The spectrum of β-thalassemia mutations in the Arab populations

Abstract

The Arab countries encompass a wide region stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Atlantic Ocean. The Arab population is quite heterogeneous and has experienced various invasions and migrations throughout history. β-thalassemia is endemic in all countries of the Arab world. Our review of the molecular basis of β-thalassemia in various Arab countries reveals the presence of 52 mutations, which are mostly of Mediterranean and Asian origin. The distribution of mutations reflects the geographical and historical backgrounds of each region. However, no specific mutation is confined to the Arabs, although some Arab countries do have unique mutations.

INTRODUCTION

The Arab world is composed of 21 countries stretching from the Persian Gulf to the Atlantic Ocean. Although Arab people share a common history and culture, they are quite heterogeneous in origin, a fact that should be reflected in their genetic background. β-thalassemia is endemic in all countries of the Arab world, probably due to the presence of malaria previously in that region, and the frequency of carriers varies from 1% to 5%. The molecular basis of β-thalassemia has been studied in various Arab countries and we present here a review of those findings, in an attempt to compare the frequency and origin of the different mutations.

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Various papers reporting the spectrum of β-thalassemia mutations in different Arab countries have been published. While detailed information about many populations is available, data for some countries is still lacking or only preliminary. In some cases, the studies may be too small or too specific to represent the entire country. Still, as much of the currently available data have been collected and pooled and the reported mutations and their corresponding frequencies in twelve different countries have been tabulated for comparison (see Table 1). These include Syria [1], Lebanon [2, 3, 4], Jordan [5], Israeli Arabs [6] and Arabs from the Gaza strip [7], Saudi-Arabia [8, 9, 10, 11], Kuwait [12], Bahrain [13], the United Arab Emirates (UAE) [14, 15, 16, 17], Oman [18], Egypt [19, 20, 21, 22, 23], Tunisia [24, 25], and Algeria [26, 27, 28].

Table 1.

Comparison of mutation frequencies among 13 Arab populations. (S = Syria, L = Lebanon, J = Jordan, IA = Israeli Arabs, G = Gaza strip, SA = Saudi Arabia, K = Kuwait, B = Bahrein, UAE = United Arab Emirates, O = Oman, E = Egypt, T = Tunisia, A = Algeria.)

Mutation	Origin	S	L	J	IA	G	SA	K	B	UAE	O	E	T	A
IVSI-110 (G > A)	East Med	24	33	22	26.4	37.5	22	—	1.5	1.7	0.5	33	12.3	24.7
IVSI-1 (G > A)	Med	17	15	6.6	8	20	7	7.3	3	—	1	11.3	0.9	11.7
Cd5 (−CT)	Med	8.5	4	3.3	0.64	10	—	—	—	4	0.5	2.4	1.8	—
−30 (T > A)	Turkish	7	0.5	—	0.64	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2.6	0.4
Cd39 (C > T)	West Med	6.4	0.5	2	8	11.5	20	7.3	24.2	5	1	1.5	27	27.6
IVSI-6 (T > C)	West Med	4	15	6.6	14.7	7.5	7	7.3	—	3.5	—	13.6	6	3.3
IVSII-1 (G > A)	Med	4	10	19.8	7	1	15	29	6.1	3.3	3.5	3	—	—
Cd15 (G > A)	Asian-Ind	3.5	—	—	0.64	—	—	—	1.5	1.5	0.5	—	—	—
−88 (C > T)	Asian-Ind	2	1.5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
−87 (C > G)	Med	2	1.5	2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.2	—	—
IVSI-116 (T > G)	Med	1.4	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
IVSII-745 (C > G)	Med	1.4	1	12	6	—	—	—	—	—	—	5.6	4.4	0.9
Cd8/9 (+G)	Asian-Ind	1.4	0.5	—	—	—	2.5	1.3	1.5	7	—	0.3	—	—
Cd37 (G > A)	Saud, Egypt	1.4	—	8.8	7.4	1	—	—	—	1	—	0.6	—	—
Cd8 (−AA)	Turkish	0.7	2.5	—	6	—	10	3	—	4	—	1.8	0.9	—
25 bp deletion	Asian-Ind	0.7	1	—	—	—	14	7.3	36	8	5.5	—	—	—
Cd29 (C > T)	Lebanese	—	7	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cd30 (G > C)	UAE	—	3	—	—	—	—	—	—	3	—	—	—	—
290 bp deletion	Turk, Iran	—	2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cd44 (−C)	Kurdish	—	1	—	—	—	7.5	1	4.5	1.3	9.6	—	4.4	—
IVSI-5 (G > C)	Asian-Ind	—	0.5	5.5	2.6	—	10	18.8	16.7	55	61.6	—	—	0.4
Cd27 (G > T)	Med	—	—	3.3	—	1	—	—	—	—	—	0.3	0.9	0.4
IVSII-848 (C > A)	Egyptian	—	—	2	—	—	—	—	—	0.5	—	8.6	0.9	0.4
Cd6 (−A)	Med	—	—	1	—	5	7	—	—	—	—	1	10.5	17
IVSII-3' (C > A)	Black	—	—	—	0.32	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
AATAAA > A	Arab	—	—	—	—	2.5	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
IVSI-5 (G > T)	Med	—	—	—	—	—	2	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cap + 1 (A > C)	Asian-Ind	—	—	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—	0.6	—	—
Cd36/37 (−T)	Kurd, Iran	—	—	—	—	—	11.5	—	—	0.4	1	—	—	—
−88 (C > A)	Kurdish	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.5	—	—	0.6	—	—
Cd35 (−C)	Indonesian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.5	—	—	—	—	—
Cd35 (−C)	Indonesian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.5	—	—	—	—	—
Cd41/42 (−TCTT)	Asian-Ind	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.5	—	—	—	—	—
Cd82/83 (−G)	Azerbaijian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	—	—	—	—
Cd37 (−G)	Kurdish	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1	0.5	—	—	—
AATAAA > AATAAG	Kurdish	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.8	—	—	—	—
Cd110 (T > C)	Japanese	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.8	—	—	—	—
−101 (C > T)	Turkish	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.8	—	—	—	—
Cd30 (AGG > AGC)	various	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.4	—	—	—	—
Cd30 (G > A)	Bulgarian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.5	—	2.6	0.9
Hb Dofar	Omani	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	6.6	—	—	—
619 bp deletion	Indian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	4	—	—	—
HbE	Asian-Ind	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.5	—	—	—
Cd29 (−G)	Japanese	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1.2	—	—
Cd106/107 (+G)	Black	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.6	—	—
Cd28 (−C)	Egypt	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.3	—	—
Cd25/26 (+T)	Tunisian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.9	—
IVSI-2 (T > A)	Algerian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.9	1.3
IVSI-5 (G > A)	Algerian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.9	0.9
−29 (A > C)	Black	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.8
IVSI-2 (T > C)	Black	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	3.3
IVSII-843 (T > G)	Algerian	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.4
Total mutations	16	18	13	13	10	14	9	12	21	15	19	16	16

Arab countries from which data was not available included Djibouti, Iraq, Mauritania, Morocco, Qatar, Somalia, and Sudan. The data found on nationals from Lybia or Yemen, as part of larger studies, was based on a small number of patients in which only 2 or 3 of the most common Mediterranean mutations were detected. Since this was thought not to be clearly representative of the population of each of these countries, the data was omitted from this study.

RESULTS

A total of 52 mutations have been reported in the Arab world, reflecting the heterogeneity of its population. As expected, each country has its own characteristic spectrum of mutations, with a handful of frequent mutations and several rare ones. The number and frequency of different mutations varies from one country to another, depending on the studies and size of the population: total numbers reported so far vary from 9 in Kuwait to 21 in Egypt. While some mutations appear in most countries, others seem to be specific to a region or even a country. Several observations can be made, discussed here below.

(1) The common Mediterranean mutations were detected in nearly all Arab countries, albeit at different frequencies. Codon 39 (C > T), the most frequent mutation in the western Mediterranean region, was found in all Arab countries without exception. As expected, it is found at higher frequencies in more western Arab countries, such as Tunisia and Algeria (27% in both), whereas eastern countries show much lower frequencies (down to 0.5% in Lebanon). Surprisingly, it also reaches high frequencies in some southeastern non-Mediterranean countries, such as Saudi Arabia (20%) and Bahrain (24%). IVSI-110 (G > A) is the most common mutation in the eastern Mediterranean. It has high frequencies in all Mediterranean Arab countries (12%–38%), but reaches lower frequencies in countries around the Gulf (0%–2%). The same is true for IVSI-1 (G > A) and IVSI-6 (T > C), two other frequent Mediterranean mutations. On the other hand, IVSII-1 (G > A), was detected in all countries except Tunisia and Algeria, has a high frequency in North Jordan (20%) and is the most common mutation in Kuwait (29%). Codon 5 (−CT), a Mediterranean mutation of lower frequency, was found in all Arab Mediterranean countries, except Algeria, while it was not detected in most countries of the Arabian Peninsula.

(2) The G > C substitution at IVSI-5, a mutation of Asian-Indian origin, is the most common mutation in the UAE (55%) and Oman (62%), and is quite frequent in neighboring Kuwait and Saudi Arabia (17%–19%). It is also found in the majority of other Arab countries, although its frequency diminishes appreciably in countries of Northern Africa.

(3) A handful of mutations are found at low frequencies in over half of the countries studied. These include IVSII-745 (C > G), a mutation of Mediterranean origin, detected solely in Mediterranean Arab countries, and found at its highest frequency in North Jordan (12%); Cd6 (−A), another Mediterranean mutation found mostly in North African Arab countries (10%–17%) and at a lower frequency in Gaza and Saudi Arabia. Cd8 (−AA) is a mutation of Turkish origin found at more or less the same low frequency, except in Saudi Arabia, where it reaches 10%. Two Asian-Indian mutations, Cd8/9 (+G) and the 25 bp deletion are found at low frequency in some countries but reach their highest frequencies in countries of the Arabian Peninsula. In fact, the 25 bp deletion is the most frequent mutation in Bahrain (36%). Cd44 (−C) is a mutation of Kurdish origin detected mostly in countries of the Arabian Peninsula (up to 10% in Oman), but also in Lebanon (1%) and Tunisia (4%). Cd37 (G > A) is a mutation mostly encountered in Jordan (9%) and among Israeli Arabs (7%).

