Correction: Association of dietary patterns with osteoporosis risk: a meta-analysis of observational studies

Correction to: Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research (2025) 20:551 10.1186/s13018-025-05896-9

In this article [1], few of the entries in Tables 1, 3 and 5 were incorrect. The corrected tables are given below and the changes have been highlighted in bold typeface.

Table 1.

General characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis on dietary patterns and osteoporosis

Author, year	Country	Study design	Sample size (case)	Population characteristics	Dietary pattern	Diet assessmentmethod	Osteoprosisdefinition method	Compare		Odd ratio (95％CI)		Adjustied confounding factors		Study quality
Liu et al. 2025 [27]	US	Cross-sectional study	7290(243)	Average age 50.6 years adults	DII	24-h dietary recall interviews	DXA scan:BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q4 vs Q1		1.88 (1.41–2.52)		Age, race, sex, education level, marital status, ratio of family income to poverty level, smoking, BMI, Calcium, ALT, AST, uric acid, ALP, BUN, phosphorus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia		16
Moham-adisima et al. 2024 [28]	Iran	Cross-sectional study	232 (108)	Postmenopaus-al women	DII	168-item FFQ	DXA scan:BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	DII (categoricl)		4.04 (1.79,9.10)		Age,BMI, post-menopausal years, parity, education, total energy intake, physical activity		18
Zheng et al. 2024 [29]	China	Cross-Sectional Study	788 (130)	55–65 years adults	hPDI	12-item FFQ	DXA scan:BMDT score ≤ − 2.5	Q5 vs Q1		1.83 (0.81, 4.10)		Age,sex,WHR, physical exercise, smoking status, alcohol consumption, tea consumption, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of dyslipidemia		17
					PDI					1.45 (0.63, 3.32)
					uPDI					2.91 (1.27, 6.64)
Zheng et al. 2024 [30]	UK	cohort study	202,063 (4841)	Average age56 years adults	hPDI	24-h dietary questionnaire	DXA scan:BMDT score ≤ − 2.5	Q5 vs Q1		1.16 (1.05, 1.28)		Age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, Townsend deprivation index, education, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, energy intake, history of diabetes, history of hypertension, history of hip or spine fracture		9
					uPDI					1.15 (1.05, 1.26)
Meng et al. 2023 [31]	US	Cross-sectional study	526 (133)	Average age 63.25 years adults	DII	45-item FFQ	DXA scan:BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q4 vs Q3		2.09 (1.05,4.23)		Age, gender, race, BMI group, smoking, steroids use, calcium intake, phosphorus intake, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, total 25-hydroxyvitamin D, albumin, estrogen, anti-osteoporosis drugs, physical activity		18
Li et al. 2023 [32]	US	Cross- sectional study	10,312 (-)	Median age 50.0 years adults	DII	24-h dietary recalls	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	T3 vs T1		1.94 (1.02,3.69)		Age, gender, race/ethnicity, smoker, BMI, eGFR, UACR, serum C-reactive protein, WBC count, NLR, serum calcium, arthritis, aspirin use, calcitonin use, biphosphonate use, DMARDs use, calcium intake, estrogen use		19
Shen et al. 2023 [33]	China	Cross- sectional study	839 (194)	Aged 50 years and older adults	DASH	65-item FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Scores		Men 0.96 (0.91, 1.02)		Age, BMI, height, hypertension, diabetes, age at menarche and menopause for women, smoking status, alcohol use, calcium supplement intake, vitamin D supplement intake, total energy intake, physical activity		17
										Women 0.96 (0.91, 1.02)
Zheng et al. 2023 [34]	US	Cross-sectional study	16,085 (1073)	≥ 20 years adults	hPDI	NHANES 24-h recall interviews	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q5 vs Q1		1.08 (0.73, 1.60)		Age, sex, ethnicity, education, marital status, PIR, BMI, smoking status, physical exercise, hypertension, T2DM, CKD, cancer, history of fracture		16
					PDI					1.01 (0.68, 1.51)
					uPDI					1.48 (1.04, 2.11)
Hu et al. 2023 [35]	China	Cross-sectional study	9613 (1848)	Adults over 60 years	hPDI	Simplifed FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q4 vs Q1		0.64 (0.56, 0.74)		Age, gender, BMI, SMI, educational level, income, physical activity level, history of smoking, history of drinking, disease history		15
					PDI					0.80 (0.69, 0.93)
					uPDI					1.42 (1.23, 1.65)
Tayyem et al. 2023 [36]	Jordan	Case–control study	200 (100)	Postmenopausal women	Unhealthy/Western	Arabic FFQ	NR	Q4 vs Q1		1.36(0.52,3.56)		Age, BMI, physical activity level, total energy intake, number of pregnancies and lactation, health problems, smoking, education level, marital status, history of osteoporosis		7
Zhao et al. 2022 [37]	US	Cross-sectional study	2103 (196)	Aged ≥ 50 years adults	DII	24-h dietary recalls	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q4 vs Q1		Men 0.82 (0.16, 4.23)		Age, race, BMI, martial status, smoking status, calcium		15
										Women 6.14(2.55, 14.78)
Zhao et al. 2021 [38]	China	Cross-sectional study	476 (104)	Middle-aged and aged people	Aquatic food	Simplified FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q4 vs Q1		0.74 (0.43, 1.26)		Gender, age, smoking		17
Shahriar-pour et al. 2020 [39]	Iran	Cross-sectional study	151 (70)	Postmenopausal women	DASH	168-item FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	T3 vs T1		Lumbar spine 0.28 (0.09, 0.88) Femoral neck 1.21(0.21, 7.00)		Age, BMI, physical activity, age at menarche, age at menopause, parity, duration of lactation, energy intake, sunlight exposure, smoking, supplement intake, education		16
Noel et al. 2020 [40]	US	Cross-sectional study	751 (-)	59.9 ± 7.6 years adults	DASH	Semi-quantitative FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Scores		Men 0.71 (0.40, 1.29)		Age, BMI, height, smoking status, season of bone mineral density measurement, osteoporosis medication use, calcium intake, serum vitamin D status		16
										Women 0.54 (0.39, 0.75)
Ilesanmi-Oyelere et al. 2020 [41]	New Zealand	Cross-sectional study	125 (65)	Postmenopausal Women	Dessert, cheese, red meat	108-item FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	NR		0.71 (0.44, 1.14)		Age, BMI, activity energy expenditure		17
					Oily fish, sports drink, and seafood-rich					0.86 (0.46, 1.60)
Na et al. 2019 [42]	Korea	Cross-sectional clinical study	2778 (1040)	Postmenopausal Women	DII	24-h dietary recalls	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	T3 vs T1		1.27 (1.00,1.62)		Age, BMI, vitamiD household income, smoking habits, physical activity, calcium intake, postmenopausal Period female-hormone use		19
Kim et al. 2018 [43]	Korea	cohort study	159,846 (2572)	40–79 years adults	DII	106-item FFQ	NR	Q5vs Q1		1.33 (1.12,1.58)		Age, BMI, smoke, calcium intake, alcohol consumption, physical activity, energy intake		8
Denova-Gutiérrez et al. 2016 [44]	Mexico	Cross-sectional study	6915 (-)	Adults aged 20–80 years	Prudent dietary pattern	116-item FFQ	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q5 vs Q1		0.83 (0.63, 1.07)		Age, gender, BMI, height, multivitamin use,smoking status, physical activity, energy intake, estrogen use, age of menarche, parity, menopause		18
					Westernized dietary pattern					1.74 (1.10, 2.76)
Shin et al. 2013 [45]	Korea	Cross-sectional study	3735 (1959)	Postmenopausal Women	Dairy and fruit	Standardised questionnaire and a 24-h recall method	DXA scan: BMD T score ≤ − 2.5	Q5 vs Q1		Femoral neck 0.80 (0.54, 1.19); Lumbar spine 0.47 (0.34, 0.65)		Age, BMI,energy intake, parathyroid hormone serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, smoking, alcohol intake, moderate physical activity, supplement use,oral contraceptive use		15
					Meat, alcohol and sugar					Femoral neck 0.89 (0.60, 1.31); Lumbar spine 0.78 (0.57, 1.07)
Park et al. 2012 [46]	Korea	Cohort study	1464 (429)	Postmenopausal women	Dairy	103-item FFQ	Ultrasound bone densitometer, speed of sound (m/s) BMD: T score  ≤ −2.5	Q5 vs Q1		Radius 0.63 (0.42, 0.93); Tibia 0.56 (0.35, 0.90)		Age, residual area, exercise, passive smoking		9
					Western					Radius 1.46 (1.02, 2.10); Tibia 1.46 (0.91, 2.33)

