Abstract
原发性肝癌是常见恶性肿瘤且病死率较高,早期诊断与筛查意义重大。近年来研究发现胆汁酸在肝癌发生发展中作用关键,有望成为新型诊断标志物与干预靶点。文章综述了肝癌发生发展进程中胆汁酸代谢的异常变化,包括胆汁酸组分及水平在肝组织、血浆、粪便和尿液中的改变,以及胆汁酸代谢相关酶的变化;阐述了胆汁酸影响肝癌发生的机制,如参与多信号通路启动肝癌发生、影响肝癌免疫微环境;探讨了胆汁酸作为肝癌诊断标志物的潜力,以及靶向胆汁酸代谢的潜在肝癌防治策略。虽然胆汁酸在肝癌诊断和防治方面有潜在价值,但仍面临挑战。未来需构建大规模随访队列及生物样本库,创新胆汁酸检测技术并与多组学融合,以提升肝癌早期诊断准确性和防治效果。
Keywords: 胆汁酸代谢, 原发性肝癌, 诊断标志物, 防治策略
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is a common malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Therefore, early-stage diagnosis and screening are of enormous significance. In recent years, studies have found that bile acids play a key role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer and are expected to become novel diagnostic markers and intervention targets. This article reviews the abnormal changes in bile acid metabolism during the occurrence and development of liver cancer, including the changes in bile acid composition and levels in liver tissue, plasma, feces, and urine, as well as the changes in enzymes related to bile acid metabolism. Furthermore, it expounds the mechanism by which bile acids affect the occurrence of liver cancer, such as participating in multiple signaling pathways to initiate the occurrence and affecting the immune microenvironment, and discusses the potential of bile acids as diagnostic markers for prevention and treatment strategies targeting bile acid metabolism. Bile acids have potential value in the diagnosis and prevention of liver cancer; yet, there are still challenges. In the future, it is necessary to build a large-scale follow-up cohort and biobank, innovate technology for detecting bile acids, and integrate it with multi-omics so as to improve the accuracy of early-stage diagnosis and prevention and treatment of liver cancer.