(4) Six mutations were detected in more than two Arab countries. These include the T > A substitution at −30, a mutation of Turkish origin, detected only in Mediterranean Arab countries, Cd15 (G > A), an Asian Indian mutation, clustered around countries of the Gulf, but also found in Syria and Israeli Arabs; the substitution at −87 (C > G) is of Mediterranean origin and thus found in 4 mediterranean countries. Cd27 (C > T) and IVSII-848 (C > A) are found mostly in Northern African Arab countries, with some patients reported in Jordan. Cd27 is also known as Hb Knossos, reported around the Mediterranean, while IVSII-848 is of Egyptian origin, which explains its highest frequency there (9%). The frameshift mutation at Cd36/37 (−T) is reported only from countries in the Arabian Peninsula. This Kurdish/Iranian mutation is quite frequent in Saudi Arabia, where it represents 12% of the alleles studied. The substitution at Cd30 (G > A) is reportedly of Bulgarian origin and was detected mostly in Tunisia and Algeria (1%–3%).

(5) Some rare mutations were reported in two countries, which generally tend to be neighboring countries. This is true of −88 (C > T), a mutation of Asian-Indian origin, reported in Syria and Lebanon, Cd37 (−G), of Kurdish origin, reported in Oman and the UAE, IVSI-2 (T > A) and IVSI-5 (G > A), both of Algerian origin, reported in Tunisia and Algeria. An Asian-Indian mutation, Cap +1 (A > C) and a Kurdish mutation, −88 (C > A) were both reported from a country in the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt. Cd30 (G > C), of UAE origin, was also detected at the same frequency in Lebanon (3%).

(6) Some mutations were exclusively detected in one Arab country. Some of these are believed to have originated specifically there, while others have been previously reported at higher frequencies in other countries. In the first case, one can notably mention the Lebanese mutation, Cd29 (C > T) found in 7% of alleles; a 6 bp deletion in the poly-A tail, detected in the population of the Gaza strip; and Hb Dofar, detected in 7% of the alleles studied in Oman. Six other mutations have an exclusive origin in their reported country, and have, so far, not been identified elsewhere. Other mutations, although identified in a single Arab country, were previously seen in other populations. These include, for instance, the 290 bp deletion of Iranian/Turkish origin, representing 2% of alleles in Lebanon; Cd35 (−C) of Indonesian origin and Cd41/42 (−TCTT) of Asian-Indian origin reported in Bahrain (1.5% both); Cd110 (T > C) of Japanese origin, found in the UAE (0.8%); the 619 bp deletion of Indian origin, reported in 4% of alleles in Oman; Cd106/107 (+G), a mutation of Black American origin, identified in Egypt and −29 (A > C), another Black American mutation detected in Algeria only.

DISCUSSION

The Arab countries encompass a wide region including Northern Africa, the Nile valley, Western Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. In addition to geographic differences, each country has experienced admixtures from various populations throughout history. Furthermore, migration between Arab countries has been common until the present times. The heterogeneity of the Arab people is reflected in the 52 β-thalassemia mutations detected. These mutations are mainly of Mediterranean and Asian origin, and, although some countries have unique mutations, no specific mutation seems to be confined to the Arabs.

The most widespread and common mutations are presumably the oldest. This is true of Codon 39 and IVSI-110. Cd39, which is believed to be of Roman origin, is most frequent in the Western Mediterranean Arab countries and decreases in frequency towards the East. However, this mutation also reaches a high frequency in some countries of the Arabian Peninsula, a fact that may be explained by gene flow and founder effect. IVSI-110, which is believed to have arisen in Turkey, reaches its highest frequencies in the Eastern Mediterranean Arab countries, and may have been introduced to other countries by a variety of settlers from the East, including Turks, Greeks, or Phoenicians.

The most frequent and widespread Asian-Indian mutation in Arab countries is IVSI-5 (G > C). As expected, its frequency is highest in countries of the Arabian Peninsula, while its lower frequency in Western Asian Arab countries may be explained by migration. This mutation is practically nonexistent in Northern Africa. However, the mutation in Arabs is found on a β-globin haplotype distinct from the Asian-Indian one, and is therefore believed to have an independent origin.

In general, the distribution of the other mutations, as expected, reflects the geographical location of each country. Mutations of Mediterranean origin tend to be found at higher frequencies around the Mediterranean Arab countries, whereas Asian-Indian mutations tend to be clustered around countries closer to the Indian subcontinent. However, population migration may explain the flow of some of these mutations towards other distant countries. The same applies for some rare mutations: Arab countries of Northern Africa also have an admixture of some African Black mutations, while some Kurdish or Iranian mutations are often detected in countries of the Arabian Peninsula and Western Asia. In each country, the spectrum of mutations could be well explained by looking at its geographical location and its individual history of wars, invasions, migrations, and settlements.