Association Between Dietary Tea Consumption and Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

ABSTRACT

Background

Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a significant global health concern linked with metabolic syndrome, affecting approximately 25% of the global population. It leads to severe liver complications and has limited effective pharmacological treatments. Tea, known for its bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, has been suggested to potentially mitigate NAFLD through antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and lipid‐lowering effects. This systematic review assessed the association between Dietary Tea Consumption and NAFLD.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search across PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, including all literature up to July 1, 2025. We included studies examining the impact of tea consumption on adults diagnosed with NAFLD. Data were synthesized using random‐effects meta‐analysis, with heterogeneity assessed by I² and Cochran's Q tests. Statistical analysis was performed in R software version 4.4.

Results

Out of 5461 records screened, 15 studies that met the inclusion criteria comprising 1,398,936 participants. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for tea consumption associated with NAFLD risk was 0.782 (95% CI: 0.549–1.113), indicating a non‐significant association. Significant heterogeneity (I² = 84%) was observed. However, hazard ratios (HR) for tea consumption showed a protective effect with a pooled HR of 0.855 (95% CI: 0.815–0.896), suggesting a beneficial association with reduced NAFLD risk. Cross‐sectional studies also showed a protective effect (OR: 0.628; 95% CI: 0.420–0.939).

Conclusion

Tea consumption maybe associated with and reduced NAFLD. Further research is needed to clarify these findings and to establish evidence‐based dietary recommendations for NAFLD management, considering the global prevalence and health burden of the disease.

1. Introduction

Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent and progressive liver disease characterized by excessive lipid accumulation within hepatocytes, independent of excessive alcohol consumption or other identifiable causes [1, 2]. Affecting approximately 25% of the global population, NAFLD has emerged as a leading cause of liver‐related morbidity and mortality worldwide, placing a substantial burden on public health systems [3, 4]. This condition is closely linked with metabolic syndrome, which includes disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, further exacerbating the disease burden [5]. Due to its potential to progress to more severe hepatic complications, including non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, and because of limited pharmacological options, NAFLD has become an increasingly urgent public health concern [6, 7].

Current NAFLD management relies heavily on lifestyle modifications, including dietary adjustments, weight control, and increased physical activity, as pharmacological interventions remain largely ineffective or insufficient [8, 9]. However, recent research has focused on the role of nutraceuticals, foods with medicinal properties, as promising preventive or therapeutic agents for NAFLD. Among these, tea a globally popular beverage, is of particular interest due to its rich composition of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, which exhibit antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and lipid‐lowering effects [10]. These properties suggest that tea might hold potential for ameliorating NAFLD, primarily by mitigating oxidative stress, enhancing metabolic function, and improving hepatic fat metabolism [1, 6].

While there is promising evidence linking tea consumption to positive health outcomes across a range of metabolic conditions, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cognitive function, the association between tea and NAFLD remains inconsistent [11, 12]. Certain studies have observed that regular tea consumption may contribute to reductions in hepatic steatosis, lowered liver enzyme levels, and mitigated liver fibrosis. For example, green tea has been particularly noted for its ability to decrease insulin resistance and hepatic fat accumulation, mechanisms central to NAFLD pathogenesis [3]. However, many of these findings are derived from small‐scale clinical trials or region‐specific studies, often limiting the generalizability of the results. A cross‐sectional study in China, for instance, found no significant association between daily tea consumption and newly diagnosed NAFLD, underscoring the need for further comprehensive research to establish a clearer connection [11].

Recent research highlights how tea bioactives and fermentation mitigate NAFLD via the gut‐liver axis [13, 14, 15, 16]. Fu brick tea remodels gut microbiota and suppresses hepatic Kupffer cell activation to reduce inflammation. Large‐leaf Yellow Tea Polysaccharides inhibit cholesterol accumulation by modulating microbiota to activate the hepatic FXR‐SHP pathway. The role of fermentation was further elucidated by Guo et al. (2025) and Zeng et al. (2023), who demonstrated that Aspergillus cristatus fermentation optimizes Tea Exosome‐Like Nanoparticles (TELNs) and alters flavonoid profiles, thereby enhancing anti‐inflammatory and lipid‐lowering efficacy. These studies confirm tea's hepatoprotective effects are mediated through prebiotic modulation and metabolic changes.

