ABSTRACT
Both prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and adolescent alcohol exposure (AAE) persistently impair executive function in humans and animal models. Executive function encompasses multiple interrelated domains including working memory, inhibitory control, and behavioral flexibility. We hypothesized that a developmental “double hit” of PAE and AAE would produce more severe behavioral deficits associated with these executive domains compared to alcohol-naïve and single-exposed animals. We tested this hypothesis in rats by assessing disinhibition (low-light elevated plus maze; LL-EPM), behavioral flexibility (attentional set shift test; ASST), and working memory (spontaneous alternations in a T-maze); we also tested behavioral flexibility (ASST) in mice. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats received water or 5 g/kg alcohol from gestational day (GD)13.5-GD20.5, and offspring received water or 5 g/kg alcohol on a 2-day-on, 2-day-off paradigm from postnatal day (PD)25 to PD54. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice received water or 4.5 g/kg alcohol from GD13.5-GD17.5, and offspring received water or 4.5 g/kg alcohol on a 2-day-on, 2-day-off paradigm from PD25 to PD42. Offspring underwent behavioral testing in young adulthood. Double hit rats showed more exploration in the LL-EPM than controls and fewer alternations in the T-maze than AAE-only rats, suggesting deficits in disinhibition and spatial working memory, respectively. Double hit rats and mice exhibited more errors and/or more trials to criterion in the ASST, indicative of decreased behavioral flexibility. Overall, double hit animals showed altered performance on tests related to executive function, suggesting that the combined exposure alters executive function in a manner distinct from single-exposure models.
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