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. 2026 Jan 20;17:1882. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-68720-w

Nickel-catalyzed divergent sulfonations of propargylic carbonate

Wenfeng Gu 1,#, Zhuozhuo He 1,#, Haiyang Wang 1,#, Lingzi Peng 1, Chang Guo 1,2,✉
PMCID: PMC12923841  PMID: 41559105

Abstract

Chiral sodium sulfinates serve as crucial synthetic intermediates utilized for rapidly producing a variety of enantioenriched sulfone derivatives that are pervasive in the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry and chemical synthesis. Here we present a practical and highly effective method for the nickel-catalyzed asymmetric sulfonation of propargylic carbonates for the production of essential synthetic building blocks. Notably, sodium 1-methyl 3-sulfinopropanoate (SMOPS), a commercially available sulfonylation reagent, has potential for in situ unmasking and functionalization in the formation of enantioenriched sulfinate salts for diverse product diversification. With operational simplicity and remarkable tolerance toward diverse functional groups, this methodology provides an extensive collection of biologically relevant propargylated, allenylated, and 1,3-dienylated sulfones, with excellent yields and regio- and stereoselectivities.

Subject terms: Stereochemistry, Asymmetric catalysis, Synthetic chemistry methodology

Chiral sodium sulfinates serve as crucial synthetic intermediates utilized for rapidly producing a variety of enantioenriched sulfone derivatives that are pervasive in the fields of pharmaceutical chemistry and chemical synthesis. Here, the authors report the nickel-catalyzed asymmetric sulfonation of propargylic carbonates, synthesizing chiral sulfinates, propargylated, allenylated, and 1,3-dienylated sulfones with high enantioselectivity.

Introduction

The sulfonyl motif is commonly found in bioactive natural products and essential in pharmaceutical applications, serving as a vital auxiliaries, ligands, and synthetic intermediates1–12. Significant attention has been devoted to synthesizing sulfonates directly from readily available precursors through canonical cross-coupling methods13–17. Sulfinate salts have been extensively used in organic synthesis for their remarkable reactivity18,19, enabling the efficient and stereospecific creation of diverse sulfonyl-containing compounds such as sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfonyl fluorides20–29, as well as their involvement in the fabrication of diverse carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bonds through sulfur dioxide (SO2) expulsion (Fig. 1a)30–40. However, the realization of regio- and enantioselective syntheses of optically active sulfinate salts poses a remarkable challenge, offering tantalizing prospects for the construction of highly valuable chiral molecules41. The illustrious work from the Paras group revealed the stereospecific synthesis of α-C-chiral sulfinates, accomplished through successive nucleophilic substitution of nonracemic alcohol, oxidation, and base-induced cleavage, deftly retaining the adjacent stereogenic carbon center42. Concurrently, developing new catalytic methods for the efficient synthesis of chiral sulfinate salts presents a golden opportunity to amplify their worth as synthetic building blocks ready for further transformations without the need for oxidizing agents.

Fig. 1. Design of divergent sulfonations of propargylic carbonate.

Fig. 1

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a Sulfinate salts as key intermediates to access a variety of different sulfonyl-group-containing molecules. b Copper-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction with termial alkyne. c This work: designed strategy through asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction of SMOPS and subsequent unmask process. d Nickel-catalyzed divergent sulfonation. e Concise synthesis of enantioenriched β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid.

Transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution (APS) reactions have indeed emerged as invaluable tools in the design and manipulation of molecular architectures43–53, particularly in the domains of total synthesis54–60, medicine, and materials sciences61–70. Propargylated sulfone has shown multifaceted utility71–74, serving as a pH-dependent DNA cleaving agent75,76 and facilitating the synthesis of the peptide deformylase inhibitor β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid, wherein one enantiomer displays a remarkable 100-fold increase in potency compared to its counterpart77. In this context, the design and discovery of new catalytic strategies for the regio- and stereoselective construction of chiral propargylic sulfones offer considerable potential to enhance their value as versatile synthetic building blocks. Recently, the Kleij group developed an enantioselective Cu-catalyzed propargylic substitution for the synthesis of tertiary sulfones from terminal alkynes bearing quaternary stereocenters16,17. The Lin group reported a remote enantioselective copper-catalyzed sulfonylation of yne-allylic esters with sodium sulfinates78. While asymmetric transformations employing a key copper-allenylidene intermediate can deliver enantioenriched terminal alkyne derivatives (Fig. 1b), the transition-metal catalyzed, regio- and enantioselective substitution of internal propargylic precursors for the synthesis of propargylic sulfones remains underexplored in synthetic chemistry79–83.

