Abstract
目的
探讨经骨折断端in-out-in克氏针及经桡骨中段顺行弹性髓内钉两种单针内固定方式治疗桡骨远端交界区(distal radial metaphyseal diaphyseal junction,DRMDJ)骨折的疗效。
方法
回顾性分析2022年1月—2024年12月收治且符合选择标准的48例儿童及青少年DRMDJ骨折患者临床资料。患者均为男性,其中27例采用经骨折断端in-out-in克氏针内固定治疗(A组),21例采用经桡骨中段顺行弹性髓内钉内固定治疗(B组)。两组患者年龄、致伤原因、侧别、合并尺骨骨折情况、受伤至手术时间、骨折分型等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中透视次数、正侧位骨折对位率、骨折愈合时间及术后并发症;末次随访时采用Gartland-Werley评分标准评价临床疗效。
结果
两组患者手术均顺利完成,A组手术时间少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术中透视次数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者均获随访,A组随访时间(11.81±2.09)个月,B组(12.10±2.74)个月,差异无统计学意义(t=–0.389,P=0.699)。A组有3例患者出现克氏针对皮肤的激惹,经换药、调整石膏固定方式或早期拔针处理后均顺利愈合。两组患者均未发生肌腱断裂、骨髓炎、骨折不愈合等并发症。术后2 d X线片示两组正、侧位骨折对位率均达约90%,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时依据Gartland-Werley评分标准,A组优24例、良3例,B组优19例、良2例,优良率均为100%。
结论
两种固定方式治疗DRMDJ骨折均能取得满意临床疗效,但经骨折断端in-out-in克氏针固定技术操作更为简便,手术时间更短,且无需取出内固定物,可能成为治疗此类骨折的更优选择。
Keywords: 桡骨远端交界区骨折, 克氏针, 弹性髓内钉, 骨折断端
Abstract
Objective
To compare the effectiveness of two single-pin internal fixation techniques—trans-fracture in-out-in Kirschner wire fixation and antegrade elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) from the radial mid-shaft—in the treatment of distal radial metaphyseal diaphyseal junction (DRMDJ) fractures.
Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on 48 pediatric and adolescent male patients with DRMDJ fractures who met the selection criteria and were treated between January 2022 and December 2024. Among them, 27 patients underwent trans-fracture in-out-in Kirschner wire fixation (group A), and 21 patients underwent antegrade ESIN from the radial mid-shaft (group B). There was no significant difference in baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05), including age, cause of injury, affected side, presence of associated ulnar fracture, time from injury to surgery, or fracture classification. The operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, fracture reduction rates on anteroposterior and lateral views, fracture healing time, and postoperative complications were recorded and compared. Clinical efficacy were evaluated at last follow-up using the Gartland-Werley scoring system.
Results
All surgeries were successfully completed. The operation time was shorter in group A than in group B, with a significant difference (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in the intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency between the two groups (P>0.05). All patients were followed up, with a follow-up time of (11.81±2.09) months in group A and (12.10±2.74) months in group B, showing no significant difference (t=–0.389, P=0.699). In group A, 3 patients experienced Kirschner wire irritation to the skin, which resolved after wound care, adjustment of cast fixation, or early pin removal. No complications such as tendon rupture, osteomyelitis, or nonunion occurred in either group. X-ray films taken on the second postoperative day showed that the fracture reduction rates on both anteroposterior and lateral views reached approximately 90% in each group, with no significant difference between groups (P>0.05). All fractures achieved bony union, and there was no significant difference in healing time between groups (P>0.05). At last follow-up, according to the Gartland-Werley score, 24 cases were rated as excellent and 3 as good in group A, while 19 cases were excellent and 2 good in group B, yielding an excellent-good rate of 100% in both groups.
Conclusion
Both fixation techniques achieved satisfactory effectiveness. However, the trans-fracture in-out-in Kirschner wire fixation technique is simpler to perform, requires shorter operation time and eliminates the need for implant removal, making it a potentially preferable option for treating this type of fracture.
