate, while it shows a relatively high level of species richness in some areas. In terms of the distribution of physical geographical areas, the subtropical and tropical climates are the most concentrated areas of Thripidae species in each climatic zone. The regions with the highest species concentration contained numerous grid cells showing high levels of species richness, mainly focused on south of the Yellow River and east of the QTP, especially including the Southern Qinling Mountains, Southern Yunnan, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Guangdong province, Hainan Island, and Taiwan Island.

Fig. 1.

China map with 1°×1° color-coded grid cells showing Thripidae species richness. Most species are distributed in the southern Oriental realm (South China, Southwest China, Central China) with high richness, while few are in the northern Palaearctic realm. High-richness areas focus on south of the Yellow River, east of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including Southern Qinling Mountains, Southern Yunnan, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Guangdong, Hainan Island, and Taiwan Island; subtropical and tropical climates are the most concentrated zones

Open in a new tab

Distribution of thrips species in China.

Fig. 2.

Zoogeographical division map of China, clearly marking 7 regions: Northeast China Region, Mongolia-Xinjiang Region, North China Region, Qinghai-Tibetan Region, Central China Region, Southwest China Region, and South China Region. This map serves as the geographic basis for analyzing the uneven Thripidae species richness across different regions, consistent with the study’s distribution pattern analysis.

Open in a new tab

Geographical division of animals in China.

Environmental and Spatial Associations

Six environment variables were identified through the correlation analysis (Fig. 3), namely, monthly mean diurnal temperature range (bio2), isothermality (bio3), SD of temperature seasonal change (bio4), Precipitation of the wettest month (bio13), Precipitation of the driest month (bio14), and Precipitation variation coefficient (bio15). Five variables were selected in longitude, and the equation fits the interpretation rate 60% at very significant level (P < 0.01) by using stepwise linear regression analysis (Table 2). Precipitation variation coefficient (bio15) was not included in the regression equation, indicating it has a relatively small influence along the longitude distribution. Four variables were selected in latitude, and the equation fits the interpretation rate 92% at a very significant level (P < 0.01). Monthly mean diurnal temperature range (bio2) and Precipitation of the driest month (bio14) were not included in the regression equation, indicating they have a relatively small influence along the latitude distribution.

Fig. 3.

Correlation matrix chart of 19 WorldClim bioclimatic factors (bio1–bio19) for Thripidae distribution in China. Color gradients indicate correlation strength (ranging from -1 to 1), used to screen 6 non-collinear key factors: monthly mean diurnal temperature range (bio2), isothermality (bio3), SD of temperature seasonal change (bio4), Precipitation of the wettest month (bio13), Precipitation of the driest month (bio14), and Precipitation variation coefficient (bio15), avoiding multicollinearity in subsequent statistical analysis.

Open in a new tab

Auto-correlation test of climate factors related to the distribution of Thripidae species in China. bio1, Annual Mean Temperature; bio2, Mean Diurnal Range; bio3, Isothermality; bio4, Temperature Seasonality; bio13, Precipitation of the Wettest Month; bio14, Precipitation of the Driest Month; bio15, Precipitation Seasonality; definitions follow the WorldClim global climate database.

Table 2.

Stepwise linear regression analysis of distribution and climatic factors of Thripidae in China

Geographical distribution pattern Stepwise linear regression model R  2 df F P
Longitude Y = −0.659bio3 0.250 1,221 74.16 <0.001
Y = −0.744bio3 + 0.044bio13 0.460 1,221 94.02 <0.001
Y = −0.355bio3 + 0.067bio13 + 0.017bio4 0.537 3,219 85.01 <0.001
Y = 0.731bio3 + 0.050bio13 + 0.47bio4 − 3.463bio2 0.593 4,218 79.66 <0.001
Y = 0.825bio3 + 0.045bio13 + 0.050bio4 − 3.484bio2 + 0.056bio14 0.601 5,217 65.59 <0.001
Latitude Y = 0.022bio4 0.887 1,221 1735.36 <0.001
Y = 0.026bio4 + 0.219bio3 0.919 2,220 1252.35 <0.001
Y = 0.025bio4 + 0.174bio3 + 0.021bio15 0.922 3,219 861.90 <0.001
Y = 0.023bio4 + 0.142bio3 + 0.024bio15 − 0.004bio13 0.924 4,218 662.23 <0.001
Open in a new tab