The complex pathogenesis of NAFLD, which involves a multifactorial interplay of metabolic dysregulation, immune response, and gut microbiota imbalances, further complicates efforts to delineate the impact of individual dietary components on this condition. The “multi‐hit” hypothesis for NAFLD pathogenesis proposes that factors such as obesity, insulin resistance, gut dysbiosis, and systemic inflammation interact to promote lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and immune dysfunction within the liver [2, 4]. Given tea's rich composition of bioactive compounds such as catechins, flavonoids, and polyphenols, researchers propose that tea may act on multiple NAFLD‐related pathways simultaneously, offering a more holistic approach to managing the disease. This potential has been supported by population‐based studies that link diets high in flavonoids to reduced risks of metabolic disorders, further highlighting the potential of tea as part of an integrative approach to liver health [8, 12].

Despite these potential benefits, research on tea's protective effects against NAFLD is often limited by methodological challenges, including observational designs susceptible to reverse causality and confounding factors, making it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about causality [1]. Such limitations highlight the necessity of conducting a systematic review and meta‐analysis to comprehensively evaluate the association between tea consumption and NAFLD risk. Synthesizing evidence from diverse studies could offer a clearer understanding of how various types of tea and their bioactive components influence the development and progression of NAFLD.

The current systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to address these research gaps by examining the relationship between dietary tea consumption and NAFLD. By consolidating data from multiple studies, we aim to provide robust evidence on the hepato‐protective potential of tea and to develop evidence‐based recommendations for incorporating tea into lifestyle‐based NAFLD management strategies. Given tea's widespread availability, affordability, and popularity, understanding its role in liver health could have far‐reaching implications for public health strategies aimed at combating NAFLD.

2. Method

2.1. Study Design

This review and meta‐analysis followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Supporting Information S1: Table S1). The protocol for this study has been officially registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO: CRD42024608540).

2.2. Search Strategy

We conducted an extensive search across electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, encompassing all literature from the inception of each database up to July 1, 2025. Our search strategy utilized a combination of controlled vocabulary (e.g., MeSH terms) and free‐text keywords to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant studies. The search terms included: (“Non‐alcoholic fatty liver” OR “NAFLD” OR “Fatty liver” OR “Liver disease” OR “Liver steatosis” OR “Hepatic steatosis”) AND (“Tea” OR “Green Tea” OR “Black Tea”), with Boolean operators applied to refine the search results. To maximize relevant inclusions, the search was not restricted by language or publication type. Details of the search strategy are provided in Supporting Information S1: Table S2.

2.3. Eligibility Criteria

Inclusion criteria were established to ensure the selection of relevant and high‐quality research. Eligible studies included adult participants (18 years and older) diagnosed with NAFLD. Studies needed to specifically examine the impact of tea consumption on NAFLD and could include observational designs (cohort, case‐control) or clinical trials where tea consumption was a measured variable. All types of tea (e.g., green, black, oolong, herbal) were considered.

Exclusion criteria ruled out studies involving participants under 18 years old or those diagnosed with other liver diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or autoimmune liver diseases. Studies that did not clearly differentiate tea types or mixed tea consumption with other dietary interventions without segmented data analysis were also excluded. Additionally, case reports, editorials, opinion pieces, and reviews were not eligible for data extraction and were used only for background information. Only articles published in English were included to focus on recent and accessible literature.

2.4. Screening

Screening was conducted using Nested‐Knowledge software, starting with the elimination of duplicate entries to refine the initial dataset [17]. This software supported the initial screening of titles and abstracts, helping to identify studies for further evaluation. Full‐text articles were subsequently reviewed by multiple reviewers to confirm eligibility according to the study criteria. Any disagreements between reviewers were resolved through discussion or, if needed, by consulting a third reviewer. This approach integrated automated and manual screening methods to ensure comprehensive and accurate selection, with each stage and decision meticulously documented.

2.5. Data Extraction and Risk of Bias Assessment

Data extraction was conducted independently by two reviewers using a standardized form to ensure uniformity. Extracted details included study identifiers, such as the country, publication year, and lead author, along with specific study data, including location, sample size, study design, and primary population characteristics (e.g., age, gender distribution). Statistical outcomes, such as odds ratios (ORs), hazard ratios (HRs), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were documented [18]. Any discrepancies were resolved through consensus or, if necessary, by consulting a third reviewer. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS), evaluating participant selection, group comparability, and the ascertainment of exposure and outcomes [17].