Keywords: Distal radial metaphyseal diaphyseal junction fracture, Kirschner wire, elastic intramedullary nail, fracture ends
桡骨远端交界区(distal radial metaphyseal diaphyseal junction,DRMDJ)骨折首选保守治疗,但该部位接触面积小、应力集中,闭合复位石膏固定后易发生再移位,文献报道移位率高达21%~47%[1-2],尤其以斜形骨折更为显著,说明该区域骨折复位后稳定维持具有挑战性。
为改善复位与稳定性,临床研究聚焦于内固定方式的选择[3-8]。切开复位钢板内固定对骨折断端血供破坏大,手术瘢痕明显,已较少采用。闭合复位技术亦各有局限,经皮克氏针固定行程长,穿针角度难以控制,反复经骺穿针易致骨骺早闭;顺行弹性髓内钉可能损伤桡神经深支,且钉尾位于旋后肌内或尺桡骨之间,容易导致旋后功能障碍;弹性髓内钉逆行穿针因骨折端距离进钉点较近,植针时极易导致骨折端桡侧再移位,甚至导致入钉点至骨折端之间部位的医源性骨折,且远端插钉后有效把持距离较短,易导致对位稍欠佳的骨折发生再次移位;外固定架则存在护理困难、费用高及患儿心理负担等问题。
鉴于此,本团队进行了一系列技术探索。既往我们提出了一种新的精确塑形弹性髓内钉(ESIN-RPS)方法治疗DRMDJ骨折[9],但存在塑形要求高、内固定物取出困难等难题,因此在后续治疗研究中提出了经骨折断端in-out-in克氏针及经桡骨中段顺行弹性髓内钉内固定技术治疗此类骨折。初步应用显示二者均具有操作简便、费用较低、疗效满意的特点,但其各自的优劣与适用场景尚不明确。为此,本研究回顾性分析了2022年1月—2024年12月采用上述两种单针内固定技术治疗的儿童及青少年DRMDJ骨折患者临床资料,系统评估两种技术的临床疗效差异,以期为临床根据骨折形态与患者情况选择适宜方案提供循证参考。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
患者纳入标准:① 年龄≤15岁;② 诊断为DRMDJ骨折,闭合复位失败,不稳定;③ 随访时间>6个月。排除标准:① 开放性骨折;② 病理性骨折;③ 合并神经纤维瘤病或成骨不全症等骨病;④ 受伤至手术时间>3周的陈旧性骨折。
2022年1月—2024年12月共48例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。患者均为男性,其中27例采用经骨折断端in-out-in克氏针内固定治疗(A组),21例采用经桡骨中段顺行弹性髓内钉内固定治疗(B组)。两组患者年龄、致伤原因、侧别、合并尺骨骨折情况、骨折分型、受伤至手术时间等基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。
表 1.
Comparison of baseline data between the two groups
两组患者基线资料比较
| 基线资料 Baseline data |
A组(n=27) Group A (n=27) |
B组(n=21) Group B (n=21) |
统计量 Statistical value |
P值 P value |
| 年龄(x±s,岁) | 10.59±2.50 | 10.38±2.33 | t=0.090 | 0.766 |
| 致伤原因(摔伤/运动伤,例) | 22/5 | 18/3 | χ²=0.152 | 0.696 |
| 侧别(左/右,例) | 19/8 | 11/10 | χ²=1.631 | 0.202 |
| 合并尺骨骨折(是/否,例) | 24/3 | 18/3 | χ²=0.109 | 0.741 |
| 受伤至手术时间(x±s,d) | 2.59±1.01 | 2.86±1.49 | t=0.535 | 0.468 |
| 骨折分型(横形/斜形,例) | 18/9 | 14/7 | χ²=0.000 | 1.000 |
1.2. 手术方法
患者于全身麻醉下取仰卧位,铅衣防护重要腺体,消毒、铺巾。合并尺骨骨折者予以顺行弹性髓内钉固定或经皮克氏针内固定技术固定。
A组:C臂X线机透视确定远折端移位方向,并确保其向背侧移位(若初始为掌侧移位,可通过手法牵引推挤调整至背侧或桡侧)。随后修剪克氏针两端为尖端,定位骨折断端,经皮插入至远折端髓内,电钻轻柔推进下将克氏针自桡骨远端穿出,出针点位于Lister结节以远的“安全区”内,助手配合手法控制远折端方向及腕关节掌屈等,以利克氏针的插入和穿出。此时克氏针近端完全位于桡骨远折端髓内。若骨折断端为横形,复位后可直接将克氏针打入桡骨近折端髓腔;若手法复位困难,可应用1枚克氏针辅助撬拨复位。如骨折为斜形不稳定型骨折,克氏针自远折端穿出时需指向Lister结节(出针点位于干骺端适宜位置,避开骺板并实现双皮质固定)。采用in-out-in技术,回抽克氏针、复位骨折后顺势将克氏针打入,以快钻慢进方式使近端尖端穿出近折端皮质,最后通过正侧位X线片验证复位与固定效果。见图1。
图 1.