Discussion

In the current study, 376 Thripidae species representing 104 genera in China were recorded, but this record possibly underestimates the number of species across this large and environmentally complex area in terms of the thrips' tiny body and hidden living places. Dendrothripinae is differentiated from other Thripidae species by its remarkably elongated metasternal endofurca that usually is related to the saltatorial habit (Mound 1999), and many dendrothripines live on the leaves of tropical forest canopy trees; these factors may have created conditions to evolve separately and form different and endemic species. Larvae and adults of Panchaetothripiane species all feed on mature leaves (Xie et al. 2022); only 8 endemic species out of 44 were reported, and increasing evidence supports a close relationship between the thrips fauna of northern Australia and that of Southeast Asia (Mound and Azidah 2009, Mound and Tree 2009). Wings are crucial for thrips flying and spreading, but some Sericothripiane species exhibit reduction in wing length (Mound and Tree 2009); weak flying ability results in a higher proportion of endemic species in China; 72.6% of Thripidae species were included in Thripinae; of these, 52 species were recognized as economic pest and always have no restricted distribution (Mound et al. 2022). The genetic diversity of these widely distributed species from diverse regions usually has no obvious difference and may be attributed to the strong dispersal ability in the reason of production trade or human activity, coupled with their unique adaptability to the complex environment (Li et al. 2020, Iftikhar et al. 2023, Liu et al. 2023). The rapid, long-distance transport of thrips as stowaways in agricultural produce has greatly expanded the range and enhanced the pest status of numerous species and has facilitated the establishment of short-lived males of bisexual species to survive and reproduce in new regions (Morse and Hoddle 2006).

Thripidae demonstrate greater species diversity compared to any other group of Terebrantia species in China, but many species within this family exhibited a relatively restricted distribution in the current study. Clear differences were found between the northern and southern parts of China with reference to the distribution of Thripidae species, with considerably more species in the south than in the north, as shown by the current compilation of available evidence. The North of China is part of the Palaearctic realm in the zoogeographic regionalization of the world, with the relatively low temperature, but population dynamics data coupled with weather data both reveal a strong positive correlation of the thrips population with high temperature (Rao et al. 2024).

Specifically, Thripidae diversity in China shows core distribution centers concentrated in the South China Region and Southwest China Region, as well as other groups of Thysanoptera (Hu et al. 2019, 2022, 2023). Of these, 109 species were endemic to China, the majority of them from Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong, Hainan, and Taiwan. The majority of Thripidae species are herbivorous; the South of China mainly exhibits both tropical and subtropical humid monsoon climates, formed optimal habitats that provide stable thermal and host plant diversity for Thripidae survival. In summary, there are all kinds of types of vegetation cover and physical environments among the different regions and subregions. Inner succession activity, natural conditions, and human disturbance shaped the current Thripidae species distribution pattern.

Previous studies tended to reveal species richness showing a certain pattern along the latitude gradient at large spatial scales (Dunn et al. 2009, Archibald et al. 2010, Stegen et al. 2012). Correspondingly, we observed a marked latitudinal gradient in Thripidae distribution across Chinese subregions, with species richness increasing progressively from north to south, possibly related to the ability of flying of thrips over long distances, due to limited dispersal capacity (Tini et al. 2018). Regression analysis showed that environmental data affected the species distribution along latitude more than longitude, and most of them showed positive effects along longitude and latitude. Temperature emerges as the important predictor among environmental factors. This finding was consistent with previous studies that temperature has a pronounced effect on population dynamics of thrips (Murai 2000, Singh et al. 2017, Karuppaiah et al. 2018). Recent ecological studies demonstrated a positive correlation between thrips population and both the minimum temperature and the morning relative humidity; in general, the hot and dry weather conditions are most favorable for thrips (Rao et al. 2024), and other analysis also reported that the species richness of bacteriophagous tube thrips decreased as temperatures gradually decreased (Wang et al. 2014). The seasonal production in temperate zones of a particularly high diversity of flower-living opportunities facilitated the diversification of flower-breeding Thysanoptera taxa (Zhang et al. 2019). Furthermore, flowers not only provide nutrition but also as habit places; studies of other insect groups also revealed that plant cover has a significant effect on the species diversity, such as ladybugs (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) (Sushko 2018), stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) (Reisig et al. 2015), and small mammals (Keller and Schradin 2008).

