1Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
2Carney Institute for Brain Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
3Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
4School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
5Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
6Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
7Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
© The Author(s) 2026
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.