Abstract
目的
评价红外热成像技术在乳房重建及整形美容术和肢体重建术中的应用价值。
方法
回顾分析2022年2月—2025年6月67例乳房重建及整形美容术以及30例肢体重建术患者临床资料。乳房重建及整形美容术患者均为女性,年龄25~60岁,中位年龄48岁。乳房重建48例,巨乳缩小8例,乳头重建5例,再造乳房修整2例,再造乳头修整1例;小阴唇缩小术3例。肢体重建术患者中男18例,女12例;年龄29~62岁,平均43岁;其中皮瓣移植修复创面10例,骨折内固定17例,外固定肢体延长重建3例。术中及术后48 h内应用红外热成像仪监测皮瓣和肢体远端温度、血运情况。
结果
红外热成像技术评估提示2例阳性(2.1%,2/97),其中假阳性1例;95例阴性(97.9%,95/97),其中假阴性1例。1例即刻乳房再造患者乳房局部皮瓣边缘血运障碍,但红外线热成像仪检测显示皮温不低,经换药及清创缝合后延期愈合;1例背阔肌肌皮瓣转移过程中出现持续低温,但皮瓣指压反应和真皮层出血活跃,未作特殊处理,皮瓣成活。其余患者术后血供良好。所有患者均获随访,其中乳房手术患者随访时间1~30个月,中位时间15个月,重建乳房、乳头成活良好;小阴唇缩小术患者随访时间3、8、13个月,手术部位外观及血供良好;肢体重建患者随访时间1~12个月,平均7个月,移植皮瓣成活良好,骨折、肢体延长者肢体恢复良好。
结论
红外热成像技术作为一种经济、方便、客观、安全的监测方法,可以在自体组织乳房重建及肢体重建术中对皮瓣和肢体远端血供进行准确判断,指导手术操作,减少术后并发症发生,但需注意可能存在假阳性与假阴性情况。
Keywords: 红外热成像技术, 乳房重建, 肢体重建, 肢体血供, 皮瓣监测
Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the application value of infrared thermography in breast reconstruction, cosmetic surgery, and limb reconstruction.
Methods
A retrospective analysis of clinical data from 67 patients undergoing breast reconstruction and cosmetic procedures and 30 patients undergoing limb reconstruction between February 2022 and June 2025. The patients undergoing breast reconstruction and cosmetic surgery were all female, aged 25-60 years with a median age of 48 years. Procedures included breast reconstructions in 48 cases, breast reductions in 8, nipple reconstructions in 5, revision breast reconstructions in 2, revision nipple reconstruction in 1, and labia minora reductions in 3. Among the patients undergoing limb reconstruction, 18 were males and 12 were females, aged 29-62 years with a mean age of 43 years. Procedures included skin flap transplants for wound repair in 10 cases, fracture internal fixation in 17, and limb lengthening reconstructions in 3. An infrared thermography device was applied intraoperatively and within 48 hours postoperatively to monitor flap and distal limb temperature and vascular perfusion.
Results
Intra- and post-operative infrared thermography assessment indicated 2 positive cases (2.1%, 2/97), comprising 1 false positive. Among the 95 negative cases (97.9%, 95/97), 1 false negative was recorded. After operation, 1 case of immediate breast reconstruction exhibited localized vascular compromise at the edge of the local flap, though infrared detection showed no abnormally low skin temperature. The wound healed with delayed healing following dressing changes. One case of latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap exhibited persistent infrared hypothermia during transfer. However, the flap demonstrated active dermal hemorrhage and a positive pinch test. Continuous monitoring revealed a subsequent rise in flap temperature, confirming adequate perfusion. The flap survived, with primary wound closure achieved. The postoperative infrared thermal imaging monitoring of the surgical site indicated adequate blood supply with no local ischemic necrosis in other patients. All patients were followed up. The patients undergoing breast reconstruction were followed up 1-30 months, with a median follow-up time of 15 months. The reconstructed breasts and nipples demonstrated good survival. The patients undergoing labia minora reduction were followed 3, 8, and 13 months, respectively. The surgical sites exhibited favorable appearance and blood supply. The patients undergoing limb reconstruction were followed 1-12 months (mean, 7 months). Transplanted flaps showed good survival, and patients with fractures or limb lengthening achieved favorable limb recovery.