Schematic diagram of in-out-in technique in group A
A组in-out-in技术示意图
a. In,从骨折断端背侧克氏针经皮穿入桡骨远端髓腔;b. Out,克氏针穿出桡骨远端;c. In,克氏针穿入至近端髓腔内;d. 克氏针远端避开骺板;e. 克氏针撬拨辅助复位;f. 克氏针近端由骨折近端皮质穿出
a. In: Percutaneous insertion of a Kirschner wire into the distal radial medullary cavity from the dorsal side of the fracture ends; b. Out: Kirschner wire protrusion into the distal radius; c. In: Kirschner wire inserted into the proximal medullary cavity; d. The distal end of the Kirschner wire avoided the epiphyseal plate; e. Kirschner wire leverage-assisted reduction; f. The proximal end of the Kirschner wire exited through the proximal cortex of the fracture

B组:以桡骨茎突至肱骨外髁连线为参考线,在其中点稍偏近端位置作长约1 cm纵切口,沿桡侧腕短伸肌与指伸肌间隙进入,直达桡骨骨面(此为Thompson入路部分操作)。血管钳撑开软组织后置入套筒,电钻开口,先垂直骨面慢速钻孔,随后将电钻向近端倾斜约45° 继续开口。取出电钻及套筒,选取直径合适的弹性髓内钉经开口处插入,推进至骨折断端近侧。复位交界区骨折,若复位困难可辅助克氏针撬拨复位。C臂X线机透视确认骨折复位满意后,持续推进弹性髓内钉通过骨折断端;如断端存在尺、桡偏,可适当转动弹性髓内钉针尖以辅助矫正。操作中需注意避免针尖穿入骺板。最后处理弹性髓内钉远端,缝合切口。见图2。
图 2.
Schematic diagram of antegrade elastic intramedullary nail internal fixation through the middle part of the radius in group B
B组经桡骨中段顺行弹性髓内钉内固定示意图
a. 电钻定位并开口;b. 插入弹性髓内钉;c. 适当调整钉尾方向
a. The electric drill was positioned and opened; b. Inserted the elastic intramedullary nail; c. Adjusted the direction of the nail tail appropriately
1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标
术后均予以患肢长臂石膏外固定,保持屈肘90°、前臂中立位。术后定期清洁换药,2周后更换为前臂石膏,并在石膏固定范围外积极进行功能锻炼。术后4周复查X线片,根据骨折愈合情况拆除石膏。术后6~8周,若X线片示三面骨皮质连续,A组可拔除克氏针。对于B组,通常于术后3~6个月取出内固定物。
记录并比较两组患者手术时间、术中透视次数、骨折对位率(正、侧位X线片上骨折断端复位后实际接触面长度与断端骨干直径的百分比)、骨折愈合时间及术后并发症。其中,骨折愈合以X线片检查示骨折线消失为准(若合并尺骨骨折,相关数据仅统计桡骨部分)。末次随访时采用Gartland-Werley评分标准评价临床疗效。
1.4. 统计学方法
采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Sharpiro-Wilk正态性检验,均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以频数和率表示,组间比较采用四格表卡方检验;检验水准取双侧α=0.05。
2. 结果
两组患者手术均顺利完成,A组手术时间少于B组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术中透视次数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者均获随访,A组随访时间(11.81±2.09)个月,B组(12.10±2.74)个月,差异无统计学意义(t=–0.389,P=0.699)。A组有3例患者出现克氏针对皮肤的激惹,经换药、调整石膏固定方式或早期拔针处理后均顺利愈合。两组患者均未发生肌腱断裂、骨髓炎、骨折不愈合等并发症。术后2 d X线片示两组正、侧位骨折对位率均达约90%,两组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组骨折均达骨性愈合,愈合时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。末次随访时依据Gartland-Werley评分标准,A组优24例、良3例,B组优19例、良2例,优良率均为100%。见表2,图3、4。
表 2.
Comparison of outcome indicators between the two groups (x±s)
两组患者结局指标比较(x±s)
| 结局指标 Outcome indicator |
A组(n=27) Group A (n=27) |
B组(n=21) Group B (n=21) |
效应值(95%CI) Effect value (95%CI) |
P值 P value |
| 手术时间(min) | 32.41±6.70 | 41.90±9.28 | MD=−9.497(−14.373,−4.622) | <0.001 |
| 术中透视次数(次) | 6.70±2.56 | 6.38±1.94 | MD=0.323(−0.986,1.632) | 0.634 |
| 正位对位率(%) | 89.12±4.93 | 90.77±3.19 | MD=−1.644(−4.015,0.726) | 0.191 |
| 侧位对位率(%) | 90.95±3.79 | 90.91±3.09 | MD=0.039(−1.960,2.037) | 0.970 |
| 骨折愈合时间(周) | 10.67±1.54 | 10.48±1.40 | MD=0.190(−0.668,1.049) | 0.661 |
图 3.
Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of an 8-year-old boy suffered left DRMDJ fracture due to sports injury in group A
A组患儿,男,8岁,运动伤致左侧DRMDJ骨折正侧位X线片
a. 术前;b. 术后2 d;c. 术后4个月取出内固定物后示骨折断端达骨性愈合
a. Preoperative; b. At 2 days after operation; c. At 4 months after operation, the internal fixator was removed, showing that the broken end of the fracture reached bone healing

图 4.
Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of a 11-year-old boy suffered left DRMDJ fracture due to fall injury in group B
B组患儿,男,11岁,摔伤致左侧DRMDJ骨折正侧位X线片
a. 术前;b. 术后2 d;c. 术后4个月取出内固定物后示骨折断端达骨性愈合
a. Preoperative; b. At 2 days after operation; c. At 4 months after operation, the internal fixator was removed, showing that the broken end of the fracture reached bone healing

3. 讨论
DRMDJ骨折首选保守治疗,但文献报道初期复位后随访期间丢失率较高,原因主要有:① 桡骨远端是肱桡肌拇长伸肌和拇长展肌肌肉和韧带的附着点,骨折在肌肉韧带牵引下更易出现再移位,尤其合并同平面尺骨骨折时更为显著[10];② 桡骨远端干骺端形态呈扁宽状,骨干呈管状,骨折区远宽近窄,髓腔差距较大,接触面积有限且应力较为集中[3];③ 此部位骨折处于干骺端与骨干的移行区,局部血供及软组织覆盖不如干骺端丰富,且骨折后血肿形成较干骺端少,成骨时间长,愈合相对缓慢,不稳定时间相对较长[11]。鉴于此,对于复位后不稳定、反复移位的患者需采用手术治疗。
开放性复位因对骨折断端的血供破坏及术后瘢痕较大,现已较少采用。而闭合复位后选用何种内固定及如何固定尚无明确标准。外固定架可用于此区域的固定,但钉道反应重,护理相对困难,加之儿童恐惧心理,严重影响日常社交,不作常规选择。克氏针价廉易得,术后取出无需再次麻醉,应用广泛,但其存在以下问题:① 有别于干骺端骨折,DRMDJ骨折断端距桡骨茎突/关节面等进针参考结构较远,行程长,进针过程摆动幅度增加;② 远、近端髓腔差距较大,由远及近松质骨减少、骨皮质强度逐渐增加,克氏针指向的准确性较干骺端明显降低,有时为增强指向准确性而行骨折陡峭角度插针,使得固定区域短,不稳定性增加[12];③ 反复穿针易出现骺板损伤、医源性骨折等风险[3,13]。弹性髓内钉已成为儿童长骨骨折手术治疗的“金标准”之一,但远端插钉时骨折端过于靠近进钉点,即使骨折复位满意,骨折远端残留的把持力臂也较短,易导致骨折端再移位、医源性骨折等。此区域对于克氏针使用偏近,对于弹性髓内钉使用则偏远,在内固定物的选择上形成了两难境地[8]。鉴于此,学者们提出了多种改良方案:克氏针经骺板纵行穿入髓腔,不强求穿出近端皮质骨[4];桡骨近端顺行弹性髓内钉技术固定断端,但需准确识别进针点部位安全区,术后存在一定程度的前臂旋转干扰[3];应用Poller技术预先阻挡,纠正远端偏移,防止骨折复位后进针时再丢失[14];弹性髓内钉提前预弯/塑形[15]等;我们前期报道的ESIN-RPS技术临床效果也较满意[9]。
理想的骨折固定应通过克氏针经皮穿刺实现,力求减少穿针次数、避免副损伤。克氏针价格低廉、获取方便,无需额外切口,适用广泛。然而,在DRMDJ骨折中,远、近端骨质硬度差异显著,若避开骺板置针,则需减小针与桡骨轴线夹角,导致进针困难、行程长、指向精度下降,反复穿刺会增加软组织损伤、辐射暴露及医源性骨折风险;若经骺板穿针,则可能多次损伤骨骺,增加骨骺早闭或骨桥形成风险[16]。
