Abstract
以往慢性乙型肝炎的治疗标准是基于发生合并症的风险,国际指南建议只治疗发生合并症风险高的患者,称之为“只治”(“treat only if…”)策略。后来发现,在发生肝细胞癌的病例中,33.5%~64.0%不符合国际指南的治疗标准,提示需要扩大慢性乙型肝炎的治疗标准。尔后,“只治”(“treat only if…”)策略被“全治但除外”(“treat all except…”)策略所替代。后者是慢性乙型肝炎全治,但除外发生合并症风险低的患者。在慢性乙型肝炎患者中,符合该策略治疗标准的比例由10.3%提高至26.5%~33.9%,但距世界卫生组织提出的80%治疗目标仍较远。因此,为及早达到2030年消除乙型肝炎的目标,提出了“全治”(“treat all”)策略,即对所有HBV DNA阳性的慢性乙型肝炎患者均治疗。
Keywords: 乙型肝炎, 治疗, 指南, 消除, 全治
Abstract
The previous treatment criteria for chronic hepatitis B were based on the risk of complications occurring. International guidelines recommended treating only high-risk patients who developed complications, which was called the "treat only if…" strategy. Later,it was found that 33.5%~64.0% of the cases that developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) did not meet the treatment criteria of international guidelines, suggesting that the treatment criteria for chronic hepatitis B need to be expanded. Following this, the "treat only if…" strategy was replaced by the "treat all except…" strategy. The latter is to treat all except patients at very low risk of complications. The proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B who meet this strategy has risen from 10.3% to 26.5%~33.9%, but it is still far from the World Health Organization's proposed treatment target of 80%. Therefore, in an attempt to achieve the goal of eliminating hepatitis B by 2030, a "treat all" strategy has been proposed, wherein all chronic hepatitis B patients who test positive for HBV DNA should be treated as early as possible.
Keywords: Hepatitis B, Therapeutic, Guideline, Elimination, Treat all
既往,国际上治疗慢性乙型肝炎的策略是:只对发生肝硬化、肝失代偿和肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)等并发症风险高的慢性乙型肝炎肝炎患者治疗,称之为“只治…”(“treat only if…”)策略。所谓发生并发症风险高的慢性乙型肝炎肝炎患者是指:HBV DNA水平高、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)水平高和肝组织病理学有显著炎症坏死和/或纤维化。如亚太肝病学会(Asian-Pacific Association for the Study ofthe Liver, APASL)2015年版乙型肝炎管理指南[1]和美国肝病学会(American Association for the Study of the Liver,AASLD)2018年版乙型肝炎指导[2]均建议,对HBe Ag阳性慢性乙型肝炎,HBV DNA水平>20000 IU/ml、ALT>2×正常值上限(upper limit of normal, ULN),或有显著肝组织学病变者治疗;欧洲肝病学会(European Association for the Study of the Liver, EASL)2017年版指南[3]的治疗标准是:HBV DNA>2000 IU/ml和ALT>ULN,或有显著肝组织学病变者。对HBe Ag阴性慢性乙型肝炎,APASL[1]和AASLD[2]指南的治疗标准是:HBV DNA>2000 IU/ml和ALT>2×ULN,或有显著肝组织学病变者。EASL指南[3]的治疗标准是:HBV DNA>2000 IU/ml和ALT>ULN,或有显著肝组织学病变者(表1)。
表1. AASLD、EASL、APASL慢性乙型肝炎防治指南的治疗标准.