Conclusion
Infrared thermography offers a convenient, non-invasive, and objective supplementary indicator for breast and limb reconstruction. This technology can be used intra- and post-operatively to assess blood supply, thereby aiding surgical decision-making and reducing the risk of postoperative complications. However, attention should be paid to the potential for false positives and false negatives.
Keywords: Infrared thermography, breast reconstruction, limb reconstruction, limb blood supply, flap monitoring
乳腺癌术后自体组织重建乳房、扩张器及乳房假体植入是否成功与覆盖软组织血运密切相关;巨乳缩小术中乳头乳晕血运状态也是手术成功关键;再造乳头成活和形态高度维持也与局部皮瓣血运相关。如何在术中及术后判断皮瓣血运情况,及时发现问题并纠正,具有重要意义。肢体重建术是通过骨移植、软组织修复、神经血管吻合及Ilizarov肢体延长等技术,恢复严重创伤、感染、肿瘤或先天畸形所致肢体缺损的功能与外观。实时评估皮瓣血运、肢体远端血供,持续监测移植组织的血流灌注情况,预警可能的并发症尤为重要。
目前,皮瓣血运判断可采用多普勒血流探测仪、CT血管造影(CT angiography,CTA)、吲哚菁绿血管造影(indocyanine green angiography,ICGA)及近红外光谱法(near infrared spectroscopy,NIR)氧饱和度测定等,但均存在不足。多普勒血流探测仪设备较便携,可以对皮瓣主要血管通畅性进行定性观察,甚至可以对血管内血液流速、流量进行测量[1-2],但是探头需接触皮瓣,且仅能判断皮瓣穿支血管血供或血管吻合口通畅性,无法明确皮瓣整体血供情况。CTA在临床上多用于术前确定血管走行及评价通畅性,其结果通常可以作为“金标准”[3-4],但是需要大型设备且存在不可避免的辐射损害,无法反复操作使用。ICGA是术中评价皮瓣血流灌注的直观方法[5],尤其观测设备逐渐轻便化且检查过程无需接触,在临床上发挥越来越重要作用[6-8],但是观测过程需要注射吲哚菁绿后即刻造影,亦无法反复操作使用。NIR氧饱和度测定近年来开始应用于皮瓣的术后监测,其通过附着于皮肤的探头可以连续监测皮肤下2 cm以内组织中毛细血管中的氧饱和度,甚至可以在皮瓣出现缺血表现前即发现血运障碍[9-10],灵敏度较高,但是测量范围有限,且其探头需要固定于皮瓣,无法自由移动和反复使用,因此应用也具有局限性。
人体体表温度与皮肤软组织血供关系密切,红外热成像技术是利用专用仪器,将人体表面热辐射以图像形式显示,进而对皮瓣血供进行判断。目前,国内外研究主要聚焦于红外热成像技术用于术前皮瓣穿支定位,对于术中及术后应用报道较少。为此,本研究旨在探讨红外热成像技术在乳房重建及整形美容术和肢体重建术中的应用效果,以期为该技术推广提供参考。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