鉴于此,本团队采用经骨折断端in-out-in克氏针技术治疗此类骨折,临床疗效满意。操作前如合并尺骨骨折,应先完成尺骨内固定。根据桡骨骨折类型调整操作:如为横形骨折,克氏针自断端插入、顺行穿出,需经过骺板,出针点应尽量靠近Lister结节区域,必要时使用髓内钉把手推进以减少骺板部位热损伤;闭合复位骨折端,必要时应用克氏针经背侧撬拨,复位满意再次倒推克氏针经骨折端至远端髓腔。如为斜形不稳定骨折,出针点应避开骺板并垂直于骨折线,顺势打入时可穿过近折端皮质。该技术的主要优势在于置针与穿出方向明确,避免反复穿刺,缩短手术时间、减少辐射暴露;最多穿入骺板1次,显著降低骨骺早闭风险(本组27例均未发生);且克氏针费用低、无需二次住院取出,经济负担小。操作中需注意:避免掌侧穿针,应将远折端推向桡侧或背侧;出针点宜位于背侧、不超过桡骨茎突,尽量靠近Lister结节以避开重要血管神经;不稳定时可增加克氏针数量。由于克氏针留置皮外,存在钉道感染、皮肤激惹等常见并发症[17-18],其外露状态也可能引起患儿心理不适。因此需根据患儿年龄和体质量选择合适直径(通常1.5~2.0 mm),针尾紧贴骨面预弯后二次折成L形或U形,长0.5~1.0 cm,无菌纱布包扎并定期消毒换药;若发生感染应及时处理,必要时早期拔针并延长石膏固定时间,同时给予患儿心理关怀。
弹性髓内钉固定方面,顺行植钉解剖位置深,可能损伤神经血管并影响前臂旋转;远端植钉则需精确预弯,且存在钉尾刺激肌腱、取钉困难等问题。本团队借鉴文献技术[19],采用Thompson入路参考的桡骨中段肌间隙进针,避免近端复杂解剖区,无需复杂塑形,也减少了对腕部神经、肌腱的干扰,操作简便,取钉时应力远离骨折端,降低了再骨折风险(本组21例效果良好)。操作要点包括:① 进钉点定位时拇指按压紧贴桡骨表面即可自动由肌间隙进入;② 套筒保护下电钻开口,防止滑脱产生邻近部位副损伤;③ 先垂直钻孔再倾斜≤45° 开口,以利于插钉与推进;④ 插至断端时矫正矢状面移位,利用尾端旋转调整冠状面偏移;⑤ 针尖可适当修尖,推进至远端时紧密插入远端骨质增加稳定;⑥ 钉尾需折弯并保留适当长度埋于深筋膜下,避免刺激肌肉或皮肤。该技术的优势在于:① 内固定埋于皮下,无针道感染、护理简便;② 无体外异物,患儿接受度高,便于早期清洁与功能锻炼;③ 可提供比单根克氏针更好的轴向稳定性;④ 避免了前臂旋转功能受限及桡神经、旋后肌损伤。但其局限性在于:需桡骨中段另作切口,操作应力大,对术者解剖要求高;内固定物成本较高,且需二次住院手术取钉,增加了医疗资源占用与总费用。单针固定技术的断端稳定性虽不及交叉克氏针或远端塑形弹性髓内钉,但适度的微动有利于骨痂形成[20]。术后需辅以石膏外固定,2周后评估稳定性并尽早更换为前臂石膏,以解放肘关节、促进早期功能锻炼。
综上述,两种技术在透视次数、骨折愈合时间及末次随访功能评分上差异均无统计学意义,构成了一个临床决策的权衡:克氏针方案费用低、操作与取出简便,但存在针道并发症风险及护理负担;弹性髓内钉方案舒适度与护理满意度更高,但费用较高、进钉和取钉过程更复杂。术者应结合患者家庭护理能力与风险耐受度进行个体化选择。本研究显示克氏针固定手术时间更短、无需二次取钉,且费用更低,可能是治疗此类骨折的更优选择。
本研究局限性包括回顾性设计、样本量有限、随访时间较短,可能造成选择性偏倚影响结果的普适性;另外,无法进一步明确经桡骨远端骺板穿针固定是否对后期发育带来干扰。未来需扩大样本、延长随访、增设对照组(如交叉克氏针、ESIN-RPS),并纳入不同性别患儿,以进一步明确不同固定方式对愈合时间、移位率及远期发育的影响。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突
伦理声明 研究方案经安徽医科大学附属阜阳人民医院伦理委员会批准(2020-29);患儿家属均签署知情同意书
作者贡献声明 刘朝宇:研究设计、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;王伟、马秀林、范永飞、张建强:研究实施;徐文强:数据收集整理及统计分析,论文撰写;姚尧:绘制示意图
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