In conclusion, this study presents a comprehensive analysis of Thripidae species diversity and distribution patterns across China by utilizing the extensive occurrence database currently available for these insects in the region. One hundred nine of 376 Thripidae species were found to be endemic in China, and more Thripidae insects were distributed in the south than in the north. The combination of factors is necessary to completely explain the spatial occurrence of Thripidae species, but the current analysis only considered limited relevant factors, and more factors (e.g., percentage of broad-leaved forest) and smaller scales require comprehensive future study. Expanded studies on species occurrence and spatial abundance are needed to further improve and complete the inventory of Thripidae species in China. Meanwhile, effective conservation strategies must be developed to protect the species most susceptible to environmental changes at both regional and global scales.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgement is given for the data support from the Geographic Data Sharing Infrastructure, College of Urban and Environmental Science.

Contributor Information

Chaorong Meng, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Improvement and Efficiency Enhancement, College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China.

Shengjun Jiang, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Improvement and Efficiency Enhancement, College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China.

Haixin Qin, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Improvement and Efficiency Enhancement, College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China.

Maofa Yang, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Improvement and Efficiency Enhancement, College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China; Institute of Entomology, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China.

Shimeng Zhang, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Tobacco Quality Improvement and Efficiency Enhancement, College of Tobacco, Guizhou University, Guiyang, P.R. China.

Author Contributions

Chaorong Meng (Conceptualization [equal], Data curation [equal], Investigation [equal], Software [equal], Visualization [equal], Writing—original draft [equal]), Shengjun Jiang (Investigation [equal]), Haixin Qin (Investigation [equal]), Maofa Yang (Conceptualization [equal], Writing—review & editing [equal]), and Shimeng Zhang (Conceptualization [equal], Data curation [equal], Funding acquisition [equal], Investigation [equal], Writing—review & editing [equal])

