. 2026 Feb 4;26:490. doi: 10.1186/s12879-026-12598-y

Table 2.

Origin and distribution of C. parapsilosis complex isolates from clinical, environmental, and healthcare worker sources

Origin of the sample	Sample Type	Source of positive isolates: C. parapsilosis complex (n = 527)	% of Total Isolates	Collection details
Clinical n = 2180	Various Swabs (n = 428) includes samples from the following sites: axilla, groin, neck, scalp, vagina, ear, eye (tears/secretions), oral cavity, foot sole, interdigital spaces (hands/feet), and decubitus ulcer Respiratory Samples (n = 208) includes: bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (70), sputum (48), Nasal swabs (90) burn sites biopsies (n = 697) nails (n = 380) blood samples (n = 92) scalp (n = 35) neonatal skin swab (n = 190) diabetic foot ulcers (n = 150)	n = 510 burn wounds (165 isolates, 32.4%), onychomycosis (84 isolates, 16.5%), neonatal skin (47 isolates, 9.2%), diabetic foot ulcers (30 isolates, 5.9%), axillary regions (26 isolates, 5.1%), groin (24 isolates, 4.7%), sputum (23 isolates, 4.5%), blood (22 isolates, 4.3%), vaginal swabs (16 isolates, 3.1%), ear secretions (15 isolates, 2.9%), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (15 isolates,2.9%), mouth swabs (9 isolates, 1.8%), toe/finger web spaces (8 isolates, 1.6%), eye secretions and tears (6 isolates, 1.2%), decubitus ulcers (5 isolates, 1.0%), neck samples (5 isolates, 1.0%), nasal swabs (4 isolates, 0.8%), urine (3 isolates, 0.6%), the sole of the foot (2 isolates, 0.4%), scalp (1 isolate, 0.2%)	96.8%	Collected from patients admitted in hospitals across Iran
Environmental n = 330	Inanimate surfaces such as bed rails (78), cardiac monitors (60), ventilators (46), infusion pumps (28), dialysis devices (52), sinks (13), cabinets near patient beds (20), doorknobs (21), reusable breast pump sets (12)	n = 6 reusable breast pump sets (100%)	1.1%	Environmental samples were collected from hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
Healthcare workers’ hands n = 90	hand swabs from nurses	n = 11 6 were obtained from ICU/NICU staff, 4 from outpatient clinic nurses, and 1 from a home care nurse	2.1%	Collected from healthcare workers in hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences during regular work shifts, prior hand hygiene

Origin of the sample

Sample Type

Source of positive isolates: C. parapsilosis complex
(n = 527)

% of Total Isolates

Collection details

Clinical

n = 2180

Various Swabs (n = 428) includes samples from the following sites: axilla, groin, neck, scalp, vagina, ear, eye (tears/secretions), oral cavity, foot sole, interdigital spaces (hands/feet), and decubitus ulcer

Respiratory Samples (n = 208) includes: bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (70), sputum (48), Nasal swabs (90)

burn sites biopsies (n = 697)

nails (n = 380)

blood samples

(n = 92)

scalp (n = 35)

neonatal skin swab (n = 190)

diabetic foot ulcers (n = 150)

n = 510

burn wounds (165 isolates, 32.4%), onychomycosis (84 isolates, 16.5%), neonatal skin (47 isolates, 9.2%), diabetic foot ulcers (30 isolates, 5.9%), axillary regions (26 isolates, 5.1%), groin (24 isolates, 4.7%), sputum (23 isolates, 4.5%), blood (22 isolates, 4.3%), vaginal swabs (16 isolates, 3.1%), ear secretions (15 isolates, 2.9%), bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples (15 isolates,2.9%), mouth swabs (9 isolates, 1.8%), toe/finger web spaces (8 isolates, 1.6%), eye secretions and tears (6 isolates, 1.2%), decubitus ulcers (5 isolates, 1.0%), neck samples (5 isolates, 1.0%), nasal swabs (4 isolates, 0.8%), urine (3 isolates, 0.6%), the sole of the foot (2 isolates, 0.4%), scalp (1 isolate, 0.2%)

96.8%

Collected from patients admitted

in hospitals across Iran

Environmental

n = 330

Inanimate surfaces such as bed rails (78), cardiac monitors (60), ventilators (46), infusion pumps (28), dialysis devices (52), sinks (13), cabinets near patient beds (20), doorknobs (21), reusable breast pump sets (12)

n = 6

reusable breast pump sets (100%)

1.1%

Environmental samples

were collected from

hospitals affiliated with

Mazandaran University

of Medical Sciences.

Healthcare workers’ hands

n = 90

hand swabs from

nurses

n = 11

6 were obtained from ICU/NICU staff, 4 from outpatient clinic nurses, and 1 from a home care nurse

2.1%

Collected from healthcare

workers in hospitals affiliated

with Mazandaran University

of Medical Sciences

during regular work shifts, prior hand hygiene