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. 2026 Feb 17;15(4):358. doi: 10.3390/cells15040358
MetS Metabolic Syndrome
DR Diabetic Retinopathy
DME Diabetic Macular Edema
HDL High-Density Lipoprotein
T2DM Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
CRAO Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
AMD Age-related Macular Degeneration
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
mm millimeter
PBS Phosphate-Buffered Saline
PFA Paraformaldehyde
OCT Optimal Cutting Temperature
SD Standard Deviation
NIH National Institutes of Health
ROI Region of Interest
MC Monoclonal
PC Polyclonal
RPE Retinal Pigment Epithelium
CRALBP Cellular Retinaldehyde-binding Protein
OPL Outer Plexiform Layer
IPL Inner Plexiform Layer
OS Outer Segments
IS Inner Segments
ONL Outer Nuclear Layer
NFL Nerve Fiber Layer
PKCα Protein Kinase C alpha
NeuN Neuron-Specific Nuclear Protein
GCL Ganglion Cell Layer
PSD-95 Postsynaptic Density Protein
RGC Retinal Ganglion Cells
GS Glutamine Synthetase
GFAP Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein
Iba1 Ionized Calcium-binding Adaptor Molecule 1
GPCR G-protein Coupled Receptor
GABA γ-aminobutyric acid
OXPHOS Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
STZ Streptozotocin
DAMP Damage-associated Molecular Pattern
TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
MetS Pigs Pigs exhibiting Metabolic Syndrome
DAPI 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole