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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Feb;40(2):291–301. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202506101

IL-33对小鼠激素性股骨头坏死的影响研究

Effect of interleukin-33 on glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in mice

Hongxu LI 1, Mengran SHEN 2,△,#, Haoyang LIU 1, Yu ZHOU 1, Fuqiang GAO 3, Liming CHENG 3, Bailiang WANG 1,3, Jinhui MA 1,3,*
PMCID: PMC12948520  PMID: 41730740

Abstract

Objective

To elucidate the role of interleukin-33 (IL-33) in glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in mice, with particular emphasis on its effects on bone remodeling, inflammatory regulation, and fibrosis.

Methods

In vivo: Fifteen 9-week-old male C57BL/6J wild-type mice were randomly divided into a normal control group, an ONFH group, and an intervention group, with 5 mice in each group. A glucocorticoid-induced ONFH model was established in the ONFH group and intervention group using a combined administration of lipopolysaccharide and methylprednisolone. The intervention group received intraperitoneal injection of IL-33 for 4 consecutive days during the early stage of model establishment; the normal control group received saline injection at the same time points. General conditions of mice were observed during the experiment. Endogenous IL-33 and transmembrane ST2 (ST2 ligand, ST2L) expression in the femoral head was assessed via immunofluorescence, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Western blot. Bone necrosis and fibrosis were evaluated using HE and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect osteogenic markers [osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2)] and osteoclastic marker (receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, RANKL), while serum cytokine levels [tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10] were quantified by ELISA. In vitro: Murine osteoblasts were divided into control group (DMEM+PBS), IL-33 group (DMEM+10 ng/mL IL-33), and IL-33+ST2L group (DMEM+10 ng/mL IL-33+1 μg/mL ST2L antibody). After corresponding treatment, cell proliferation was detected by EdU incorporation assay. Additional osteoblasts were subjected to osteogenic induction culture, and mineralization, and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes (Runx2, collagen type Ⅰ, OCN, and OPN) were assessed by using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin red staining, and qPCR, respectively.

Results

In vivo: All animals survived until the completion of the experiment. Mice in the intervention group and ONFH group showed restricted mobility. Compared with the normal control group, the expressions of IL-33 and ST2L significantly upregulated at both mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05). Exogenous IL-33 administration exacerbated, rather than ameliorated, trabecular destruction and fibrosis, with the intervention group showing significantly increased fibrosis area percentage and empty lacunae rate compared with the other two groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, IL-33 treatment further suppressed the expressions of osteogenic markers (Runx2, OCN, OPN) while significantly enhancing the expression of the osteoclastic marker (RANKL) (P<0.05). ELISA results showed that compared with the ONFH group, serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-1β) were significantly lower in the intervention group (P<0.05). In vitro: Compared with control group, IL-33 significantly impaired osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, as evidenced by reduced cell proliferation rate, decreased ALP activity, and reduced calcium nodule formation (P<0.05). The expression of osteogenesis-related genes was also suppressed, with significant differences between groups (P<0.05). ST2L blockade effectively reversed these IL-33-mediated suppressive effects, leading to significant recovery of osteoblast proliferation and differentiation (P<0.05). Notably, the mRNA expression levels of collagen typeⅠand OCN were restored to normal (P>0.05).

Conclusion

IL-33 exacerbates ONFH by impairing osteoblast viability and function and inhibiting bone regeneration. Targeting the IL-33/ST2L signaling axis may represent a promising novel therapeutic strategy for ONFH.

Keywords: Interleukin-33, glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis, osteonecrosis of the femoral head, bone fibrosis, osteoblast dysfunction, mouse


股骨头坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)是一种致残性疾病,主要累及30~50岁人群,其核心病理特征包括血供减少、骨稳态失衡和凝血功能异常[1-2]。由骨细胞及成骨细胞凋亡导致的炎症免疫微环境在骨坏死发生发展中起关键作用,骨细胞凋亡时会释放炎症介质、趋化因子及信号分子,以招募免疫细胞至病变部位并促进凋亡细胞的清除[3]。部分促炎因子可直接募集破骨细胞前体,促使其分化为成熟破骨细胞并增强骨吸收活性,从而加速骨量丢失[4-5];同时,炎症因子会抑制骨钙素(osteocalcin,OCN)、BMP-2、ALP等成骨基因的表达,阻碍MSCs向成骨细胞分化及骨祖细胞成熟[6-7],最终导致骨形成功能受损。这种骨吸收与骨形成的失衡状态是推动ONFH进展的重要机制。

IL-33是IL-1家族新成员,可在免疫细胞及内皮细胞、树突状细胞、淋巴细胞、心肌细胞等组织驻留型基质细胞中表达[8-10]。研究还发现成骨细胞与破骨细胞中同样表达IL-33,并在细胞坏死时迅速释放至胞外环境,而胞外的IL-33将作为“警报素”激活免疫系统[8]。既往研究已证实,ONFH患者血浆 IL-33水平显著高于健康对照者[11-12]。而且IL-33水平与ONFH的疾病分期密切相关,在国际骨循环研究协会(ARCO)Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患者的血浆、关节滑液及骨髓抽吸液中IL-33水平均显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期患者[1113],提示IL-33可能参与并推动了ONFH的病理进程。然而,关于糖皮质激素本身对IL-33表达的直接影响机制尚未完全明确。有研究表明,糖皮质激素受体的激活可能抑制IL-33基因转录[14],从而发挥潜在抗炎作用。但在激素性ONFH病理背景下,大剂量激素会诱导骨细胞和成骨细胞的凋亡与坏死[15]。细胞坏死导致储存在细胞核内的IL-33被动释放至胞外[11],这种“警报素”的释放量可能远超激素对其转录的抑制效应,从而导致局部微环境中IL-33净含量显著升高,这可能是 ONFH 患者体内IL-33水平升高的关键原因。

目前,IL-33 在骨稳态调控中的具体作用仍存在争议。部分研究认为,IL-33 可通过上调NF-κB受体活化因子配体(receptor activator of NF-κB ligand,RANKL)的表达来促进破骨细胞生成[16-17]。然而近期更多研究发现了相反的结果,表明 IL-33 能够抑制 RANKL 诱导的破骨细胞分化,或通过诱导骨保护素的产生来抑制骨吸收[18-20]。此外,IL-33 还被证实对成骨细胞功能具有直接影响,但其作用同样存在矛盾的报道[19-21]。鉴于IL-33在 ONFH患者体内的异常高表达及其在骨代谢调控中的复杂作用,我们亟需阐明其在激素性 ONFH 发生发展中的确切作用。因此,本研究旨在通过建立激素性 ONFH 小鼠模型,深入探究 IL-33 在体内的病理生理作用,特别是对成骨细胞功能的影响,以期为理解ONFH 发病机制及寻找新的治疗靶点提供实验依据,明确IL-33与ONFH的潜在关联。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 实验动物及主要试剂、仪器

9周龄雄性C57BL/6J野生型小鼠15只,体质量20~25 g,购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司。小鼠成骨细胞购自武汉普瑞赛斯科技有限公司。

脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)、HE染色试剂、Masson染色试剂、TRIzol试剂(北京索莱宝科技有限公司);甲泼尼龙(methylprednisolone,MPS)、反转录试剂盒 [翌圣生物科技(上海)股份有限公司];抗 IL-33抗体、IL-33重组蛋白、OCN、骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)、Runt相关转录因子2(Runt-related transcription factor 2,Runx2)、RANKL、Alexa Fluor 594标记二抗(Abcam公司,英国);辣根过氧化物酶(horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记山羊抗兔IgG聚合物二抗 [生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司];ELISA试剂盒(福建睿信生物科技有限公司);SYBR Green qPCR SuperMix(Invitrogen公司,美国);抗跨膜型ST2(ST2 ligand,ST2L)抗体(武汉芬恩生物技术公司);EdU试剂盒(上海语纯生物科技有限公司);BCIP/NBT底物、茜素红S染色液(南京森贝伽生物科技有限公司)。

显微成像系统(Nikon公司,日本);荧光显微镜、倒置显微镜(Olympus公司,日本);ABI Prism 7000系统(Thermo Fisher公司,美国)。

1.2. 动物实验

1.2.1. 模型制备及分组方法

将15只小鼠随机分为正常对照组、ONFH组及干预组,每组5只。其中,ONFH组及干预组参照文献 [22] 报道方法建立ONFH模型,第1天经尾静脉缓慢静脉注射LPS(0.2 mg/kg),注射时长控制为30 min;第2~4天腹腔注射大剂量MPS(100 mg/kg);第2~6周每周3次腹腔注射维持剂量MPS(40 mg/kg)。干预组除上述处理外,在首次注射大剂量MPS后连续4 d(实验第2~5天)腹腔注射IL-33(1 μg/d)[23-27]。正常对照组:第1天经尾静脉注射等体积生理盐水,第2~6周于上述相同时间点经腹腔注射等体积生理盐水,以排除注射操作及溶剂的影响。

第6周末所有小鼠通过静脉注射过量戊巴比妥钠实施安乐死,经心脏穿刺采集全血,室温静置 2 h 待血液凝固后,于4℃以离心半径10 cm、3 000 r/min 离心 15 min,吸取上清液,分装后置于–80℃冰箱保存用于后续细胞因子检测;随后切取小鼠双侧股骨头样本进行观测。

1.2.2. 一般情况

实验期间每天观察各组小鼠精神状态、饮食饮水情况、活动度及毛色光泽度,重点监测小鼠运动能力与步态变化,是否出现后肢跛行、拖曳或患肢避免负重等髋关节疼痛与功能障碍体征,以辅助判断ONFH造模的有效性。

1.2.3. 免疫荧光染色观察

取3组小鼠左侧股骨头标本,依次置于4%多聚甲醛固定24 h、EDTA脱钙处理2周后石蜡包埋。取ONFH组及正常对照组部分石蜡块制备5 μm厚切片,脱蜡水化后,采用柠檬酸盐缓冲液(pH6.0)微波加热进行抗原修复。切片经10%山羊血清封闭1 h,4℃孵育IL-33一抗(1∶1 000)过夜;PBS漂洗后,避光条件下与Alexa Fluor 594标记二抗(1∶500)孵育2 h。DAPI复染细胞核5 min,封片后于荧光显微镜下观察IL-33蛋白在股骨头组织中的定位与表达情况。其中,DAPI标记细胞核呈蓝色荧光,IL-33阳性表达区域呈红色荧光。

1.2.4. 实时定量PCR观测

取ONFH组及正常对照组小鼠右侧股骨头样本,剔除软组织后迅速置于液氮中冷冻保存。将骨组织置于液氮预冷研钵中充分研磨至粉末状,取适量骨粉加入TRIzol试剂提取总RNA,按照反转录试剂盒说明书将其逆转录为cDNA。以cDNA为模板,使用SYBR Green qPCR SuperMix在ABI Prism 7000系统上进行扩增反应。引物序列见表1。以GAPDH为内参基因,采用2–ΔΔCt 法计算IL-33和ST2L mRNA相对表达量。

表 1.

Primer sequences of qPCR

实时定量PCR基因引物序列

基因
Gene
引物序列
Primer sequence
IL-33 正向:5′-CGTCTGTTGACACATTGAGCATCC-3′
反向:5′-TCCACACCGTCGCCTGATTGA-3′
ST2L 正向:5′-GGCACACCATAAGGCTGAGAAGG-3′
反向:5′-CCAGAACAGAGCAACCTCAATCCA-3′
GAPDH 正向:5′-AGGTCGGTGTGAACGGATTTG-3′
反向:5′-TGTAGACCATGTAGTTGAGGTCA-3′
Runx2 正向:5′-TGGCCGGGAATGATGAGAAC-3′
反向:5′-GGATGAGGAATGCGCCCTAA-3′
Ⅰ型胶原 正向:5′-GAGCGGAGAGTACTGGATCG-3′
反向:5′-GTTCGGGCTGATGTACCAGT-3′
OCN 正向:5′-CAGTAAGGTGGTGAATAGACTCCG-3′
反向:5′-GGTGCCATAGATGCGCTTG-3′
OPN 正向:5′-CCAAGCGTGGAAACACACAGCC-3′
反向:5′-GGCTTTGGAACTCGCCTGACTG-3′