选取2022年2月—2025年6月海南医科大学第二附属医院67例乳房重建及整形美容术患者。患者均为女性;年龄25~60岁,中位年龄48岁。乳房重建48例,包括一期乳房重建30例、一期扩张器植入3例、二期重建15例;巨乳缩小8例;乳头重建5例;再造乳房修整2例;再造乳头修整1例;小阴唇缩小术3例。
选取2024年4月—2025年6月海南医科大学第二附属医院30例接受肢体重建术患者。男18例,女12例;年龄29~62岁,平均43岁。其中,皮瓣移植修复创面10例、骨折内固定17例、外固定肢体延长重建3例。肢体重建部位包括双侧上肢及下肢。
1.2. 手术方法
本组均采用美国菲利尔公司红外热成像仪(型号FLIR ONE Pro),图像中温度高区域颜色偏向橙色及红色,温度低区域偏向蓝色及黑色。
1.2.1. 乳房重建及整形美容术
患者采用气管插管全身麻醉(58例)或局部麻醉(9例)。
乳房重建患者中,采用腹部皮瓣30例、背部皮瓣13例、臀部皮瓣2例,其余3例为一期扩张器植入。采用腹部皮瓣时,一期乳房重建者(20例),首先根据患者肿瘤情况行乳腺切除,之后分两组进行操作,一组行胸部受区血管分离,另一组切取腹部皮瓣;二期乳房重建者(10例),一组术者切除胸部瘢痕、分离皮下及受区血管,另一组切取腹部皮瓣。供、受区血管条件优良且重建乳房所需皮肤软组织较少者,首选单侧腹壁下动脉穿支(deep inferior epigastric artery perforator,DIEP)皮瓣(1例),腹壁下动、静脉与胸背动、静脉或胸廓内动、静脉进行吻合;供、受区血管条件优良且重建乳房所需皮肤软组织较多者,首选双侧DIEP皮瓣(27例),双侧腹壁下动、静脉分别与胸背动、静脉及胸廓内动、静脉进行吻合,或采用双侧腹壁下动、静脉分别与胸廓内动、静脉远、近心端进行吻合;供区或受区血管条件欠佳者,则应用单侧DIEP皮瓣联合对侧横形腹直肌(transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous,TRAM)皮瓣(2例)。皮瓣于断蒂或皮瓣远端腹直肌离断前,以红外热成像仪进行观测,应用图像及动态视频判断皮瓣血供情况;将皮瓣移植于供区并完成血管吻合后,再次进行观测,判断血管吻合质量及皮瓣血供情况,包括判断血供不良的Ⅳ区,根据塑形情况决定是否去除血供不良的皮肤软组织。
采用背部皮瓣时,一期乳房重建者(8例)首先行乳腺切除术,然后切取背部皮瓣;二期乳房重建者(5例)处理方法同前。在皮瓣远端背阔肌离断前以及皮瓣经隧道转移至胸部术区后,同上法分别采用红外热成像仪进行观测,避免蒂部扭转等导致的血运障碍。
采用臀部皮瓣时,首先行保留乳头乳晕和皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术和同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫术,术中保护胸背动、静脉备用;然后进行臀部皮瓣切取和血管吻合,同时关闭臀部供区;最后进行乳房再造。根据对侧乳房下皱襞位置,将皮瓣重建出乳房下皱襞,充分利用患侧乳房保留的乳头乳晕和局部皮肤,将皮瓣周边去表皮后充填到乳房切除后残腔,皮瓣外上部分留观察窗。切口缝合后,应用红外热成像仪监测乳头及皮瓣周围皮肤血运良好。