Notably, sodium 1-methyl 3-sulfinopropanoate (SMOPS), a readily accessible sulfonylation reagent84, has potential for in situ unmasking and functionalization by facilitating the formation of sulfinate salts, thereby enabling a diverse array of product diversification endeavors. Hence, the pursuit of novel catalytic strategies for achieving divergent and enantioenriched sulfonation reactions with SMOPS as a precursor holds tremendous promise and paves the way for the synthesis of highly coveted sulfinate derivatives to further widen the synthetic potential (Fig. 1c). Nickel-catalyzed APS has proven successful for the construction of various bonds, including C–C, C–O, C–N, and C–P bonds79–83. However, one immediate challenge hindering the advancement of APS lies in the intricate task of achieving regio-, chemo-, and enantioselective substitution of readily available racemic propargylic carbonates to reliably furnish propargylated, allenylated, and 1,3-dienylated sulfones. To accomplish this longstanding objective concerning the synthesis of α-C-chiral sulfinates, several formidable challenges must be addressed: (1) the identification of a catalytic system capable of achieving region- and stereoselective sulfonation using identical racemic precursors; (2) the prevention of racemization and the propensity for alkyne-to-allene equilibration that may arise subsequent to propargylic substitution85. The presence of neighboring sulfonyl groups has the potential to induce racemization, underscoring the urgent need for synthetic approaches that can be conducted under mild conditions; (3) the establishment of reaction conditions conducive to the attainment of high enantiomeric excess; and (4) the simplification of retrosynthetic analysis through the refinement of the synthesis of biologically significant frameworks. Herein, we present the successful implementation of nickel-catalyzed divergent sulfonations, which enable facile access to biologically intriguing propargylated, allenyl, and 1,3-dienylated sulfones with notable chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity (Fig. 1d). The potential of this chiral propargylic sulfonation protocol has been underscored through its utility in the stereoselective assembly of (+)-β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid (Fig. 1e).

Results

We initiated our investigation by assessing the coupling reaction between SMOPS 1a and racemic propargylic carbonate 2a (refer to Table 1). Encouragingly, the desired reactivity could be achieved through the utilization of Ni(COD)2 and phosphine ligand L1, albeit resulting in a mixture of propargylated product 3a and allenyl product 4a in a 3:1 ratio, with 3a obtained in moderate productive yield and e.e. (entry 1). Our rationale dictates that employing a highly potent, Brønsted acid-assisted nickel catalysis for the direct sulfonation is crucial for circumventing the potential racemization and alkyne-to-allene equilibration56,86–94, thus granting access to propargylated sulfones with enhanced regio- and stereocontrol. To our delight, the desired propargylated product 3a was obtained as the sole discernible product with 85% e.e. in the presence of 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid (entry 2). Our pursuit of improving the enantioselectivity of 3a was further pursued through the use of various chiral bidentate phosphine ligands (entries 3–6), with the application of (R)-SEGPHOS (L3) producing the desired propargylated product 3a with 89% e.e., albeit in moderate yield (entry 4). With the identical substrates, further attempts to switch the regioselectivity to afford 1,3-diene 5a were carried out using various phosphine ligands (entries 6–9). The screening revealed that product 5a could be obtained as the major regioisomer (entry 9, 13% yield). Further optimization studies revealed the influence of the solvent on reaction efficiency (entries 9–11). Utilizing DMF as the solvent in conjunction with phosphine ligand L8 facilitated the formation of 5a in 80% yield (entry 11). Intriguingly, the solvent also had a noteworthy effect on the reaction outcome for the synthesis of 3a (entries 12–15). The use of acetonitrile as the solvent afforded the desired product 3a in excellent yield and stereoselectivity (entry 15, 74% yield, 95% e.e.). Notably, treating 3a with Al2O3 afforded the corresponding chiral allene product 4a while maintaining the enantiopurity, underscoring complete chirality conversion during the alkyne-to-allene equilibration (entry 16).