Keywords: Bile acid metabolism, Primary liver cancer, Diagnostic markers, Prevention and treatment strategies
原发性肝癌(简称肝癌)是常见恶性肿瘤及主要肿瘤致死病因之一,主要病理学类型包括肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)、肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)、HCC-ICC混合型肝癌,其中HCC占75%~85%[1-2]。目前,我国肝癌发病率和病死率较高,早期诊断与筛查对提升患者生存率至关重要[3-4]。近年来多项研究表明,胆汁酸在肝癌演进中发挥关键作用,有望成为肝癌早期诊断的新型标志物和干预的靶点[5-7]。本文将对肝癌发生发展进程中胆汁酸代谢的异常变化,及其影响肝癌发生的相关机制进行综述,并探讨胆汁酸在肝癌诊断及干预策略中的潜在应用,以期为肝癌早期防治提供新的思路与见解。
一、. 肝癌发生发展中胆汁酸代谢异常表现
1.胆汁酸组分及水平变化:研究结果表明,HCC和ICC患者肿瘤组织内总胆汁酸水平显著高于非癌肝组织(慢性肝炎或肝癌远端肝组织),牛磺鹅去氧胆酸(taurochenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA)、牛磺胆酸(taurocholic acid,TCA)和甘氨鹅去氧胆酸(glycochenodeoxycholic acid,GCDCA)等胆汁酸水平均显著升高[5,8],同时在缺乏天冬氨酸转氨酶的肝癌小鼠中另外观察到石胆酸(lithocholic acid,LCA)的肝内累积[5]。体内外实验表明,TCDCA等结合型胆汁酸及LCA等初级胆汁酸可分别通过抑制T细胞活性与功能而阻碍抗肿瘤免疫反应,与肝癌发生发展密切相关[5]。此外,在链脲佐菌素联合高脂饮食诱导的实验性肝癌模型中[9],小鼠肝内TCA、TCDCA、甘氨胆酸(glycocholate,GCA)及牛磺石胆酸(taurolithocholate,TLCA)水平与健康对照组相比均显著升高。以上胆汁酸不仅被报道是诱发肝脏脂质积累和持续炎症的关键代谢物[10],且TCDCA经体外干预试验证明能够进一步降低肝细胞抑癌基因表达[9],从而促进肝癌发生。
肝组织胆汁酸变化可直观反映肝癌发生发展中的胆汁酸代谢特征,而血浆作为肝脏代谢产物循环载体,临床获取相对便捷,其胆汁酸变化对肝癌早期鉴别、病情进展判断具有重要意义。肝癌患者和健康人血浆中的胆汁酸存在明显差异,肝癌患者血浆中的结合型GCA、GCDCA、TCA和TCDCA等水平有所升高;未结合型胆汁酸如LCA、去氧胆酸、胆酸、鹅去氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid,CDCA)的水平则降低[11]。此外,肝癌患者诊断前血浆次级胆汁酸与初级胆汁酸的比值,如脱氧胆酸(deoxycholic acid,DCA)/胆酸、LCA/CDCA、熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid,UDCA)/CDCA显著降低[7,12]。这些变化表明,肝癌发生过程中胆汁酸肝内合成与结合受到干扰,导致血浆中不同类型胆汁酸组分水平失衡。而与肝硬化患者相比,肝癌患者血浆中GCA、甘氨脱氧胆酸(glycodeoxycholic acid,GDCA)、TCA和TCDCA等水平下调[13-14]。其中GCA水平与肝癌患者的肝功能指标呈现显著正相关性,能在一定程度上反映肝功能的状态,有助于病情动态监测[15]。
胆汁酸的代谢踪迹不止于肝组织和血浆,粪便和尿液作为胆汁酸最终排泄的介质,其胆汁酸水平变化同样反映肝癌发生发展期间胆汁酸代谢稳态的失衡。在药物性肝损伤诱发HCC的过程中,粪便中的总胆汁酸及初级胆汁酸、CDCA水平与健康对照组相比,呈现先降低后升高的趋势。而在HCC阶段,粪便中LCA、DCA、牛磺脱氧胆酸(taurodeoxycholic acid,TDCA)、TLCA、GCA、TCA、TCDCA等胆汁酸水平均显著升高[16]。ICC患者血浆与粪便中的甘氨熊去氧胆酸(glycoursodeoxycholic acid,GUDCA)、牛磺熊去氧胆酸(tauroursodeoxycholic acid,TUDCA)的比值明显升高,进一步分析发现TUDCA血浆-粪便比值与ICC预后相关[17]。此外,HCC患者尿液中的GCA水平与健康人群相比也显著升高[11]。