1.2.5. Western blot 检测

取1.2.4中制备的ONFH组及正常对照组骨粉,加入RIPA裂解液(含PMSF及磷酸酶抑制剂)冰上裂解30 min,于4℃以离心半径10 cm、12 000 r/min离心15 min;取上清液,BCA法测定蛋白浓度后,加入上样缓冲液煮沸变性。蛋白样本(每孔30 μg)经12%SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离,转移至聚偏氟乙烯膜。以5%脱脂奶粉封闭后,分别孵育IL-33(1∶1 000)、ST2L(1 ∶1 000)及β-actin(1∶5 000)一抗过夜。次日孵育HRP标记二抗,ECL化学发光法显影,Image J软件分析条带灰度值,以β-actin作为内参,计算目标蛋白条带与内参条带灰度值比值,表示IL-33及ST2L蛋白相对表达量。

1.2.6. 组织学观察

取1.2.3中制备的3组小鼠左侧股骨头石蜡包埋块行连续切片,选取结构完整的切片分别行HE染色和Masson染色。HE染色用于观察股骨头骨小梁结构、骨陷窝形态及骨髓造血组织情况,在高倍镜下计数空骨陷窝,计算空骨陷窝率(空骨陷窝数/总骨陷窝数×100%)。Masson染色用于评估骨坏死修复过程中的纤维化程度,胶原纤维呈蓝色、肌纤维及细胞质呈红色,使用Image J软件定量分析骨小梁间隙纤维化面积率(蓝色胶原纤维面积/骨髓腔总面积×100%)。

1.2.7. 免疫组织化学染色观测

取1.2.6中制备的3组股骨头切片,常规脱蜡水化及抗原修复。室温下以3%H2O2封闭内源性过氧化物酶10 min,PBS漂洗;10%正常山羊血清室温封闭30 min以阻断非特异性结合。将切片置于湿盒中4℃孵育一抗过夜,所用抗体包括:成骨标志物OCN(1∶200)、OPN(1∶500)及Runx2(1∶1 000),破骨标志物RANKL(1∶200)。次日复温1 h后PBS漂洗5 min,重复3次。滴加HRP标记的山羊抗兔IgG聚合物二抗,室温孵育1 h后PBS漂洗。DAB显色液显色,自来水终止反应。苏木精复染细胞核1 min,1%盐酸乙醇分化后流水返蓝。最后经梯度乙醇脱水,中性树胶封片,光镜下观察细胞核呈蓝色,阳性表达呈棕黄色颗粒。每张切片随机选取3~5个视野,采用Image J软件进行半定量分析,计算阳性区域平均光密度值(average optical density,AOD)。

1.2.8. 炎症因子检测

取3组小鼠血液标本,根据ELISA试剂盒说明书,检测血清中TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10浓度。

1.3. 细胞实验

1.3.1. 实验分组

实验分为3组,分别为对照组(DMEM+等体积PBS)、IL-33组(DMEM+10 ng/mL IL-33)、IL-33+ST2L阻断组(DMEM+10 ng/mL IL-33+1 μg/mL ST2L抗体)。将小鼠成骨细胞采用含10%FBS的DMEM培养基培养,每48小时换液1次,待培养瓶细胞汇合度达80%~90%时进行传代,取对数生长期第3代细胞用于实验。

1.3.2. 细胞增殖观测

取成骨细胞以1×104个/孔接种于96孔板,分组对应培养48 h。在培养结束前2 h,每孔加入终浓度为10 μmol/L的EdU标记液(100 μL/孔)继续孵育。48 h后移除培养基,PBS漂洗2次,4%多聚甲醛室温固定30 min,2 mg/mL甘氨酸中和5 min。0.5%Triton X-100通透10 min后,加入Click反应液避光孵育30 min。最后使用Hoechst 33342复染细胞核5 min。荧光显微镜下观察EdU阳性细胞核呈红色,计算细胞增殖率(EdU阳性细胞数/Hoechst染色总细胞数×100%)。实验重复3次。

1.3.3. ALP染色观测

取成骨细胞以2×105个/孔接种于24孔板,待细胞汇合度达60%~70%时分组,每组设置7个复孔;更换为含对应试剂的成骨诱导培养基诱导培养7 d,期间每3天换液1次。 培养结束后移除培养基,PBS漂洗3次,加入10%中性甲醛固定液室温固定15 min。吸弃固定液,0.05%PBST漂洗3次,避光加入BCIP/NBT显色工作液,室温孵育10~30 min,直至出现肉眼可见的蓝紫色沉淀。PBS终止反应,于倒置显微镜下观察并采集图像,细胞质中出现蓝紫色沉淀为阳性表达。采用Image J软件将图像转换为8位灰度图,设定阈值后分割出阳性染色区域,计算阳性染色面积占视野总面积百分比。实验重复3次。

1.3.4. 钙结节定量分析

取成骨细胞以4×105个/孔接种于6孔板,同1.3.3分组处理,仅诱导培养周期延长至14 d。培养结束后PBS漂洗3次,加入70%乙醇室温固定1 h。蒸馏水漂洗3次,加入40 mmol/L茜素红染色液(pH4.2),室温下避光染色 1 h。蒸馏水充分漂洗去除未结合染液。 于倒置显微镜下观察并采集图像,可见钙结节沉积呈红色。采用Image J软件计算阳性染色面积占视野总面积百分比。实验重复3次。

1.3.5. 实时定量PCR检测

取成骨细胞以4×105个/孔接种于6孔板,同1.3.1分组处理48 h后,参照1.2.4方法检测成骨分化相关基因表达水平,包括 Runx2、Ⅰ型胶原、OCN和OPN。实验重复3次。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用LSD检验。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 动物实验

2.1.1. 一般情况

正常对照组小鼠精神饱满,反应灵敏,活动自如,饮食正常,被毛光泽紧密。 ONFH组及干预组小鼠在注射LPS及MPS后,出现精神萎靡、活动减少、反应迟钝、且部分小鼠出现拖曳行走;随着造模时间延长,上述症状逐渐加重,且干预组小鼠一般情况较ONFH组更差。实验期间各组小鼠均无死亡,全部纳入后续检测。

2.1.2. 免疫荧光染色观察

与正常对照组相比,ONFH组股骨头中IL-33免疫荧光强度明显增加。见图1

图 1.

Immunofluorescence staining of femoral heads (Fluorescence microscopy×200)

免疫荧光染色观察(荧光显微镜×200)

从左至右分别为DAPI、IL-33染色以及两者重叠 a. 正常对照组;b. ONFH组

From left to right for DAPI, IL-33 staining, and merge, respectively a. Normal control group; b. ONFH group

图 1

2.1.3. 实时定量PCR观测

ONFH组IL-33及ST2L mRNA相对表达量分别为6.74±2.79、6.82±2.51,较正常对照组(1.20±0.66、1.05±0.34)升高,差异均有统计学意义(t=−4.319,P=0.010;t=−5.094,P=0.006)。

2.1.4. Western blot检测

ONFH组IL-33及ST2L蛋白相对表达量分别为0.22±0.04、0.18±0.02,较正常对照组(0.14±0.15、0.13±0.07)上调,差异均有统计学意义(t=−3.401,P=0.027;t=−3.289,P=0.030)。见图2

图 2.

Western blot analysis

Western blot检测

Mr:相对分子质量 1~3:正常对照组 4~6:ONFH组

Mr: Relative molecular mass 1-3: Normal control group 4-6: ONFH group

图 2

2.1.5. 组织学观察

镜下观察示,正常对照组:股骨头结构完整,软骨排列有序,未见明显增生或缺损。软骨组织由软骨细胞与软骨基质构成,表面覆着致密结缔组织软骨膜;骨髓与脂肪组织充盈整个髓腔;骨小梁表面成骨细胞单层排列,合成类骨质后最终包埋入骨基质成为骨细胞;间质组织未见明显血管扩张充血及淋巴细胞浸润。ONFH组:股骨头结构异常显著,表现为伴软骨破坏的骨坏死、骨小梁退变及炎症反应。软骨排列紊乱,股骨头透明软骨及软骨膜部分缺失;骨小梁结构疏松伴局灶性缺损,骨细胞核模糊或消失,胞质空泡化;骨髓脂肪细胞萎缩或坏死导致髓腔空虚;髓腔中度血管扩张充血伴出血,间质组织未见明显淋巴细胞浸润。干预组:股骨头结构异常程度较ONFH组显著加重,骨小梁结构紊乱与骨结构破坏更明显。

定量分析示,干预组纤维化面积率及空骨陷窝率均高于其余两组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);ONFH组空骨陷窝率高于正常对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但纤维化面积率组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图3

图 3.

Histological observation of femoral heads

组织学观察

a. HE染色(×200) 从左至右分别为正常对照组、ONFH组、干预组;b. Masson染色(×200) 从左至右分别为正常对照组、ONFH组、干预组;c. 纤维化面积率组间比较 *P<0.05;d. 空骨陷窝率组间比较 *P<0.05

a. HE staining (×200) From left to right for normal control group, ONFH group, and intervention group, respectively; b. Masson staining (×200) From left to right for normal control group, ONFH group, and intervention group, respectively; c. Comparison of fibrosis area percentage among groups *P<0.05; d. Comparison of empty lacunae rate among groups *P<0.05

图 3

2.1.6. 免疫组织化学染色观测

镜下观察示,正常对照组:骨小梁表面及骨髓间质内的成骨细胞中OCN、OPN及Runx2呈强阳性表达,染色深且分布广泛;破骨细胞标志物RANKL呈弱阳性表达,染色较浅。ONFH组:与正常对照组相比,OCN、OPN及Runx2阳性着色显著变浅,阳性细胞减少;而RANKL阳性染色范围及强度明显增加。干预组:成骨相关蛋白(OCN、OPN、Runx2)阳性表达较ONFH组进一步减弱,仅见少量散在淡黄色颗粒;RANKL阳性表达则较ONFH组更显著,染色呈深棕色。

定量分析示,正常对照组、ONFH组及干预组成骨标志物OCN、OPN及Runx2的AOD逐渐降低,破骨标志物RANKL逐渐增高,组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图4

图 4.

Immunohistochemical staining of femoral heads

免疫组织化学染色观测

a~d. OCN、OPN、Runx2、 RANKL镜下观察(×200) 从上至下分别为正常对照组、ONFH组、干预组;e~h. OCN、OPN、Runx2、RANKL定量分析 *P<0.05

a-d. Microscopic observation of OCN, OPN, Runx2, and RANKL (×200)  From left to right for normal control group, ONFH group, and intervention group, respectively; e-h. Quantitative analysis of OCN, OPN, Runx2, and RANKL, respectively *P<0.05

图 4

2.1.7. 炎症因子检测

与正常对照组相比,ONFH组TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β、IL-4、IL-10浓度均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预组上述因子浓度均较ONFH组降低,其中IL-1β、IL-6、IL-4差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);与正常对照组比较,除TNF-α外,其余上述因子差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图5

图 5.

Detection of serum inflammation-related cytokines levels

血清炎症因子水平检测

* P<0.05 a. IL-1β;b. IL-6;c. IL-10;d. TNF-α;e. IL-4

*P<0.05 a. IL-1β; b. IL-6; c. IL-10; d. TNF-α; e. IL-4

图 5

2.2. 细胞实验

与对照组相比,IL-33组成骨细胞减少、细胞增殖率降低;成骨细胞成骨功能受损,表现为茜素红及ALP染色阳性面积百分比降低(52.63%±5.12% vs 11.66%±2.34%;16.86%±2.03% vs 12.76%±1.85%);成骨标志物Runx2、Ⅰ型胶原、OPN、OCN mRNA相对表达量下调;上述指标组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

经ST2L阻断剂干预后,该抑制效应被有效逆转。IL-33+ST2L阻断组与IL-33组相比,细胞增殖率回升,茜素红及ALP染色阳性面积百分比升高(28.19%±3.56% vs 11.66%±2.34%;16.46%±1.92% vs 12.76%±1.85%),成骨标志物Runx2、Ⅰ型胶原、OPN及OCN mRNA相对表达量上调,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);与对照组相比,OCN与Ⅰ型胶原mRNA相对表达量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余指标仍未达对照组水平且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图68

图 6.

Observation of cell morphology and staining

细胞形态及染色观察

从左至右分别为对照组、IL-33组、IL-33+ST2L阻断组 a. 倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态(×100);b. 茜素红染色(上:×100;下:大体观察);c. ALP染色(×100)

From left to right for control group, IL-33 group, and IL-33+ST2L group, respectively a. Cell morphology observed under an inverted microscope (×100); b. Alizarin red staining (top: ×100; bottom: macroscopic view); c. ALP staining (×100)

图 6

图 8.

qPCR analysis of cells in each group

各组细胞实时定量PCR分析

* P<0.05 a. Runx2;b. Ⅰ型胶原;c. OCN;d. OPN

* P<0.05 a. Runx2; b. Collagen type Ⅰ; c. OCN; d. OPN

图 8

图 7.

Osteoblast proliferation rate in each group

各组成骨细胞增殖率

* P<0.05

* P<0.05

图 7

3. 讨论

ONFH是一种以骨细胞凋亡为特征的进展性疾病,最终导致髋关节功能障碍[28-29]。我们既往研究证实ONFH患者血浆IL-33水平显著升高,且与疾病严重程度成正相关[12]。IL-33作为IL-1细胞因子家族成员,在炎症与免疫应答中发挥关键作用[16, 30]。其结构包含N端核因子结构域、C端IL-1样结构域及中间连接区:核因子结构域赋予其参与核内转录调控的功能[1],而IL-1样结构域通过结合ST2受体激活Th2细胞等。在细胞生理性凋亡状态下,IL-33作为凋亡小体成分滞留于细胞内并被吞噬细胞降解;但在坏死状态下,IL-33被释放至胞外空间,触发周围组织炎症级联反应[8]

此前,关于IL-33在ONFH中发挥保护性或损害性作用一直存在争议[1131]。与Zheng等[11]在ONFH患者外周血中观察到的结果一致,我们在ONFH小鼠模型股骨头局部及血清中同样检测到IL-33高表达:免疫荧光染色、实时定量PCR及Western blot分析显示,ONFH小鼠股骨头IL-33荧光信号较正常对照组显著增强,且IL-33及其受体ST2L mRNA与蛋白水平均上调。为明确IL-33对骨稳态的影响及其在ONFH发病中的作用,我们进一步对ONFH小鼠模型给予外源性IL-33,结果显示IL-33的干预进一步加速骨细胞凋亡。矛盾的是,尽管IL-33对骨稳态产生负面影响,但同时抑制促炎因子的产生。我们认为该结果反映了IL-33在ONFH发生发展中的“双刃剑”作用。首先,骨微环境中升高的IL-33通过ST2信号促进巨噬细胞向M2表型极化[32],M2型巨噬细胞能抑制促炎因子产生和组织重塑,这解释了本研究中血清TNF-α、IL-6和IL-1β水平下降现象;但同时IL-33/ST2信号轴激活也能促使M2型巨噬细胞、2型固有淋巴细胞(ILC2s)及CD4+ T细胞分泌TGF-β[33-34]等促纤维化因子,加剧坏死股骨头纤维化进程,而纤维化又会物理性阻碍新生血管形成与骨基质沉积[1],本研究Masson染色结果也验证了上述结论。此外,本研究细胞实验提示IL-33还可通过ST2L受体直接抑制成骨细胞增殖、矿化和成骨相关基因(Runx2、OCN、OPN)表达,而ST2L阻断剂则可逆转这一过程。Saleh等[21]报道IL-33对成骨细胞存在自分泌/旁分泌调控,在生理状态下可能参与骨稳态维持。本研究基于激素性ONFH小鼠模型首次证实在炎性应激环境和高浓度IL-33环境下,这种调控表现为抑制性效应。IL-33不仅抑制成骨细胞的增殖和分化,还促进其凋亡。这种直接抑制效应与纤维化机制协同作用,主导了病理进程,从而掩盖了IL-33(可能涉及M2型巨噬细胞极化)降低促炎因子的抗炎获益。阻断了骨再生途径,最终形成“IL-33升高-骨组织损伤加重-IL-33进一步释放”的恶性循环。这也解释了ONFH晚期患者IL-33水平更高且预后更差,也提示IL-33可能作为评估疾病进展和预后的生物标志物。

但本研究未探讨IL-33对破骨细胞的影响。现有研究存在矛盾:部分研究显示IL-33可通过上调RANKL的表达促进破骨细胞生成[16-17, 35-36];也有研究表明,IL-33可抑制RANKL及其下游NFATc1信号,同时诱导骨保护素表达进而抑制破骨细胞生成[19-21, 37-38]。这种差异可能源于实验模型或干预时机不同,需进一步验证。Teitelbaum[39]和Guder等[40]的研究发现,破骨细胞在不同分化阶段其促炎因子受体表达谱存在显著差异,导致对炎性刺激产生异质性应答,即早期破骨生成受抑制而成熟破骨细胞活性显著增强。未来研究需要系统评估IL-33对破骨细胞生成和功能的影响,以更全面地理解其在 ONFH 骨重塑失衡中的作用。

综上述,传统观点认为抑制炎症反应应该有利于组织修复[41-42],但本研究显示单纯降低促炎因子水平并不足以逆转骨坏死,因为IL-33同时激活了更强大的促纤维化和抗成骨通路。这提示针对ONFH的治疗策略不应仅关注抗炎,还需要同时阻断纤维化进程和保护成骨细胞功能。基于这些发现,靶向IL-33/ST2L信号轴可能成为ONFH治疗的新策略。一方面,ST2L抗体或小分子抑制剂可以阻断IL-33对成骨细胞的直接抑制作用,另一方面,抑制IL-33信号可能减轻病理性纤维化,为血管新生和成骨细胞迁移创造有利条件。值得注意的是,IL-33抑制剂(如CAN10)已在系统性硬化症等纤维化疾病中进入临床试验[43-44],其在ONFH中的应用前景值得进一步探索。此外,联合抗纤维化药物和促成骨药物可能产生协同效应,为ONFH的综合治疗提供了新思路。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经中日友好医院伦理委员会审批(2022-KY-057);动物使用许可证号:SYXK(京)2023-0001

作者贡献声明 马金辉:研究设计、统筹管理及经费支持;沈梦然:研究方案设计、初稿撰写;李宏旭、沈梦然、周宇:研究实施;李宏旭、刘浩洋:数据可视化、论文修订;高福强:数据分析;程立明、王佰亮、高福强:研究指导与实验资源支持

Funding Statement

中日友好医院“卓越·创新”人才培育计划基金资助(ZRZG2025-XY CO1);中央高水平医院临床业务费项目(2025-NHLHCRF-PY-02);国家自然科学基金资助项目(52373273);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(3332021088)

“Excellence and Innovation” Talent Cultivation Program of China-Japan Friendship Hospital (ZRZG2025-XY CO1); National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2025-NHLHCRF-PY-02); National Natural Science Foundation of China (52373273); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (3332021088)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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