DII Dietary Inflammatory Index, FFQ food frenquency questionnaire, DASH dietary approaches to stop hypertension, BMD bone mineral density, BMI body mass index, PDI plant-based diet index, hPDI healthy plant-based diet index, uPDI unhealthy plant-based diet index, NHANEX National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus, CKD, chronickidney disease, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, UACR urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, BUN blood urea nitrogen, WBC white blood cell, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, DMARDs disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, PIR poverty income ratio, WHR Waist-to-Hip Ratio, SMI skeletalmuscle mass index, NR not reported, CI confidence interval, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALP alkaline phosphatase

Table 3.

Subgroup analysis of dietary pattern and osteoporosis risk by diet assessment method

Dietary patterns	Diet assessment method	Number of studies	Pooled Hazard ratio (95% CI)		Heterogeneity
				P value	I2 (%)	P valuea	Model
hPDI	24-h dietary recall	2	1.16 (1.05, 1.27)	0.003	0.00	0.729	Random
	FFQ	2	1.00 (0.36, 2.77)	1.000	84.0	0.012	Random
PDI	FFQ	2	0.93 (0.56, 1.55)	0.781	47.5	0.167	Random
uPDI	FFQ	2	1.80 (0.93, 3.50)	0.081	64.3	0.090	Random
	24-h dietary recall	2	1.23 (0.99, 1.53)	0.063	45.4	0.176	Random
Western/Unhealthy	FFQ	4	1.25 (0.84, 1.88)	0.272	64.9	0.036	Random
Prudent/Healthy	FFQ	2	0.71 (0.52, 0.98)	0.036	59.6	0.115	Random

PDI plant-based diet index, hPDI healthy plant-based diet index, uPDI unhealthy plant-based diet index, FFQ food frenquency questionnaire, CI confidence interval

^aP value for heterogeneity within each subgroup

Table 5.

The trim-and-fill analysis of PDI and the risk of osteoporosis

		Pooled	95% CI		Asymptotic		No. of	Heterogeneity
	Method	Est	Lower	Upper	z_value	p_value	studies	Q_value	p_value
Meta-analysis	Fixed	−0.179	−0.317	−0.041	−2.544	0.011	3	2.884	0.236
	Random	−0.117	−0.358	0.124	−0.951	0.342
Filled Meta-analysis	Fixed	−0.223	−0.352	−0.094	−3.398	0.001	5	6.558	0.161
	Random	−0.223	−0.456	0.010	−1.878	0.060

PDI plant-based diet index, CI confidence interval