一期扩张器植入术中,首先行保留乳头乳晕和皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术和同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫术。然后放置扩张器于皮肤与胸大肌之间,扩张器内注入适量生理盐水,将切缘皮下组织与胸大肌缝合固定扩张器位置。切口缝合后,应用红外热成像仪评估乳头及周围皮肤血运。
巨乳缩小术中,首先沿术前设计的“锚状”或“倒T形”线(垂直向下至乳房下皱襞,再沿乳房下皱襞一条水平线)作切口,切除标记线内多余皮肤、脂肪和乳腺腺体组织,剩余乳腺组织重新塑形,将带有乳头和乳晕的“蒂”移位至预设新位置。采用红外热成像仪对乳头、乳晕及蒂部进行测量,判断血运情况。留置引流后,逐层关闭。
乳头重建术中,首先沿设计线切开皮肤达脂肪层,锐性分离掀起至皮瓣蒂部,蒂部脂肪组织保留较多,以增加皮瓣血运及重建乳头体积。用丝线将两侧对偶皮瓣合拢围成圆柱形,以半圆形皮瓣做顶盖在圆柱上形成完整的新乳头。采用红外热成像仪观测乳头乳晕血运情况,其中1例发现皮瓣尖端局部血运障碍,给予重新塑形。
再造乳房修整术中,于腹部及双侧大腿外侧预设隐蔽处,使用钝头多孔吸脂针,连接负压吸引器,在皮下脂肪层进行低负压、扇形隧道式抽吸。抽吸过程注意层次均匀,保留真皮下血管网。获取适量混有肿胀液及少量血液的脂肪混合物,静置沉淀法行初步纯化,弃去下层肿胀液及血水。随后使用无菌纱布进一步吸附去除多余液体,获得较为纯净的黄色脂肪颗粒,分装于多个20 mL注射器中备用。于再造乳房外侧缘及乳房下皱襞处,使用钝头脂肪注射针将脂肪颗粒以“多隧道、多层次、多点、微量”原则进行注射。注射过程中不断按摩塑形,使脂肪分布均匀,外形自然。最后应用红外热成像仪评估局部皮瓣及其周围血供情况。
再造乳头修整术中患者先取坐位,与对侧乳头对比,精确标记需要增高的区域。采用含肾上腺素的利多卡因局部浸润麻醉,在乳头基底作V形切口,“V”的尖端指向乳晕中央。皮下分离V形皮瓣,将其向前方推进。将V形切口缝合为Y形,从而增加乳头高度。使用红外热成像仪评估修整后乳头的血供情况。
小阴唇缩小术中按术前设计切除肥厚、过长多余组织,修整并缝合两侧小阴唇边缘,进行对称性塑形。采用红外热成像仪判断修整后的小阴唇血运情况。
1.2.2. 肢体重建术
采取蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉(26例)、气管插管全身麻醉(1例)或臂丛阻滞麻醉(3例)。
上肢骨折内固定,首先按设计切口切开皮肤、桡侧腕屈肌腱腱膜,将肌腱拉向尺侧,切开腱鞘,手指钝性分离,将拇长屈肌拨向尺侧,示中指分离间隙,暴露旋前方肌,切开旋前方肌桡侧,骨膜剥离器分离骨表面,暴露骨折端后翻转撬拨复位,克氏针斜形固定,见骨折对线对位良好,取桡骨远端锁定接骨板,透视定位钢板位置后用克氏针临时固定钢板,中间滑动孔打入皮质骨螺钉,钢板向上滑动后拧紧,透视见钢板位置良好。打入干部锁钉,头部锁钉经过预制套筒打入,按测深缩减2 mm后打满锁钉。透视见螺钉长度合适、骨折对线对位良好。被动活动腕关节活动度满意,下尺桡关节稳定性良好。松开止血带,电凝止血,切口逐层缝合。应用红外热成像技术监测肢体远端血运。
下肢骨折患者按照术前设计作切口暴露骨折处,复位后用带齿复位钳固定,置入导引针并透视见位置可,扩钉道后测深,植入1枚螺钉固定后踝骨折。在髌骨上方切开皮肤,劈开髌韧带,伸直膝关节,将套筒插入髌骨下,透视调整位置,使套筒正位像上抵在外侧髁间嵴内侧缘,侧位像上斜45°,长轴与膝关节长轴平行,打入导针,开口。将球头导针插入髓腔,接近骨折端时,牵引内旋点式复位钳夹复位。导针顺利通过骨折端后抵在胫骨远端偏外,退出导针至骨折端,在胫骨远端中线偏内侧钻入阻挡钉,再次进入导针,并调整导针位置使其在阻挡钉外侧髓腔正中。扩髓完成后植入髓内钉。透视下于胫骨近端植入锁钉,髓内钉远端植入螺钉充当阻挡钉。透视见对线良好,逐层缝合切口。应用红外热成像技术监测肢体远端血运。
皮瓣移植修复创面术中,首先清理创面至新鲜出血点,测量创面缺损,根据术前设计获取皮瓣后覆盖于创面。应用红外热成像仪检测皮瓣温度良好,皮瓣表面覆盖凡士林纱布,再用纱布及棉垫覆盖创面,加压包扎。再次应用红外热成像仪评估局部皮瓣及周围血运。
肢体延长重建术中,透视下在小腿中上段植入1枚螺钉,胫骨平台下方植入螺钉,连接ADV肢体矫形系统,远端植入2枚螺钉。在踝关节线上纵形切开外侧皮肤,暴露腓骨,剥离腓骨骨膜,钻头斜形钻孔,骨刀截断腓骨。在胫骨远端踝关节上方切开内侧皮肤,用钻头扇形钻孔,骨刀截断胫骨。手法折断胫、腓骨,调整胫、腓骨位置,使远端螺钉与近端平行。在上、下胫腓关节处各打入1枚皮质骨螺钉。在靠近截断近端植入1枚螺钉。应用延长+加压器给近端骨以应力,在胫骨结节下方皮肤钝性分离至骨膜,用钻头扇形钻孔,骨刀截断胫骨,透视确定胫骨全部截断,反向加压。除远端钉夹外其他钉夹均松开,向远端锤击使远截骨端稍分离并内移。透视见位置满意后缝合切口,应用红外热成像仪监测肢体远端血运。
1.3. 术后处理
术后48 h内,吻合血管患者每2小时、非吻合血管患者每6小时以红外热成像仪进行皮瓣监测,观察皮瓣温度变化,及时发现血管危象。采用腹部皮瓣修复患者以屈膝、屈髋体位卧床7 d;背部皮瓣患者不限制卧床时间,但术后前3天限制术侧肩关节活动。肢体重建患者术后48 h使用红外热成像仪监测肢体远端血供。其余患者按相应手术常规进行术后护理与康复。
2. 结果
97例患者红外热成像技术评估提示阳性2例(2.1%),其中假阳性1例;阴性95例(97.9%),其中假阴性1例。
64例乳房手术患者中,1例即刻乳房再造者乳房局部皮瓣边缘血运障碍,但红外线热成像仪检测局部皮瓣图像呈黄色,提示皮温不低,经换药及清创缝合后延期愈合。1例背阔肌肌皮瓣在转移过程中红外线热成像仪监测显示持续低温,但皮瓣指压反应和真皮层出血活跃,持续监测,皮瓣皮温回升、血运良好,并顺利成活。1例乳头重建患者术中发现皮瓣尖端局部血运障碍,给予重新塑形,避免了再造乳头皮瓣坏死,维持再造乳头形态。其余患者未出现术后皮瓣血供相关并发症,切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间1~30个月,中位时间15个月。患者对重建乳房(乳头)外形满意,且随访期间内未出现乳腺肿瘤复发及转移。
3例小阴唇缩小术患者,术后应用红外热成像仪监测示手术部位血供良好,无局部缺血坏死。术后随访时间分别为3、8、13个月。手术部位外观及血供良好,患者对手术结果较满意。
30例肢体重建患者术后局部皮瓣及肢体恢复良好;均获随访,随访时间1~12个月,平均7个月。患者移植皮瓣成活良好,骨折、肢体延长患者肢体恢复良好。见图1~5。
图 1.
A 47-year-old female patient undergoing left breast reconstruction
患者,女,47岁,左侧乳房重建术
a. 术前正侧位外观及切口、腹部皮瓣设计; b. 术中腹部皮瓣断蒂前(左侧DIEP为蒂),红外热成像仪显示左侧皮瓣尖端温度明显高于右侧,故去除腹部皮瓣右侧尖端组织(Ⅳ区);c. 皮瓣获取及左侧乳房重建;d. 术后48 h重建乳房区域红外热成像仪显示血运与周围正常组织基本一致
a. Preoperative anterior and lateral views and the incision and abdominal flap design; b. Intraoperative view of the abdominal flap before pedicle detachment (left DIEP flap pedicle), and infrared thermography showed that the left flap tip temperature was significantly higher than the right, prompting removal of the right flap tip tissue (zone Ⅳ); c. Flap harvest and left breast reconstruction; d. Infrared thermal imaging of the reconstructed breast region at 48 hours after operation showed vascularization consistent with surrounding normal tissue

图 5.
A 42-year-old female patient undergoing right breast reconstruction
患者,女,42岁,右侧乳房重建术
a. 术后3周局部皮瓣血供不佳,但红外热成像仪显示皮温不低;b. 术后6周予以局部皮瓣清创缝合术;c. 术后5个月切口愈合,重建乳房外观良好
a. At 3 weeks after operation, the local flap exhibited poor blood supply, but the infrared thermal imaging showed no hypothermia; b. At 6 weeks after operation, local flap debridement and suturing were performed; c. At 5 months after operation, the wound healed, and the reconstructed breast exhibited good cosmetic appearance

图 2.
A 28-year-old female patient undergoing bilateral breast reduction surgery
患者,女,28岁,双侧乳房缩小术
a、b. 术前及术后1个月外观;c. 术中红外热成像显示双侧乳头乳晕血运良好及外观
a, b. Appearance before operation and at 1 month after operation, respectively; c. Intraoperative infrared thermal imaging showed the bilateral nipples and areolas with good blood supply
图 3.
A 45-year-old female patient undergoing nipple reconstruction at 6 months after left breast reconstruction
患者,女,45岁,左侧乳房再造术后6个月行乳头重建
a. 术中“对偶皮瓣”掀起;b.“对偶皮瓣”对合;c. 再造乳头成形;d. 术中红外热成像仪示皮瓣皮温低于周边皮肤,提示血运不佳;e. 术中调整张力后重新缝合;f. 术后40 d再造乳头外观
a. Elevation of the “paired flap”; b. Pairing of “paired flap”; c. Reconstructed nipple formed; d. Intraoperative infrared thermal imaging showed the flap temperature was significantly lower than surrounding tissue, suggesting poor vascularization; e. Tension adjusted and sutures reapplied, preventing complete flap necrosis; f. Appearance of reconstructed nipple at 40 days after operation
图 4.
A 36-year-old male patient at 48 hours after a local rotation flap repair of the right hand dorsum
患者,男,36岁,右手背部创面局部旋转皮瓣修复术后48 h观察
a. 红外热成像仪行血供判断;b. 手持体温枪测量皮温
a. Assess blood supply using an infrared thermal imaging device; b. Measure skin temperature using a handheld thermometer

3. 讨论
体温是人体重要生命体征,由于细胞及组织需要血液提供能量进行新陈代谢,从而维持在一定温度,因此皮肤软组织的血液灌注与其温度之间存在密切联系[11-12],测量温度可以间接判断组织血流灌注情况[13-15]。监测皮瓣温度也是目前广泛应用于临床的主观评价手段之一,但也与医生临床经验密切相关。应用红外热成像技术可以弥补主观评价皮瓣温度的不足,将其客观化甚至量化。该技术优点包括:非侵入性、非接触性,无需大型设备,无需造影剂,无放射性,操作简单且直观,可连续观测,可整体及局部监测。国内外对于红外热成像技术应用于术前穿支皮瓣定位较多,能有效减少并发症,提高手术安全性与皮瓣成活率[16-19]。国外红外热成像技术已经开始用于监测术中及术后皮瓣血流灌注[20-25],并且取得一定效果。但是也有学者认为,该技术目前尚不能作为评价皮瓣血供的主要手段[26-28],原因包括:① 皮肤温度除了受血流灌注影响外,还与中枢调节及周围环境温度有关;② 皮瓣温度可能与皮瓣大小、厚度有关;③ 皮瓣循环灌注取决于动脉及静脉系统的共同作用,动脉与静脉出现“危象”的表现和发展并不相同;④ 目前尚缺乏评价标准来明确皮瓣是否存在缺血情况;⑤ 红外热成像仪敏感程度也可能影响观测结果。
红外热成像技术在皮瓣观测中如何量化,即如何根据皮瓣温度差异判断皮瓣血供变化,也是需要进一步研究的焦点。Salmi等[29]研究显示TRAM皮瓣处于缺血状态时,温度会显著下降(3.62±0.6)℃,但是不能作为临床评价皮瓣缺血的标准。在动物实验方面,Shejbal等[30]采用红外热成像技术观察小鼠腹部皮瓣缺血程度,但是也未明确温度与缺血程度的量化标准。因此,建立红外热成像技术在皮瓣观测中的评价标准,将是进一步研究方向。
本研究纳入患者涵盖了乳房与肢体两大重建领域,结果显示红外热成像技术辅助下术后皮瓣成活良好,在整个研究周期中未发生任何与该技术操作相关的并发症,提示其作为一种无创、无辐射、无造影剂负担的影像学工具的固有安全性优势。研究中出现1例假阳性(提示异常但实际血运正常),分析原因可能为非缺血性因素引起的局部温度变化。例如静脉回流暂时性迟缓(非阻塞性淤血),可能导致局部热辐射特性改变,在热成像上表现为可疑的低温区或高温区,从而被系统判断为“阳性”。这一病例提示红外热成像技术监测到的是“热力学异常”,而非特异的“血管结构性梗阻”。因此,热成像阳性结果应被视为一个需要立即进行临床复核的“警报”,而非直接手术指征。临床医生需结合切口张力、色泽、毛细血管反应、多普勒信号等进行综合判断,避免因单一假阳性信号导致过度医疗。
本组出现1例假阴性,即热成像显示皮瓣血运良好但实际发生血运障碍。这暴露了该技术监测盲区,深部血管危象或早期微循环障碍可能无法被表面热成像及时捕捉。例如,如果血管危象发生于深部主干或吻合口,而皮瓣边缘的皮下血管网仍通过侧支循环维持一定的血流和温度,红外热成像仪对皮瓣表面的扫描可能无法显示典型的全局性温度骤降。此外,在血管危象发生极早期,细胞代谢尚未完全停止,产热下降与表面温度变化之间存在一定的时间延迟。该例患者说明红外热成像技术不能作为术后血运监测的唯一手段,必须与严格的临床观察相结合。任何与热成像结果不符的临床可疑迹象(如患者主诉剧痛、皮瓣颜色改变、张力异常增高)都必须得到优先重视,并立即进行进一步检查流程。
综上述,红外热成像技术作为一种经济、方便、客观、安全的监测方法,可以在自体组织乳房重建及肢体重建中对皮瓣和肢体远端血供进行准确判断,指导手术操作,以减少术后并发症发生。高特异性是该技术核心优势,但假阴性风险警示其灵敏度存在局限,绝不能因结果正常而放松警惕。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
伦理声明 研究设计经海南医科大学第二附属医学伦理审查委员会批准(2026-K14-01)
作者贡献声明 简豪豪:协助手术、资料收集整理、论文撰写;穆籣:主要手术者、研究设计及实施、论文修改及审定;潘俊博、何贵省、宋韬、陈秀秀、吴煌福、谢琨、王思厶、黄雷、郭亮、张超宇、陈益铭、唐素素、陈培生、刘亚玲、解萌、杨磊、程行健、吴昊天、于亚东、刘岩、许艺莲:参与手术、患者管理;董玉超、韩佳晟、杨雯惠、苗雨欣:手术协助、资料收集
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籣 穆 (Lan MU), Email: mmulann@163.com.
雷 黄 (Lei HUANG), Email: huangleijst@126.com.
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