总而言之,胆汁酸在肝癌的发生发展过程中,无论是在肝组织内部,还是通过血浆、粪便和尿液等介质反映出的代谢变化,均表明胆汁酸变化与肝癌的发生发展紧密相关,不仅为深入理解肝癌发病机制提供了关键线索,而且在肝癌早期诊断、病情监测方面展现出相当的潜力。
2.胆汁酸代谢相关酶的改变:在肝癌的发生发展进程中,胆汁酸代谢相关酶活性和相应调控基因呈现异常改变,与肝癌的病理进程紧密相连。胆固醇7α-羟化酶(cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase,CYP7A1)作为胆汁酸肝内合成的限速酶,在正常生理状态下,其表达受到一定调控以维持胆汁酸合成的稳定[16]。但有研究表明,肝癌发生、Hippo信号通路异常时,哺乳动物STE20样蛋白激酶(MST1/2)缺失或功能丧失,可增加肝脏CYP7A1的表达并促进胆汁酸合成[18]。此外,在肝癌实验模型中,高脂饮食诱导肝内炎症抑制了关键的胆汁酸转运蛋白,导致肝内胆汁酸淤积,加重了肝内炎症[9]。在HCC患者血清和肝组织中,胆汁酸代谢相关的醛酮还原酶1D1(aldoketo reductase 1D1,AKR1D1)的表达显著低于正常水平,导致次级胆汁酸如异胆酸含量在体内增加,参与抑制肝内抗肿瘤效应[19]。
肝癌发生发展过程中胆汁酸代谢相关酶的变化复杂多样,直接影响了胆汁酸的合成、代谢及转运,导致胆汁酸组分及水平偏离正常状态。异常的胆汁酸水平,又将通过干扰细胞信号传导通路、进而影响细胞增殖与凋亡平衡、加剧肝脏炎症微环境、影响肝癌免疫微环境等多种途径,深度参与肝癌的发生。厘清胆汁酸异常如何作用于肝癌发生机制,对揭示肝癌的发病机制,探寻有效的早期诊断标志物与治疗靶点具有重要意义。
二、. 胆汁酸影响肝癌发生的机制
1.胆汁酸参与多信号通路启动肝癌发生:肝内胆汁酸水平的异常改变可触发肝内一系列复杂的细胞信号级联反应,引发肝内炎症、抑制受损细胞凋亡等,促进肝癌的发生。疏水性胆汁酸,如DCA和LCA,可直接破坏细胞膜激活磷脂酶A2和蛋白激酶C,前者可引发花生四烯酸从胞膜释放,最终导致细胞内活性氧水平升高,诱导细胞DNA损伤[20-21];后者可经核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)启动炎性细胞因子的基因转录,产生白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)等[22-23],而IL-6能进一步激活信号转导和转录激活因子3通路,导致受损的肝细胞凋亡减少,增加癌变概率[24]。此外,炎性细胞因子,尤其是IL-1β、TNF-α,可经NF-κB抑制法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR)转录水平[25],减少胆汁酸转运体,增加胆汁酸的生物合成,导致肝内胆汁酸累积,进一步放大上述信号通路相关反应[26]。
2.胆汁酸影响肝癌免疫微环境:T细胞在免疫应答中占据核心地位,而由胆汁酸激活的FXR信号通路可调节不同T细胞亚群,进而调控机体肿瘤相关免疫反应。次级胆汁酸3-氧代石胆酸作用于FXR受体,能够抑制辅助性T细胞17的分化,减少其相关细胞因子如IL-17的分泌,以此调控炎症反应强度;另一种次级胆汁酸异别石胆酸可促进调节性T细胞的增殖与功能活化,抑制免疫过度,有助于维持免疫耐受[27]。在肝癌患者和肝癌实验模型中,肝内累积的初级结合型胆汁酸与次级胆汁酸,分别能通过诱导氧化应激致T细胞死亡和诱导内质网应激,抑制T细胞功能,从而阻碍肿瘤特异性T细胞反应[5]。
