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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Feb;40(2):204–210. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202508082

椎间孔镜与单侧双通道脊柱内镜治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症疗效比较

Effectiveness comparison of transforaminal endoscopy and unilateral biportal endoscopy for far lateral lumbar disc herniation

Jijiang ZHANG 1, Bo FENG 2, Zengmao XU 1, Lin TIAN 1, Guohua DAI 1, Kaiwei WANG 1, Peng HU 1,*
PMCID: PMC12948521  PMID: 41730727

Abstract

Objective

To compare the effectiveness of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) and unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE) discectomy in the treatment of far lateral lumbar disc herniation (FLLDH).

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 60 patients with FLLDH, who were admitted between September 2021 and September 2024 and met the selection criteria, including 30 cases treated with PTED and 30 cases with UBE discectomy. There was no significant difference in baseline data between the two groups (P>0.05), such as gender, age, body mass index, responsible segment, preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for low back/leg pain, and modified Oswestry disability index (ODI). The operation time, incision length, intraoperative blood loss, and length of hospital stay in two groups were recorded. The VAS score was used to evaluate the severity of low back and leg pain, and the ODI was employed to assess the spinal functional status. X-ray films combined with CT three-dimensional reconstruction and MRI were performed to confirm the nerve decompression effect and soft tissue repair status.

Results

All patients successfully underwent operation. In the PTED group, 1 patient experienced intolerable leg pain during the procedure, which was managed with potent analgesics allowing the operation to proceed uneventfully. In the UBE group, 1 patient developed peritoneal effusion postoperatively and required peritoneal puncture drainage. All incisions healed by first intention. The UBE group demonstrated significantly longer operation time and incision length, and more intraoperative blood loss compared to the PTED group (P<0.05). All patients were followed up for 12 months. After operation, both groups showed significant reductions in VAS scores for low back and leg pain as well as ODI compared to preoperative measurements, with continuous improvement over time. There were significant differences between different time points (P<0.05) in both groups. The VAS score for low back pain in the UBE group was significantly higher than that in the PTED group at 3 days after operation (P<0.05); there was no significantly between the two groups in other outcome indicators (P>0.05). Radiological re-examinations showed that both groups had limited resection of articular processes, adequate spinal canal decompression, good nerve root release, and satisfactory lumbar stability. No patients experienced incomplete decompression or required reoperation during follow-up.

Conclusion

Both PTED and UBE discectomy are effective minimally invasive approaches for FLLDH with confirmed short-term effectiveness. PTED offers advantages in reduced trauma and faster recovery, whereas UBE discectomy provides superior endoscopic visualization with lower nerve root injury risk.

Keywords: Transforaminal endoscopy, unilateral biportal endoscopy, far lateral lumbar disc herniation, minimally invasive treatment


1974年,Abdullah等[1]首次提出“极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症(far lateral lumbar disc herniation,FLLDH)”,主要指椎间盘突出物位于椎间孔内或孔外,压迫同节段出口神经根,引起腰背部或下肢放射性疼痛。据统计,所有腰椎间盘突出症患者中,FLLDH患者达6.5%~12%[2]。1996年,Reulen率先提出将经皮椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术(percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy,PTED)用于治疗FLLDH,近年来已被国际共识推荐为FLLDH经典治疗方案[3-5]。单侧双通道脊柱内镜(unilateral biportal endoscopy,UBE)技术自2017年由Heo提出后,因学习曲线平缓、可以应用开放器械高效操作,也被广泛应用于临床[6]。微创手术治疗FLLDH具有创伤小、术后恢复快、相关并发症少以及疗效确切等优点[7]。现回顾分析2021年9月—2024年9月采用PTED和UBE下椎间盘切除术治疗的FLLDH患者临床资料,比较两组疗效差异,讨论两种术式优势与不足,以期为临床选择恰当治疗方式提供参考。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:① 存在明确下肢放射性疼痛、麻木或肌力减退等症状,且症状与受压神经根支配区一致;② MRI或CT示腰椎间盘突出类型为极外侧型(椎间孔外、椎间孔内或混合型突出),压迫同节段神经根,且与临床症状相符;③ 经正规保守治疗无效或反复发作≥6周;④ 接受 PTED或UBE下腰椎间盘切除术;⑤ 术后随访达12个月且手术前后影像学资料完整。

排除标准:① 多节段突出伴腰椎不稳或滑脱;② 病变节段既往有手术史;③ 合并腰椎恶性肿瘤、结核、活动性感染等;④ 合并精神、神经疾病或认知功能障碍等。

2021年9月—2024年9月共60例FLLDH患者符合选择标准纳入研究,其中采用PTED、UBE手术各30例。两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、责任节段以及术前腰/腿痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、改良版Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

表 1.

Comparison of baseline data between the two groups (n=30)

两组基线资料比较(n=30)

基线资料
Baseline data
UBE组
UBE group
PTFD组
PTED group
统计值
Statistical value
P
P value
性别(男/女,例) 16/14 11/19 χ2=1.684 0.194
年龄(x±s,岁) 60.83±9.11 57.13±12.79 t=1.291 0.202
身体质量指数(x±s,kg/m2 23.66±2.55 23.36±1.99 t=0.500 0.619
责任节段(L2、3/L3、4/L4、5/L5、S1,例) 1/4/10/15 1/7/14/8 χ2=3.615 0.305
腰痛VAS评分(x±s 5.5±0.6 5.4±0.9 t=0.137 0.892
腿痛VAS评分(x±s 7.7±0.4 7.8±0.6 t=1.164 0.249
ODI(x±s,%) 76.0±3.7 74.2±8.9 t=1.023 0.311

1.2. 手术方式

两组手术均由同一名医师主刀完成。

1.2.1. PTED组

以右侧L4、5 FLLDH患者为例。患者取左侧卧位,于腰骶交界区域放置体位垫以充分暴露术野。C臂X线机透视下,首先确定责任椎间隙水平,选取棘突中线右侧8 cm处作为穿刺靶点。常规消毒、铺巾后,在影像引导下进行穿刺路径局部浸润麻醉,麻醉范围覆盖至关节突关节部位。完成麻醉后作约8 mm长皮肤切口,经皮置入导丝并置换逐级扩张套管系统(4~8 mm)进行软组织通道建立。通过系列骨钻精确磨除部分上关节突骨质以扩大椎间孔,透视确认骨钻头端正位位于椎弓根中外1/3区域(Ⅳ区),侧位指向靶点突出游离椎间盘。置入工作通道后连接影像系统,在持续生理盐水灌注下进行内镜操作。术中使用双极射频电极严格止血,转动工作套管,使其遮挡保护出口神经根。首先,于出口神经根腋下取出脱出的髓核组织并送病理检查;进一步退出套筒,探查出口神经根背侧及肩上,清理神经根周围增生组织,止血。嘱患者患侧下肢抬高、内旋、内收,镜下见神经根活动度、血管血运均良好,神经根腹侧、背侧、头尾端空间宽大,椎管内无活动性出血。最终退出内镜系统,缝合切口并包扎。

1.2.2. UBE组

以左侧L4、5 FLLDH患者为例。全身麻醉后,患者取俯卧位,腹部悬空,常规术区皮肤消毒、铺巾。首先,C臂X线机透视定位责任椎间隙。左侧棘突旁开4 cm(椎弓根投影外缘1 cm,视患者身体质量指数调整)、在L5上关节突尖部水平线两侧间距2~3 cm作2个纵切口,分别长约8 mm(观察通道)、10 mm(工作通道,尽量平对L4、5椎间隙)。切开深筋膜,以L4椎板峡部为中心,逐级套管扩张,扩张椎旁软组织通道,头侧通道置入内镜套管装置,尾侧置入半开放式套管装置,透视见半套管器械尖端与内窥镜套管末端汇合于椎板峡部外缘。分别置入内镜和镜下等离子电极,处理软组织,清晰显露L4峡部外缘、L4横突下缘及L5上关节突关节,高速磨钻配合椎板咬骨钳咬除部分L5上关节突尖部骨质、L4峡部外侧骨质及L4横突下缘部分骨质,切除横突间韧带后显露同节段出口神经根(L4神经根),松解粘连,取出突出的髓核组织并送病理检查,修复破裂纤维环,再次探查见神经根搏动良好、神经根通道通畅,减压满意。镜下彻底止血,依次关闭切口。

1.3. 术后处理

两组患者均接受标准化药物治疗方案,包括活血化瘀、脱水及神经营养药物。系统性实施下肢深静脉超声筛查,根据评估结果分层干预:对血栓风险评估中高危且尚未形成下肢深静脉血栓者应用间歇性充气加压装置机械预防,高危患者皮下注射低分子量肝素钙同时进行药物预防。

麻醉清醒后指导患者开始踝泵运动等双下肢训练,24 h后在硬质腰围保护下渐进性离床活动。康复期要求患者严格避免轴向旋转及前屈负重动作,同时实施Williams腰背肌训练方案。

1.4. 疗效评价指标

记录两组手术时间、切口长度、术中出血量以及住院时间。其中,术中出血量通过灌洗液动力学平衡法计算(总引流量减去灌洗量)。手术前后采用VAS评分评价腰、腿痛程度,ODI评估脊柱功能状态;取术前及术后3 d、3个月、12个月评分进行统计分析。术后摄腰椎动态位X线片,配合CT三维重建观察关节突关节切除情况及评估腰椎稳定性,同时行MRI检查明确神经减压效果及软组织修复状态。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS27.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,两组比较采用独立样本t检验;两组多时间点比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点间比较采用 Bonferroni 法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。计数资料以例数和百分比表示,组间比较采用四格表卡方或列联表卡方检验。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

两组患者均完成手术。PTED组1例术中下肢疼痛难以忍受,经给予强镇痛药物后手术顺利完成。UBE组1例术后发生腹腔积液,分析与术中冲洗液经腹膜后组织间隙进入腹腔有关,术后即刻行腹腔穿刺引流,患者无肾功能衰竭及神经损伤等并发症发生,顺利出院。所有患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。UBE组手术时间、切口长度及术中出血量均高于PTED组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组住院时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2

表 2.

Comparison of outcome indicators between the two groups (n=30, x±s)

两组结局指标比较(n=30,x±s

结局指标
Outcome indicator
UBE组
UBE group
PTED组
PTED group
效应值(95%CI
Effect value (95%CI)
P
P value
手术时间(min) 99.83±10.50 76.03±9.41 MD=23.80(18.64,28.96) <0.001
切口长度(mm) 20.70±3.22 7.93±1.01 MD=12.77(11.54,14.00) <0.001
术中出血量(mL) 60.97±5.45 19.67±4.32 MD=41.30(38.76,43.84) <0.001
住院时间(d) 5.80±1.67 5.23±1.14 MD=0.57(−0.17,1.31) 0.130

所有患者均获随访12个月。两组术后各时间点腰、腿痛VAS评分及ODI均较术前降低,且随时间推移持续改善,手术前后各时间点间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。组间比较:除术后3 d时UBE组腰痛VAS评分高于PTED组且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)外,其余时间点VAS评分及ODI组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见图1。术后影像学复查示两组关节突有限切除,椎管减压充分,神经根松解良好,腰椎稳定性良好,随访期间无减压不彻底或再次手术患者。见图23

图 1.

Change trends of pain and function scores in the two groups

两组疼痛及功能评分变化趋势

a. 腰痛VAS评分;b. 腿痛VAS评分;c. ODI

a. VAS score for low back pain; b. VAS score for leg pain; c. ODI

图 1

图 2.

A 70-year-old male patient with L4, 5 FLLDH in the UBE group

UBE组患者,男,70岁,L4、5 FLLDH

a、b. 术前MRI轴位及矢状位示椎间孔外及椎间孔内突出的椎间盘(箭头);c. 术中定位责任节段,向外显露L4峡部、L4横突下缘及L5上关节突;d. 术中摘除直径为2 cm的髓核组织;e. 术中镜下见神经根搏动及血管充盈良好,神经根腋下、肩上及腹、背侧均充分减压;f、g. 术后3 d MRI轴位及矢状位未见突出椎间盘(箭头); h. 术后3 d腰椎CT三维重建示上关节突尖部切除少量骨质(箭头); i. 术后12个月CT轴位未见突出椎间盘(箭头)

a, b. Preoperative axial and sagittal MRI showed that the herniated intervertebral disc outside and inside the intervertebral foramen (arrows); c. Intraoperative localization of the responsible segment, exposing the L4 pars interarticularis, the inferior border of the L4 transverse process, and the L5 superior articular process; d. A nucleus pulposus in diameter of 2 cm was removed during operation; e. During operation, good nerve root pulsation and vascular filling were observed, and adequate decompression was achieved for the nerve root at the axillary and shoulder regions, as well as on both vertal and dorsal sides; f, g. The axial and sagittal MRI at 3 days after operation showed that no herniated intervertebral disc was seen (arrow); h. CT three-dimensional reconstruction at 3 days after operation showed that a small amount of bone was removed from the tip of the superior articular process (arrow); i. Axial CT scan at 12 months after operation showed no evidence of recurrent disc herniation (arrow)

图 2

图 3.

A 49-year-old female patient with L4, 5 FLLDH in the PTED group

PTED组患者,女,49岁,L4、5 FLLDH

a、b. 术前MRI轴位及矢状位示椎间孔外区及椎间孔内突出的椎间盘(箭头);c. 术中定位责任节段,为L4、5右侧椎间孔区域;d. 术中摘除的髓核组织;e. 术中镜下见神经根搏动及血管充盈良好,无突出物压迫,神经根360° 充分减压;f、g. 术后3 d MRI轴位及矢状位未见突出椎间盘(箭头);h. 术后3 d腰椎CT三维重建示术侧小关节突保留,减压充分,骨质有限切除(箭头);i. 术后12个月CT轴位示未见突出椎间盘(箭头)

a, b. Preoperative axial and sagittal MRI showed that the herniated intervertebral disc outside and inside the intervertebral foramen (arrows); c. The responsible segment was located during operation, which was the right intervertebral foramen region of L4, 5; d. The nucleus pulposus was removed during operation; e. During operation, the nerve root pulsation and vascular filling were good, with no protrusion compressing the nerve root, and the nerve root was fully decompressed; f, g. The axial and sagittal MRI at 3 days after operation showed that no herniated intervertebral disc was seen (arrow); h. CT three-dimensional reconstruction at 3 days after operation showed that the facet joint on the operative side was preserved, decompression was sufficient, and limited bone resection was performed (arrow); i. Axial CT scan at 12 months after operation showed no evidence of recurrent disc herniation (arrow)

图 3

3. 讨论

FLLDH解剖定位于腰椎椎间孔区域,四周大多为骨性结构且空间有限,机械压迫及炎症刺激时神经刺激症状更显著[8-9]。传统开放术式包括经后路椎板及关节突切除、植骨融合内固定术、椎间孔切开术等,对周围软组织剥离范围广、椎板及关节突等骨性结构破坏大,术后患者可能存在较明显腰背部疼痛[4, 10]。近年来,多种微创技术应用于治疗FLLDH,PTED和UBE作为经典微创术式代表,在治疗FLLDH方面有其优势。

PTED优势包括:① 在局部麻醉下进行手术操作,术中可以与患者交流,手术安全性高。② 建立工作通道时对软组织损伤及骨质破坏较小,术后患者腰部疼痛较轻,腰椎稳定性通常不受影响[7]。尤其适合高龄、合并内科疾病难以耐受全身麻醉患者。但由于PTED在局部麻醉下进行,部分患者术中疼痛较重,手术过程体验不佳。例如巨大椎间盘突出的FLLDH患者,因为出口神经根常为“L”或倒“L”走行,术中常需翻转套筒显露出口神经根,患者常发生剧烈疼痛。混合型FLLDH行PTED时,我们通常将工作通道建立在椎间孔区(Ⅱ区),首先切除压迫行走神经根的髓核,然后将操作套筒退出椎间孔并向Ⅳ区滑动以探查出口神经根,此时患者可能会感到出口神经根支配区域剧烈疼痛,难以耐受者甚至放弃手术。钙化的椎间盘突出在切除减压时较为困难,也会引起明显神经刺激症状。此外,PTED的学习曲线较为陡峭,对于内镜经验不足的医师是较大挑战[11]

UBE下椎间盘切除术优势包括:全身麻醉下进行手术,患者术中体验感较好;操作逻辑类似开放手术,学习曲线相对平缓[12]。与PTED相比,UBE在减压不同侧别时存在操作差异,大部分术者为右利手,原则上操作通道切口应平对椎间隙,皮肤切口与深筋膜切口一致(便于冲洗液通畅流出,保持视野清晰),操作通道与矢状面夹角约35°。行右侧手术时,操作通道切口可以略偏向头侧,观察通道切口位于尾端2~3 cm(视患者肥胖程度、椎间隙高度、腰椎生理前凸调整)更便于操作。若切口过于靠近尾侧,右利手术者需进行“逆手”操作,增加操作难度。同理,行左侧手术时,操作通道切口宜平对椎间隙略偏向尾侧,观察通道切口位于头端2~3 cm更易操作。因为髂嵴的遮挡,手术节段为L5、S1时切口位置需略作调整,术者在左侧操作时,操作通道切口宜向内侧平移5~10 mm,以减少术中髂嵴对操作通道移动的限制;术者在右侧操作时,两个切口均向头侧平移5~10 mm,以减少术中髂嵴对观察通道移动的影响。上关节突切除范围是另一个值得讨论的问题,切除过多会造成腰椎不稳的并发症,切除过少会增加手术操作难度,影响减压效果。根据我们的手术经验,对于UBE手术而言,L5上关节突切除高度为1/3~2/3,此时在达到满意减压同时对腰椎稳定性影响较小。

本研究比较了PTED与UBE技术在治疗单节段FLLDH中的早期疗效,结果显示两组术后各时间点腰、腿痛VAS评分及ODI均较术前降低,且随时间推移持续改善,均能有效缓解症状。然而,在手术时间、切口长度及手术出血量方面,两者表现出一定差异[13]。与UBE组相比,PTED组术后3 d腰痛VAS评分更低,该差异可能与UBE术中需进行更广泛软组织剥离及更大范围骨质切除有关,这与多数研究趋势一致[14-15]。还有研究发现UBE 组术后3 d腿痛VAS评分较 PTED组明显下降,其指出PTED组通道的建立存在盲点,挤压造成的出口神经根损伤是术后腿痛主要原因[16],上述问题在本研究中并未发现。

有研究指出PTED处理L5、S1节段腰椎间盘突出症时存在局限性,患者髂嵴过高可能导致穿刺并发症[17-18]。本研究PTED组中,我们将工作通道外置并靠近棘突定位穿刺点,使穿刺角度更小。目标区域通常位于椎间孔外缘,工作套管尖端位于突出的髓核和受压神经的后内侧。同时,通过术中透视使初始工作套管位于下椎体后上缘,并在手术过程中将插管逐渐向上移动,有利于顺利去除突出组织[19]。此外,我们发现UBE技术不受髂嵴高度限制,更适用于高髂嵴患者。对于存在横突肥厚的患者,PTED穿刺也可能受阻,此类患者建议行UBE替代方案治疗[20]。UBE技术对于高位FLLDH也有其独特优势。上腰椎节段椎板较窄,小关节更垂直,UBE技术通过减少骨质的切除来最大限度保留腰椎稳定性,降低术后并发症发生率[21]。部分伴有严重神经症状的患者难以耐受侧卧位,或对穿刺通道建立过程中的疼痛敏感度高导致手术中止者,UBE技术在全身麻醉下的无痛操作优势成为理想选择[22]

术后并发症是临床医师关注重点,研究表明UBE术后并发症发生率约6.7%,硬膜撕裂、硬膜外血肿、减压不彻底及术后复发、医源性不稳定、神经系统并发症、假性脑膜膨出、腹腔积液、感染均有相关报道。本研究中UBE组1例出现腹腔积液,手术时间过长、水循环压力过高、射频刀功率过高损伤了椎旁肌、腰大肌及后腹膜都是可能导致其发生的原因。因此,我们应当注意,术中对横突及关节突周围减压时应在30 min内完成,避免术中长时间建立水下视野而造成腹腔积液,而且术中操作应远离腰大肌腹侧,避免损伤腰大肌及腹膜屏障。与UBE相比,PTED由于操作空间受限、椎间盘切除相对较少,复发率较高,文献报道复发率为0~6.9%[23]

综上述,UBE和PTED均是有效的脊柱微创术式,可明显改善FLLDH患者临床症状。PTED创伤更小,有利于术后恢复,且在术后早期腰痛症状较轻,但由于手术在局部麻醉下进行,患者术中可能出现剧烈疼痛,难以忍受者甚至放弃手术治疗。UBE术后复发率较低,处理复杂病例能力更强,且手术在全身麻醉下进行,患者体验感较佳。但是本研究为回顾性研究,存在样本选择偏倚,且样本量相对较小、随访时间较短,需要进一步大样本、多中心的前瞻性随机对照试验验证两种术式远期疗效及安全性。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究设计经滨州医学院附属医院科研伦理委员会批准(KYLL-2022-21)

作者贡献声明 张继桨:文献查询与文章撰写;冯波:研究设计及文章审校;徐增茂、田霖:数据收集整理、统计学分析;戴国华、王凯伟:文献检索、患者随访;胡鹏:手术实施、评估及文章审校

Funding Statement

山东省医药卫生科技发展计划项目(2017WS752);山东省中医药科技发展计划项目(2019-0498)

Medical and Health Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province (2017WS752); Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology Development Program of Shandong Province (2019-0498)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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