Table 1.

Optimization of switchable reactions

graphic file with name 41467_2026_68720_Taba_HTML.gif
Entry L Solvent Results of 3ad,e Results of 4ad,e Results of 5ad,e
1a L1 toluene 21% yield, 75% e.e. 7% yield, 70% e.e. ─
2 L1 toluene 22% yield, 85% e.e. ─ ─
3 L2 toluene 33% yield, 85% e.e. ─ ─
4 L3 toluene 31% yield, 89% e.e. ─ ─
5 L4 toluene 10% yield, 81% e.e. ─ 3% yield
6 L5 toluene 4% yield, 5% e.e. ─ 18% yield
7 L6 toluene trace ─ 12% yield
8 L7 toluene 8% yield ─ 6% yield
9 L8 toluene trace ─ 13% yield
10 L8 TBME trace ─ 11% yield
11 L8 DMF trace ─ 80% yield
12b L3 toluene 33% yield, 92% e.e. ─ ─
13b L3 THF 26% yield, 93% e.e. ─ ─
14b L3 DCM 18% yield, 94% e.e. ─ ─
15b L3 MeCN 74% yield, 95% e.e. ─ ─
16c L3 MeCN 6% yield, 95% e.e. 67% yield, 95% e.e. ─
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Reactions were conducted with 1a (0.15 mmol), 2a (0.1 mmol), 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid (0.15 mmol), Ni(COD)2 (10 mol%), and L (12 mol%) in solvent (2.0 mL) at 60 °C for 12 h.

aIn the absence of 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid.

bAt 25 °C for 72 h.

cTreatment with Al2O3 (1.48 g) in DCM (7.5 mL).

dIsolated yields after chromatography are shown.

eEnantiomeric excesses (e.e.) were analyzed by chiral HPLC.

With the established methodology, we proceeded to investigate the general applicability of this transformative reaction utilizing a range of substituted sulfinate salts 1 to generate the propargylated products 3 (Fig. 2). Scaling up the enantioselective sulfonation reactions demonstrated the synthetic utility of this approach, resulting in compound 3a in a comparable yield and stereoselectivity (3a, 0.44 g, 80% yield, 95% e.e.). This methodology exhibited high compatibility with alkyl sulfinate salts, affording the desired products in good yields with excellent enantioselectivities (3a–3e). Moreover, a broad range of electron-withdrawing and -donating substituents on the aromatic ring of the sulfinate had negligible effects on the reaction outcomes (3f–3n). The absolute configuration of compound 3f was determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Naphthyl and thiophene sulfinates were transformed into the corresponding products with high levels of asymmetric induction (3m and 3n). The versatility of the reaction concerning the substituents on the propargylic carbonate coupling partner 2 was further explored. An array of propargylic carbonates featuring electron-rich, electron-neutral, and electron-deficient moieties at the para positions on the benzene ring all generated the corresponding products in commendable isolated yield with notable enantiomeric purity (3o–3t). Substituents at either the meta- or ortho-positions on the benzene ring proved to be compatible with our method (3u and 3v). Propargylic carbonates bearing ethyl and butyl substituents on the propargylic carbon achieved equally high yields and consistently remarkable e.e. (3w and 3x). Notably, dialkyl-substituted propargylic carbonates show excellent reactivity toward sulfonation, affording high yields of 3y and 3z with exceptional enantiomeric excess. Additionally, sodium methanesulfinate demonstrated its high potential as a nucleophile in conjunction with substituted propargylic carbonates as coupling partners (3aa and 3ab). Notably, substrates bearing dialkyl or aryl groups at the propargylic position, as well as those containing a terminal alkyne, were not compatible with the current catalytic system.