M2巨噬细胞在肝癌进展中发挥关键作用[28],同样受异常胆汁酸与FXR信号通路调控。Sun等[29]的研究结果表明,HCC患者肿瘤组织内SIRT5基因缺失,相应构建的Sirt5-/-小鼠模型在肝癌发生早期,肝细胞中胆汁酸(如TCA)异常积累,这些胆汁酸作为信号介质激活FXR,促进M2巨噬细胞极化,形成免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境,有利于肿瘤起始细胞的扩增和肿瘤生长。Chen等[30]研究提示在乙型肝炎相关HCC患者肝脏组织中脂质代谢调节酶ACSL4表达显著上调,体内外实验验证表明,沉默ACSL4可显著降低肝内胆汁酸水平,抑制经FXR介导的M2型巨噬细胞极化,进而抑制HCC细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。
此外,Akr1d1-/-小鼠肝脏和血清中多种次级胆汁酸增加,其中异石胆酸对自然杀伤(natural killer,NK)细胞分泌细胞毒性细胞因子的抑制作用最为显著[19]。另外,肝脏中趋化因子依赖的NK细胞受胆汁酸代谢平衡的影响。胆汁酸可通过调节肝窦内皮细胞(liver sinusoidal endothelial cells,LSECs)中趋化因子配体16(CXC-chemokine ligand 16,CXCL16)的表达来调控NK细胞的肝内积累,影响其抗肿瘤效应:初级胆汁酸能诱导LSECs产生更多CXCL16,招募NK细胞至肝脏;而次级胆汁酸则抑制CXCL16表达,减少NK细胞的积累[31]。
基于肝癌发生发展期间胆汁酸的动态改变,深入解析胆汁酸影响肝癌发生的机制,能为全面了解肝癌的炎-癌演进过程提供关键视角。从多信号通路的启动,到免疫微环境的重塑,胆汁酸在肝癌的发展进程中发挥关键作用,甚至可能成为驱动肝癌转移的重要推手[32]。鉴于此,其为探索肝癌诊断新方法、开发防治新策略开辟了极具潜力的研究方向。
三、. 胆汁酸在肝癌诊断和预后中的应用潜力
如前所述,通过对肝癌高危人群,如慢性肝炎、肝硬化患者的长期随访监测发现,部分胆汁酸水平在肝癌确诊前就已呈现出升高的趋势[33]。另外一项前瞻性研究结果表明[34],肝癌诊断前血浆结合型胆酸和CDCA水平与乙/丙型病毒性肝炎相关的HCC风险增加有关,展现出了作为肝癌诊断标志物的巨大潜能。
与传统的肝癌诊断标志物,如甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)相比,胆汁酸具有独特的优势:当GCA与血浆苯丙氨酸、色氨酸联合检测时,能够有效鉴别AFP阴性的肝癌患者,且在肝癌临床诊断前1~3年,该组合的敏感性和特异性逐渐增加[35];Tan等[36]建立的由TCA、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺和溶血磷脂酰胆碱组成的血清标志物,在区分小肝癌与慢性肝炎和肝硬化方面,诊断性能优于AFP。而多种胆汁酸亚型胆汁酸代谢谱的改变在肝癌早期较为普遍,能够提供更为全面的鉴别信息:在新加坡普通华裔人群中,初级结合型胆汁酸水平、TCDCA/GCDCA和TDCA/GDCA的比值与HCC风险增加显著相关[12];基于血浆中的CDCA、LCA、UDCA及甘胆石胆酸水平,联合构建贝叶斯线性判别分析模型,能够有效区分肝炎、肝硬化和肝癌等不同疾病阶段的患者,助力肝癌的早期诊断[7]。
此外,多项研究表明肝癌患者体内胆汁酸的水平与预后紧密相关。例如,HCC患者血浆中TCA、TCDCA、GCA等胆汁酸水平与肿瘤侵袭性等不良预后风险因素显著相关[37];而对于ICC患者,TUDCA血浆-粪便比值能联合血浆炎性因子,有效鉴别肿瘤血管侵犯情况,与患者生存时间关联密切[17]。接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的不可切除HCC患者中,有客观反应者粪便内UDCA、熊胆酸等次级胆汁酸显著富集,和特定肠道微生物丰度正相关,可延长总生存期,这些胆汁酸结合微生物特征可预测ICI治疗患者的预后[38]。一线靶向免疫联合治疗的HCC患者里,治疗应答组血浆牛磺猪胆酸(taurohyocholic acid,THCA)水平显著低于非应答组,THCA水平低的患者中位无进展生存期与总生存期更优,意味着血浆胆汁酸有望作为联合治疗疗效及预后的生物标志物[39]。
胆汁酸水平在肝癌的炎-癌演进过程中发生持续变化,能反映疾病发展的阶段性特征,为诊断或疗效、预后提供更为丰富且连续的信息。此外,胆汁酸检测方法相对简便,可通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用等技术进行精准定量分析,且血浆、粪便等样本易于获取,适合大规模人群的筛查。