| 学会和年份 | HBeAg(+)慢性乙型肝炎 | HBeAg(-)慢性乙型肝炎 |
|---|---|---|
| AASLD 2018 | HBV DNA>20000IU/ml ALT>2×ULN男35U/L,女25U/L) |
HBV DNA>2000IU/ml ALT>2×ULN(男35U/L,女25U/L) |
| EASL 2017 | HBV DNA>2000U/ml | HBV DNA>2000U/ml |
| ALT>ULN(40U/L) | ALT>ULN(40U/L) | |
| APASL 2015 | HBV DNA>20000IU/ml | HBV DNA>2000IU/ml |
| ALT>2×ULN(40IU/L) | ALT>2×ULN(40IU/L) |
注:AASLD:美国肝病学会;EASL:欧洲肝病学会;APASL:亚太肝病学会;ALT:丙氨酸转氨酶;ULN:正常值上限
但美国对实验室数据库中有2次HBV检测结果的54942例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行分析,结果显示符合APASL、AASLD、EASL指南治疗标准的比例分别为5.8%、6 .7%和6.2%,即约93%~94%的患者不符合这3个指南的治疗标准[4]。但这些不符合指南治疗标准的慢性乙型肝炎患者经长期随访,仍可发生HCC。韩国的一项多中心队列研究,对3624例未治疗的慢性乙型肝炎患者中位随访时间4.6年,在HCC死亡者中,不符合该3个指南治疗标准者分别占33.5%、46.0%和64.0%,提示需要扩大治疗[5,6,7,8],并建议将启动治疗的HBV DNA水平由20000 IU/ml降至2000IU/ml;ALT ULN由40U/L降至男30U/L、女19U/L。
Su等[9]和Dieterich等[10]提出了“全治但除外”(treat all except…)策略,即全治,但除外发生并发症风险低的患者(图1)。按“全治但除外”(Treat all except…)策略,符合治疗标准的慢性乙型肝炎比例由10.3%上升至26.5%~33.9%[4]。
图1. “全治但除外”(Treat all except…)策略.

注:HBs Ag:乙型肝炎表面抗原;HBV:乙型肝炎病毒;ALT:丙氨酸转氨酶;ULN:正常值上限
最近发布的WHO2024年版指南建议,慢性乙型肝炎全治但除外ALT正常和HBV DNA<2000IU/ml患者[11,12]。亚太消除病毒性肝炎工作组[13]建议,慢性乙型肝炎全治但除外检测不到HBV DNA、ALT<ULN(男30U/L,女19U/L)、无显著肝硬化和进展性纤维化、无计划接受免疫抑制剂治疗,以及无肝外表现的患者。该工作组建议的慢性乙型肝炎治疗标准较WHO2024版指南更扩大了。
2022年我国发布了“慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)”[14],进一步降低了慢性乙型肝炎的治疗标准,约94%患者符合该指南的治疗标准,是目前“全治但除外”(treat all except…)策略中治疗标准最低的指南(图2),已接近“全治”(treat all)策略。
图2. 中国2022年版指南治疗策略.

注:HBV:乙型肝炎病毒;ALT:丙氨酸转氨酶;ULN:正常值上限;CHB:慢性乙型肝炎
印度于2018年开始实施国家病毒性肝炎控制计划,实施对慢性乙型肝炎全部免费治疗[15]。2022年11月美国乙型肝炎基金会Gish建议对HBV DNA阳性慢性乙型肝炎全治。2017年乌兹别克斯坦批准预防传染病计划,以提高乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎诊断率,并于2019年12月至2020年12月开展项目试点,对全人群检测HBs Ag和抗-HCV,HBs Ag阳性患者检测人类免疫缺陷病毒和肌酸酐,HBs Ag阳性、人类免疫缺陷病毒阴性、肾功能正常患者,应用替诺夫韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF)治疗12个月并免费随访;对所有人类免疫缺陷病毒阳性患者转诊至专科医院治疗[16]。
因此,全治策略可分为:
(1)HBV DNA阳性者全治;
(2)HBs Ag阳性者全治;
(3)检测并治疗所有HBs Ag阳性患者。
关于慢性乙型肝炎治疗,目前主要的争议是:真正HBe Ag阳性慢性HBV感染(既往称免疫耐受期)和真正HBe Ag阴性HBV感染(既往称免疫控制期或非活动期)是否需要治疗。
对这些慢性HBV感染者主张不治疗的理由是:
(2)抗病毒疗效差[19]:
(3)对治疗依从性差[20];
(4)可随访监测,当符合治疗标准时再治疗[21]。
对这些慢性HBV感染者主张治疗的理由是:
(1)发生HCC风险低是由于随访时间短、样本量小。如果扩大样本并延长随访时间,这些患者发生HCC的风险较高。Yang等[22]和Chen等[23]对中国台湾7个城镇11893例男性随访10年,HBs Ag和HBe Ag双阳性者的累计HCC发病率较HBs Ag和HBe Ag均阴性者高109倍。Chu等[24,25]随访240例免疫控制期期患者17年,累计肝炎再活动的发生率为15%,每年再活动发生率为2.2%;累计肝硬化发生率为12.6%,每年肝硬化发生率为0.5%。Choi等[26]的一项历史队列研究表明,未治疗的免疫控制期患者的HCC累计发生率显著高于治疗的免疫活动期患者。
既往认为免疫耐受期患者仅有轻度肝组织病理学改变[27],无免疫介导的肝损伤,不建议抗病毒治疗。但最近的证据表明,免疫耐受期患者有明显的肝组织病理学改变[28]:有HBV特异性T淋巴细胞应答[29];有HBVDNA整合和克隆肝细胞扩增[30]。
(2)对真正免疫耐受期和免疫控制期患者治疗是有效的。Lim等[31]报告,抗病毒治疗可降低免疫耐受期患者的HCC发病率。多项研究[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41]表明,用聚乙二醇干扰素(pegylated interferon,PEG-IFN)治疗免疫控制期患者,48周时治疗组HBs Ag清除率显著高于未治疗组(表2)。
表2. PEG-IFN治疗48周时免疫控制期治疗组和对照组的HBsAg清除率.
| 第一作者,年份 | 治疗组 | 对照组 |
|---|---|---|
| Cao Z,2017 | 29.8%(28/94) | 2.5%(1/40) |
| Shi L,2018 | 32.5%(131/40) | 6.3%(3/40) |
| Lim sG,2019 | 20%(6/30) | 0 |
| Zeng QL,2020 | 93.8%(15/16) | 0 |
| Zhao H,2020 | 24.7%(19/77) | 0 |
| Chen x,2020 | 37.3%(19/51) | ND |
| Chen XB,2021 | 55.6%(15/27) | 0 |
| Wu F,2021 | 43.3%(58/134) | 1.4%(21/43) |
| Huang Y,2021 | 84.2%(16/19) | 0 |
Hsu等[42]对HBV DNA>2000 IU/ml、轻度肝酶升高的慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为2组,一组用TDF治疗,另一组用安慰剂,干预3年,前后有肝活检患者共计119例,TDF组64例,安慰剂组55例,与基线HBV DNA整合数比较,TDF组减少3.28倍,安慰剂组减少1.81倍,两组差异有统计学意义(P=0.037),提示抗病毒治疗可减少HBV DNA整合,可降低致HCC风险。
(3)慢性HBV感染者对随访监测的依从性差。Spradling等[43]对美国2338例慢性乙型肝炎患者随访7年,每年ALT至少检测1次者占78%,每年检测HBV DNA 1次和未检测者占62.5%,提示随访监测的依从性差,有可能错过治疗良机[44]。同时,监测费用显著高于治疗费用,不符合成本效益比。
(5)治疗即预防,可减少HBV传播和社会歧视[15,47]。
基于WHO提出到“2030年消除病毒性肝炎公共卫生危害”的目标,即新发感染率下降90%,死亡率下降65%,诊断率达到90%,治疗率达到80%;现行口服抗病毒药物价格便宜,可及性高,安全性良好,长期治疗未发现耐药(如替诺福韦酯)或耐药发生率很低(如恩替卡韦);人类免疫缺陷病毒和丙型肝炎病毒感染全治策略的成功经验,为慢性乙型肝炎“全治”(“treatall”)策略提供了充分依据。对慢性乙型肝炎患者全治,可以减少多次到医院随访监测,降低远高于治疗的监测费用,同时还可避免因随访监测依从性差而错失治疗良机;及早抗病毒治疗可显著抑制HBV DNA水平,从而减少肝硬化、肝失代偿和HCC等的发生率和死亡率;病毒水平下降还可预防HBV传播(包括母婴传播)和减少社会歧视,有利于患者的身心健康。同时,“全治”(“treat all”)策略符合成本效益比,有助于早日实现WHO提出的“到2030年消除病毒性肝炎公共卫生危害”的宏伟目标。
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