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32200371), the Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program (Natural Science) (No. Qian Ke He Ji Chu-ZK [2024] yiban012), and Qian Ke He Ping Tai ZSYS [2025] 028.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Archibald SB, Bossert WH, Greenwood DR, et al.  2010. Seasonality, the latitudinal gradient of diversity, and Eocene insects. Paleobiology  36:374–398. 10.1666/09021.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  2. Blanco-Pastor JL, Fernández Mazuecos M, Coello AJ, et al.  2019. Topography explains the distribution of genetic diversity in one of the most fragile European hotspots. Divers. Distrib. 25:74–89. 10.1111/ddi.12836 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  3. Cavalleri A, Mound LA, Lindner MF Jr., et al.  2018. The thrips of Brazil. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/thrips_brazil/
  4. Chen D, Cao LJ, Zhao JL, et al.  2020. Geographic patterns of Lucanus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) species diversity and environmental determinants in China. Ecol. Evol. 10:13190–13197. 10.1002/ece3.6911 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Denmark HA, Mound LA, Marullo R.  1996. The thrips of central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Fla. Entomol. 79:270. 10.2307/3495826 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. Dunn RR, Agosti D, Andersen AN, et al.  2009. Climatic drivers of hemispheric asymmetry in global patterns of ant species richness. Ecol. Lett. 12:324–333. 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01291.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Feng JN, Hu QL, Zhang SM.  2021. Fauna Sinica: Insecta, Volume 69: Thysanoptera [Chinese] (2-Volume Set). Science Press. p. 571. ISBN: 9787030682727. [Google Scholar]
  8. Gaston KJ.  2000. Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature  405:220–227. 10.1038/35012228 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Han YF.  1997. Economic Insect Fauna of China Fasc. 55 Thysanoptera. Science Press. p. 513. ISBN: 7030051750. [Google Scholar]
  10. Hu Y, Dang LH, Huo KK.  2019. Species diversity and fauna analysis on the tribe Haplothripini (Karny) Priesner in China (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). J Environ Entomol. 41:90–97. 10.3969/j.issn.1674-0858.2019.01.12 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hu QL, Wang ZP, Li YY.  2019. Faunal composition and distribution patterns of Haplothripini (Tubulifera: Phlaeothripidae) in China. Guangxi For. Sci. 48:123–130. 10.19692/j.issn.1006-1126.20190307 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  12. Hu QL, Wang ZP, Li YY.  2022. Diversity and flora analysis of Thripinae in China (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Guangxi For. Sci. 51:603–616. 10.19692/j.issn.1006-1126.20220503 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  13. Hu QL, Wang ZP, He H.  2023. Species composition and fauna analysis on Sericothripinae in China. Guangxi For. Sci. 52:761–767. 10.19692/j.issn.1006-1126.20230613 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  14. Iftikhar R, Ghosh A, Pappu HR.  2023. Mitochondrial genetic diversity of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in onion growing regions of the United States. J. Econ. Entomol. 116:1025–1032. 10.1093/jee/toad103 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Jiang K, Chen J, Wang S, et al.  2024. Diversity and distribution of bamboo‐feeding true bugs in China. Ecol. Evol. 14:e11563. 10.1002/ece3.11563 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Karuppaiah V, Soumia PS, Gawande SJ, et al.  2018. Influence of dibbling time and weather factors on seasonal dynamics of thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman) on garlic in Maharashtra. J. Agrometeorol. 20:311–314. 10.54386/jam.v20i4.572 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  17. Keller C, Schradin C.  2008. Plant and small mammal richness correlate positively in a biodiversity hotspot. Biodivers. Conserv. 17:911–923. 10.1007/s10531-008-9341-4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  18. Kirk WDJ.  1997. Distribution, abundance, and population dynamics. In: Lewis T., editors. Thrips as crop pests. CAB International. p. 217–257. [Google Scholar]
  19. Li XW, Zhang ZJ, Zhang JM, et al.  2020. Population genetic diversity and structure of Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Allium hosts in China, inferred from mitochondrial COI gene sequences. J. Econ. Entomol. 113:1426–1435. 10.1093/jee/toaa001 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Liu XZ, He J, Du ZY, et al.  2023. Weak genetic structure of flower thrips Frankliniella intonsa in China revealed by mitochondrial genomes. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 231:123301. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123301 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Li YJ, Liu ZC, Zhang HR.  2021a. Rhamphothrips genus-group in China, with description of two new species and two new records (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Zootaxa  5039:425–432. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Li YJ, Mound LA, Xie YH, et al.  2021b. Species of Astrothrips from China, with one new species and a list of plant associations (Thysanoptera, Panchaetothripinae). Zootaxa  4920:zootaxa.4920.2.7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Morse JG, Hoddle MS.  2006. Invasion biology of thrips. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 51:67–89. 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151044 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Mound LA.  1999. Saltatorial leaf-feeding Thysanoptera (Thripidae: Dendrothripinae) from Australia and New Caledonia, with newly recorded pests of ferns, figs and mulberries. Aust. J. Entomol. 38:257–273. 10.1046/j.1440-6055.1999.00112.x [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  25. Mound LA, Azidah AA.  2009. Species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera) from Peninsular Malaysia, with a checklist of recorded Thripidae. Zootaxa  2023:55–68. 10.11646/zootaxa.2023.1.4 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  26. Mound LA, Tree D, Paris D.  2012. Ozthrips—Thysanoptera in Australia. http://www.ozthrips.org/