四、. 靶向胆汁酸代谢的潜在肝癌防治策略
随着对胆汁酸代谢与肝癌发生发展关系研究的深入,靶向胆汁酸代谢的干预手段为肝癌防治带来新思路。不同类型的胆汁酸对肝癌的影响作用各异,如亲水性次级胆汁酸UDCA具有一定的抗肿瘤活性。临床研究发现,使用UDCA与丙型肝炎相关肝硬化患者的肝癌发生率降低有关,其5年肝癌发生率显著低于未使用者[40]。UDCA可通过降解转化生长因子-β抑制调节性T细胞的分化与活化,增强抗肿瘤免疫[41],与ICI联合使用疗效优于单一治疗[41-42]。
如前所述,胆汁酸受体在调节胆汁酸代谢和肝癌发展中起着关键作用。FXR在肝癌患者中表达下调,且与疾病进展呈负相关[29-30]。胆汁酸类似物奥贝胆酸(obeticholic acid,OCA)作为FXR强效激动剂,在小鼠模型中已被证实具有抑制肝癌生长及转移的作用[43-44];并可通过纳米技术、外泌体负载等方式优化OCA精准递送,增强抗肿瘤免疫反应、延缓纤维化进展。其他新型FXR激动剂,如MET409、维那非索等在临床试验中显示出在改善脂肪性肝病等方面的良好效果[45-46]。以上结果表明,FXR激动剂能成为肝癌治疗的潜在策略。
降低肝脏内胆汁酸浓度有助于减轻肝脏慢性炎症损伤,降低肝癌发生风险。成纤维细胞生长因子(fibrobalst growth factor,FGF)19类似物作为肠道内分泌因子,动物实验表明其能与肝脏中FGF受体4结合,抑制胆汁酸合成关键酶CYP7A1表达,减少胆汁酸合成,抑制肿瘤生长[47-48]。而胆汁酸螯合剂考来烯胺则通过在肠道内与胆汁酸结合,增加胆汁酸经粪便排泄,实现肝内胆汁酸水平的降低[49]。
肠道微生物群在胆汁酸代谢中扮演着重要角色,能够将初级胆汁酸转化为次级胆汁酸,同时胆汁酸也会影响其组成和功能[50]。肠道微生态调节剂如益生菌,一些双歧杆菌菌株可促进初级胆汁酸向次级胆汁酸转化,增加具有抗肿瘤活性的次级胆汁酸含量[51-52];鼠李糖乳杆菌的干预可减轻自发性肝癌小鼠基于瑞戈非尼的肿瘤耐药性和全身不良反应[53]。目前针对肠道微生态调节的干预方式多处于基础和临床前研究阶段,精准调控及最佳使用方法有待临床试验探究。
五、. 总结与展望
从肝炎、肝硬化到肝癌发生的肝病进展过程中,患者体内胆汁酸组分、水平及代谢相关酶等均发生一些动态变化;异常改变的胆汁酸还通过多种机制促进肝癌进展。虽然胆汁酸在肝癌诊断和防治方面有潜在的应用价值,但目前仍面临诸多挑战。
展望未来,在临床研究方向,亟需构建大规模连续随访队列,并配套建立多维度生物样本库。通过长期、系统地跟踪研究对象,收集涵盖临床特征、病理信息、分子生物学数据等多维度资料,为深入探究胆汁酸代谢与肝癌发生发展的关联提供丰富且高质量的数据支撑。在技术层面,一方面要创新优化胆汁酸谱精准定量检测技术,深度剖析检测结果,从中挖掘更多有价值的临床线索,联合现有诊断标志物,突破诊断灵敏度、特异性等方面的局限。另一方面,积极推进胆汁酸谱检测与多组学技术的有机融合,开发多模态预测模型以及新型标志物与诊断模型。借助多组学技术的综合优势,全面捕捉肝癌发生发展过程中的分子变化特征,从而显著提高肝癌早期诊断的准确性,更精准地进行预后或疗效评估,以更好地应对肝癌防治挑战。
利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
引用本文:
韩洁, 陆荫英. 胆汁酸代谢与原发性肝癌的发生发展[J]. 中华肝脏病杂志, 2025, 33(4): 317-322. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20250318-00098.
作者贡献声明
韩洁、陆荫英:撰写文章
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金(82272956)
Natural Science Foundation of China (82272956)
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