Fig. 2. Substrate scope of asymmetric propargylic Sulfonation.

Fig. 2

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Reactions were conducted with 1 (0.15 mmol), 2 (0.1 mmol), Ni(COD)2 (10 mol%), L3 (12 mol%), and 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid (0.15 mmol) in MeCN (2.0 mL) at 25 oC for 72 h. Isolated yields after chromatography are shown. Enantiomeric excesses (e.e.) were analyzed by chiral HPLC.

Subsequently, we explored the possibility of achieving the stereoselective formation of trisubstituted allenes (Fig. 3). Inspired by the H₂O-assisted H-shift process conceptualized in the Yu model95, we reasoned that introducing an intramolecular proton transfer could be a viable pathway for obtaining the product with retained stereochemistry. Our investigation revealed the pivotal role of an additive in ensuring the overall reaction efficiency and the stereospecific nature of the transformation, with aluminum oxide serving as an indispensable component for maintaining stereochemistry throughout the alkyne-to-allene equilibration process. Notably, the introduction of AgOTf did not lead to the formation of compound 4a, while the inclusion of DBU or TMG additives only gave rise to racemic allenyl products. Notably, partially racemized product 4a was obtained even in the absence of additive in DMF at 60 °C. A diverse array of sulfinates and propargylic carbonates exhibited notable efficiency in the reaction, culminating in the production of the desired target products (4a–4i) with high efficiency. The absolute configuration of 4b was elucidated through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Fig. 3. Substrate scope for the synthesis of allenic sulfones.

Fig. 3

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Reactions were conducted with 1 (0.15 mmol), 2 (0.1 mmol), Ni(COD)2 (10 mol%), L3 (12 mol%), and 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid (0.15 mmol) in MeCN (2.0 mL) at room temperature for 72 h; Then, the treatment of 3 with Al2O3 (1.48 g) in DCM (7.5 mL) at −20 °C afforded the corresponding allene product 4. aIsolated yields after chromatography are shown. bEnantiomeric excesses (e.e.) were analyzed by chiral HPLC.

Having established the selective 1,3-dienylation of sodium sulfinates using dppbz (L8) as the ligand, we proceeded to explore complementary regioselective 1,3-dienylation (Fig. 4). By employing the optimized reaction conditions (Table 1, entry 11), a comprehensive investigation was conducted on a wide spectrum of propargylic carbonates and sodium sulfinates. A wide range of sodium sulfinates demonstrated favorable results, leading to the formation of products 5a–5h. The structure of 5e was confirmed through single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Additionally, numerous substituted propargylic carbonates smoothly underwent this transformation, resulting in the production of 1,3-dienylic sulfones in impressive yields (5i–5o).

Fig. 4. Substrate scope for the synthesis of 1,3-dienylic sulfones.

Fig. 4

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Reactions were conducted with 1 (0.15 mmol), 2 (0.1 mmol), Ni(COD)2 (10 mol%), L8 (12 mol%) and 2-biphenylcarboxylic acid (0.15 mmol) in DMF (2.0 mL) at 60 °C for 12 h. Isolated yields after chromatography are shown. a100 °C.

To illustrate the practicality of the present methodology, the propargylated derivative 3a can be readily transformed into various functional molecules (Fig. 5a). Through the hydrogenation of 3a in the presence of a catalytic quantity of Pd/C, along with subsequent treatment using sodium methoxide, the corresponding α-C-chiral sulfinate 6 was produced in an impressive 95% yield, representing prominent motifs in bioactive compounds and versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. Importantly, the adjacent carbon stereocenter remains unaffected during the further functionalizations. The alkylation of sulfinate salt 6 proceeded smoothly, furnishing divergent access to chiral sulfones 7 and 8 while maintaining the enantiomeric excess. Treatment of 6 with hydroxylamine sulfonic acid or NFSI resulted in the production of sulfonamide 9 and sulfonyl fluoride 10, respectively. By employing a newly synthesized chiral sulfonic acid salt 6 and employing a nickel-catalyzed enantioselective propargylic sulfonation reaction, the chirality of the center can be fine-tuned by adjusting the configuration of the phosphine ligand, thus affording the desired propargylated products 11 and 12. Additionally, under nickel-catalyzed diene reaction conditions, chiral sulfinate 6 reacted well with propargylic carbamate 2a, leading to the chiral diene product 13, thus confirming the synthetic efficacy of the current protocol.