  27. Mound LA, Tree D.  2009. Identification and host-plant associations of Australian Sericothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Zootaxa  1983:1–22. 10.11646/zootaxa.1983.1.1 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  28. Mound LA, Nielsen M, Hastings A.  2017. Thysanoptera Aotearoa—Thrips of New Zealand. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/nz_thrips/
  29. Mound LA, Wang ZH, Lima ÉFB, et al.  2022. Problems with the concept of “pest” among the diversity of pestiferous thrips. Insects  13:61. 10.3390/insects13010061 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Murai T.  2000. Effect of temperature on development and reproduction of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on pollen and honey solution. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35:499–504. 10.1303/aez.2000.499 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  31. Okajima S, Masumoto M.  2022. Thrips of Japan. Zenkoku Noson Kyoiku Kyokai Co. p. 622. ISBN: 9784881372029.
  32. Rao N, Gaur RK, Singh S, et al.  2024. Thrips composition in North Indian cotton agroecosystem: a single species or a species complex?  Phytoparasitica  52:11. 10.1007/s12600-024-01120-2 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  33. Reisig DD, Reay-Jones FP, Meijer AD.  2015. Aggregation and association of NDVI, boll injury, and stink bugs in North Carolina cotton. J. Insect Sci. 15:134. 10.1093/jisesa/iev119 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Singh G, Saha G, Roy K, et al.  2017. Eco—climatic variation influencing thrips (Thrips tabaci L.) population dynamics of onion (Allium cepa L.). J. Agrometeorol. 19:278–284. [Google Scholar]
  35. Stegen JC, Enquist BJ, Ferriere R.  2012. Eco-evolutionary community dynamics: covariation between diversity and invasibility across temperature gradients. Am. Nat. 180:E110–E126. 10.1086/667577 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Strassen RZ.  2003. Die terebranten thysanopteren europas und des mittelmeer-gebietes. Die. Tierwelt. Deutschlands  74:1–271. ISBN: 9783931374587 [Google Scholar]
  37. Sushko GG.  2018. Effect of vegetation cover on the abundance and diversity of ladybirds (Coccinellidae) assemblages in a peat bog. Biologia. (Bratisl)  73:371–377. 10.2478/s11756-018-0045-2 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  38. ThripsWiki. (2025). ThripsWiki—providing information on the World’s thrips. https://thrips.info/wiki/Main_Page
  39. Tini M, Bardiani M, Chiari S, et al.  2018. Use of space and dispersal ability of a flagship saproxylic insect: a telemetric study of the stag beetle (Lucanus cervus) in a relict lowland forest. Insect Conserv. Diversity  11:116–129. 10.1111/icad.12260 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  40. Wang CL. (2002). Thrips of Taiwan: biology and taxonomy. Special Publication No. 99. Taiwan Agricultural Research Insititute. p. 328.
  41. Wang J, Tong XL, Wu DH.  2014. The effect of latitudinal gradient on the species diversity of chinese litter-dwelling thrips. Zookeys. 417:9–20. 10.3897/zookeys.417.7895 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Wang J, Zhao C.  2022. Taxonomy, species diversity and distribution patterns of fungus-feeding Phlaeothripidae in China. Biodiv. Sci. 30:22128–22181. 10.17520/biods.2022128 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  43. Wei JF, Niu MM, Feng JN.  2016. Diversity and distribution patterns of scale insects in China. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 109:405–414. 10.1093/aesa/sav159 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  44. Wang X, Li YQ, Dang LH.  2021. Analysis on the fauna composition of thysanoptera insects in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Sichuan J. Zool. 40:665–674. 10.11984/j.issn.1000-7083 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  45. Wang ZH. (2020). Systematic study of Thripidae (Terebrantia, Thysanoptera) in China [Doctoral dissertation]. South China Agricultural University, China. 10.27152/d.cnki.ghanu.2020.000061 [DOI]
  46. Xie Y, Li ZY, William PG, et al.  2001. Invasive species in China—an overview. Biodiv. Conserv. 10:1317–1341. [Google Scholar]
  47. Xie YL, Mound LA, Lima ÉFB, et al.  2022. Molecular studies of relationships and identifications among insects of the subfamily Panchaetothripinae (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J. Insect Sci. 22:6. 10.1093/jisesa/ieac055 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Zhang HR, Xie YH, Li ZY.  2012. A new leaf-feeding species of Neohydatothrips from southwestern China (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Zootaxa. 3180:61–65. 10.11646/zootaxa.3180.1.6 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  49. Zhang RZ.  2011. Zoogeography of China. Science Press. p. 502. [Google Scholar]
  50. Zhang SM.  2019. Taxonomic and phylogenetic study of Thripidae from China (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia) [Doctoral dissertation]. Northwest A&F University, China. 10.27409/d.cnki.gxbnu.2019.000072 [DOI]
  51. Zhang SM, Mound LA, Feng JN.  2019. Morphological phylogeny of Thripidae (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). Invertebr Syst  33:671–696. 10.1071/IS19001 [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  52. Zhang YS, Ouyang F, Men XY, et al.  2018. Effects of regional agricultural landscape pattern on the community of ladybeetles in wheat fields. Acta. Entomologica. Sinica. 61:468–476. 10.16380/j.kcxb.2018.04.009 [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Insect Science are provided here courtesy of University of Wisconsin Libraries

RESOURCES