1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
2Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
3Department of Medicine and Surgery, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
4Respiratory Therapy Program, Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Respiratory Therapy, Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
6Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, 34313 Dammam, Saudi Arabia
7Clinical Technology Department, Respiratory Care Program, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
8College of Medicine and Surgery, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
9Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
10Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
11Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
© The Author(s) 2026
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