Fig. 5. Synthetic utilization.

Fig. 5

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a Derivatization of product 3a. b Derivatization of product 3f. c Derivatization of product 5a. d Asymmetric synthesis of (+)-β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid.

In addition, various modifications can be made to the enantioenriched propargylated sulfone 3f (Fig. 5b). The alkyne moiety in compound 3f was successfully reduced through hydrogenation in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd/C, resulting in a high-yield formation of the alkane product 14. Furthermore, the alkyne group in compound 3f underwent reduction utilizing Lindlar’s catalyst, leading to the formation of cis-alkene 15 in 86% yield and 96% e.e. 3f could also be converted to dibromoalkene 16 or ketone 17 without decreasing the enantioselectivity. Furthermore, the diene product 5a can conveniently transformed into the corresponding diene-based sulfinate 18, which can be further converted into dienylated sulfone (19 and 20), sulfuryl fluoride 21, or sulfonamide 22 efficiently (Fig. 5c). Notably, the integration of the switchable sulfonation reaction allows for the formation of both configurations of propargylated products 23 and 24, further confirming the accessibility of the desired stereochemistry and skeletal structure.

As shown in Fig. 5d, the utility of the current method is demonstrated in the enantioselective synthesis of (+)-β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid. Propargylic carbonate 2b underwent asymmetric propargylic sulfonation with 1b, producing corresponding adduct 25 in 77% yield and 96% e.e. Further hydrogenation of the alkyne moiety, followed by removal of the Boc protecting group, afforded the desired compound 27 in excellent yield. Subsequent oxidation of alcohol 27 and coupling with O-benzylhydroxylamine led to the formation of O-benzyl hydroxamate 28. The removal of the benzyl protecting group resulted in the formation of β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid 29 in 80% yield and 96% e.e.

We were able to manipulate the outcomes of the Ni-catalyzed switchable reactions by making slight adjustments to the reaction conditions (Table 1, entries 3 vs 9). A series of experiments were carried out to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanistic details of this process (Fig. 6). The switchable pathway leading to 3a and 4a is favored even when L8 is used as the phosphine ligand along with an excessive amount of 2a, resulting in only trace amounts of diene product 5a being obtained (Fig. 6a). Conversely, by adjusting the proportions of the ingredients without altering any other conditions, the use of an excessive amount of 1a led to entirely different experimental outcomes (Fig. 6b). Monitoring the process revealed that 3a and 4a are initially produced (1 h), followed by almost complete conversion to the diene product 5a (12 h). 1a readily reacts with 3a under the reaction conditions at 1 h to form the diene 5a along with intermediate 5a’, which gradually undergoes conversion to diene product 5a with a 92% yield (Fig. 6c). The fact that the excess amount of sulfinates can accelerate the conversion of propargylated sulfone 3a to dienylated product 5a by participating in subsequent reactions elucidates the role of the reactant proportions in determining the resulting products.

Fig. 6. Mechanistic investigation.

Fig. 6

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a Monitoring the process with an excessive amount of 2a. b Monitoring the process with an excessive amount of 1a. c Control experiments. d Proposed mechanism.

We propose a mechanism for the switchable sulfonation using nickel catalysis (Fig. 6d). The process initiates with the oxidative addition of propargylic carbonate 2 with the Ni(0) catalyst, forming a Ni(II) species I, as confirmed by ESI-MS analysis of the crude reaction solution (see Fig. S3 in the Supplementary Information). The nickel complex I then reacts with a sulfonyl anion, leading to the formation of propargylated product 3. Notably, while the thermal isomerization of 3a to 4a requires an elevated temperature of 60 °C in the absence of an additive, the presence of Al₂O₃ allows this alkyne-to-allene isomerization to proceed with high stereospecificity at temperatures as low as −20 °C, facilitating the conversion of propargylated product 3 to dienylated product 4. When employing L8 as a ligand along with an excess of sodium sulfinate 1, a reaction occurs between 1 and the allene product 4, resulting in the generation of species II. Subsequently, diene product 5 is formed through a 1,3-sulfonyl shift96,97 and a sulfone elimination process.

In summary, we have developed a versatile nickel-catalyzed asymmetric sulfonylation reaction for synthesizing chiral sulfinates, propargylated, allenylated, and 1,3-dienylated sulfones with high enantioselectivity, serving as valuable synthetic precursors for various enantioenriched building blocks. Noteworthy features of this method include its broad substrate scope, good to high yields, significant scope with respect to reaction partners, availability of starting materials, excellent regio- and enantioselectivity, and the ability to generate sulfone-bearing carbon stereocenters. Additionally, the sulfonylation of racemic propargylic carbonates enables the asymmetric total synthesis of (+)-β-sulfinylhydroxamic acid.

Methods

General procedure for the enantioselective propargylic sulfonation reaction

In a nitrogen-filled glove box, an oven-dried 10 mL screw-cap reaction tube equipped with a stir bar was charged with Ni(COD)2 (2.8 mg, 0.01 mmol, 10 mol%), L3 (0.012 mmol, 12 mol%) and stirred in MeCN (2.0 mL) at 25 °C for about 0.5 h. Propargylic carbonates 2 (0.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv), sodium sulfinates 1 (0.15 mmol, 1.5 equiv), and o-Ph-C6H4CO2H (29.6 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1.5 equiv) were transformed to the screw-cap reaction tube containing the chiral nickel complex. The reaction was stirred at 25 °C for 72 h. After the reaction was complete, the reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography on silica gel to give the desired product 3.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information (18.8MB, pdf)
Transparent Peer Review file (641.4KB, pdf)

Source data

Source Data (68.8KB, zip)

Acknowledgements

We thank the Instruments Center for Physical Science of USTC and the supercomputing center of USTC for providing computational resources. The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFA1506700, C.G.), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 21971227, 22222113, C.G.), CAS Project for Young Scientists in Basic Research (YSBR-054, C.G.), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (WK9990000133, C.G.). The project was supported by Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University.

Author contributions

C.G. conceived and designed the experiments. W.G., Z.H., and H. W. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and prepared the Supplementary Information. L.P. synthesized some of the substrates and ligands. All authors discussed the results and prepared the manuscript.

Peer review

Peer review information

Nature Communications thanks the anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. A peer review file is available.

Data availability

Crystallographic data for the structures reported in this Article have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, under deposition numbers CCDC 2008772 (3f), 2333611 (4b) and 2333612 (5e). Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/. The experimental procedures and characterization of all new compounds are provided in Supplementary Information. The authors declare that all other data supporting the findings of this study are available within this Article and its Supplementary Information or from the corresponding authors. Source Data are provided with this paper. NMR data in a mnova file format and HPLC traces are available at Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/records/17934233, under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Source data are provided with this paper.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

These authors contributed equally: Wenfeng Gu, Zhuozhuo He, Haiyang Wang.

Supplementary information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41467-026-68720-w.

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Data Availability Statement

Crystallographic data for the structures reported in this Article have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, under deposition numbers CCDC 2008772 (3f), 2333611 (4b) and 2333612 (5e). Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/. The experimental procedures and characterization of all new compounds are provided in Supplementary Information. The authors declare that all other data supporting the findings of this study are available within this Article and its Supplementary Information or from the corresponding authors. Source Data are provided with this paper. NMR data in a mnova file format and HPLC traces are available at Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/records/17934233, under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Source data are provided with this paper.

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