2.6. Data Synthesis and Statistical Analysis

Data were synthesized using a random‐effects meta‐analysis to account for possible differences across studies. The primary outcomes evaluated included pooled ORs and HRs associated with dietary tea consumption in individuals diagnosed with NAFLD. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic and Cochran's Q test, with I² values over 75% indicating significant heterogeneity. Statistical significance was defined as a p‐value below 0.05 [19, 20]. All analyses were conducted using R software, version 4.4 [20, 21].

3. Results

3.1. Study Selection

The initial database search yielded 5461 records: 453 from PubMed, 3020 from Embase, and 1988 from Web of Science. Removal of 1066 duplicate records left 4371 for title and abstract screening. Of these, 4235 were excluded as they did not satisfy the inclusion criteria based on their titles and abstracts. A total of 136 articles underwent full‐text review for eligibility, resulting in further exclusions: 35 for not focusing on the research outcomes, 29 were reviews, 30 were irrelevant, and 27 were case reports. Ultimately, 15 studies [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 22, 23, 24, 25] were selected for inclusion in the systematic review and meta‐analysis (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

PRISMA flowchart depicting article selection and screening process.

3.2. Study Characteristics

The included studies (Table 1) investigated the association between tea consumption and the risk of NAFLD across diverse geographical locations, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, China, Japan, Thailand, the United States, Finland, Morocco, and Iran, involving a combined sample size of 1,398,936 participants. The studies employed a range of designs‐ eight cross‐sectional, four prospective cohorts, two case‐control, two Mendelian randomizations, and one retrospective cohort‐ providing a mix of observational and genetic insights into tea's effects on NAFLD risk. Participant ages spanned from young adults to the elderly, with specific groups including the general population, individuals with metabolic syndrome, and those with T2DM, enabling a comprehensive analysis across varied health contexts. The quality assessment of the studies is given in Supporting Information S1: Table S3.

Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Country	Study design	Population	Age	Total sample size	Effect size for NAFLD
Alferink 2017 [7]	The Netherlands	Cross‐sectional	General population, residents of Rotterdam	66.5 ± 7.4	2424	Total tea; OR: 0.74 (0.54–1.03), Herbal; OR: 1.03 (0.82–1.29), Green; OR: 0.91 (0.71–1.15), Black; OR: 0.86 (0.70–1.06)
Bell 2024 [6]	UK	Prospective Cohort	The UK Biobank is a prospective cohort in the United Kingdom	40–69	121064	High intake Tea HR: 0.86 (0.72, 1.02)
Guo 2022 [12]	UK	Prospective Cohort	Participants from the UK Biobank	56.73 ± 8.1	372492	HR: 0.85 (0.77–0.9)
Huang 2023 [5]	China	Cross‐sectional	Adults from Guangdong Province, China, who had lived in their residence for at least 5 years	43.17 ± 12.17	2605	OR: 0.856 (0.808–0.907)
Huo 2021 [22]	China	Prospective cohort	Adults from the Jinchang cohort who did not have fatty liver at the baseline and met the inclusion criteria	NA	20051	Current drinking; HR: 0.86 (0.78–0.94); Previous drinking; HR: 0.52 (0.31–0.86)
Imatoh 2015 [4]	Japan	Cross‐sectional	Japanese male workers	Non‐steatosis; 48.4 ± 10.0; Steatosis; 48.7 ± 9.3	1059	Green tea; OR: 1.16 (0.77–1.74)
Kositamongkol 2024 [9]	Thailand	Cross‐sectional	Adult patients with metabolic syndrome	61 ± 11	505	OR: 0.82 (0.21, 3.20)
Liu 2024 [11]	USA	Mendelian randomization	NAFLD participants from the NHANES database	47.9 ± 2.5	22557	Green Tea‐ OR: 0.84 (0.43–1.66), Black Tea‐ OR: 0.69 (0.50–0.93), Other tea‐ OR: 0.97 (0.53–1.82)
Lu 2024 [23]	UK & Finland	Mendelian randomization	Individuals of European descent from the UK Biobank and FinnGen database.	NA	824762	OR: 1.48 (0.64–3.43)
Nadi 2023 [2]	Morocco	Case–control	Patients with NAFLD and were at least 18‐year‐old	NAFLD ‐ 50.52 ± 15.39; Control ‐ 45.96 ± 15.51	157	Green tea; OR: 1.02 (0.80; 1.3)
Peng 2009 [24]	China	Hospital‐based case‐control	Patients with NAFLD and controls without NAFLD	NA	1210	OR: 0.72
Peng 2021 [8]	China	Retrospective Cohort	Patients at The First People's Hospital of Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.	18 ‐ 70	1068	OR: 1.313 (1.028–1.677)
Soleimani 2019 [10]	Iran	Cross‐Sectional	Subjects with NAFLD	Non fibrosis: 39.06 ± 13.27; Fibrosis: 39.69 ± 12.81	170	OR: 0.38 (0.17–0.71)
Wu 2024 [1]	China	Cross‐Sectional	Chinese adult citizens and had lived in their current residence for ≥ 5 years	41.5 ± 13.3	7388	OR: 0.48 (0.09–2.68)
Yang 2020 [25]	China	Cross‐Sectional	T2DM patients free of major CVD	53.47 ± 11.84	1013	Green Tea; Men‐OR: 2.18 (1.23–3.86), Women‐ OR: 0.76 (0.39–1.47)

Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; FinnGen, Finnish Genetic Database (FinnGen Study); HR, hazard ratio; NA, not available; NAFLD, non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, odds ratio; T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; UK, United Kingdom; USA, United States of America.

3.3. Association of Dietary Tea Consumption and NAFLD

A meta‐analysis of the 15 studies showed a pooled OR of 0.782 (95% CI: 0.549–1.113), p = 0.17, showing a non‐significant association between tea consumption and a reduced risk of NAFLD. Significant heterogeneity was observed among the studies, with an I² of 84% (τ² = 0.1622, p < 0.01), indicating substantial variability in study outcomes (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Meta‐analysis of pooled OR showing the association of Tea with NAFLD.

In a subgroup analysis by study design, cross‐sectional studies yielded a pooled OR of 0.628 (95% CI: 0.420–0.939), p = 0.023. Mendelian randomization studies showed a pooled OR of 1.045 (95% CI: 0.582–1.876), p = 0.883, and the case‐control study reported an OR of 1.313 (95% CI: 0.949–1.816), p = 0.100. The test for subgroup differences was significant (χ² = 7.85, df = 2, p = 0.02), indicating that study design contributes to the observed heterogeneity (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Subgroup meta‐analysis of pooled OR showing the association of Tea with NAFLD.

A meta‐analysis of the studies reporting HR for tea consumption showed a pooled HR of 0.855 (95% CI: 0.815–0.896), p < 0.001, indicating a significant association between tea consumption and a reduced risk of NAFLD. Heterogeneity among the studies was negligible, with an I² of 0% (τ² = 0, p = 0.97), suggesting minimal variability in outcomes across studies. This consistency indicates a robust protective effect of tea consumption on NAFLD risk, as observed across different cohorts with similar findings (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Meta‐analysis of pooled HR showing the association of Tea with NAFLD.

3.4. Association of Green Tea Consumption and NAFLD

A meta‐analysis of the studies assessing green tea consumption showed a pooled OR of 0.960 (95% CI: 0.830–1.110), p = 0.528, suggesting no statistically significant association between green tea intake and the risk of NAFLD. Heterogeneity was low among the studies, with an I² of 0% (τ² < 0.0001, p = 0.63), indicating minimal variability in study outcomes. This consistency across studies suggests that green tea's effect on NAFLD risk may be limited or negligible, with similar results observed across various study designs and populations (Figure 5).

Figure 5.

Meta‐analysis of pooled OR showing the association of Green Tea with NAFLD.

In a subgroup analysis for green tea by study design, cross‐sectional studies yielded a pooled OR of 0.948 (95% CI: 0.776–1.159), p = 0.602, Mendelian randomization studies showed an OR of 0.840 (95% CI: 0.454–1.554), p = 0.579, and the case‐control study reported an OR of 1.020 (95% CI: 0.794–1.310), p = 0.877. The test for subgroup differences was not significant (χ² = 0.46, df = 3, p = 0.93), further supporting the conclusion of limited heterogeneity and consistent findings across study designs (Figure 6).

Figure 6.

Subgroup meta‐analysis of pooled OR showing the association of Green Tea with NAFLD.

4. Discussion

This systematic review and meta‐analysis provide valuable insights into the relationship between tea consumption and the risk of non‐alcoholic NAFLD. Despite tea's well‐documented bioactive properties, the overall association between tea consumption and NAFLD risk was found to be non‐significant, as indicated by a pooled OR of 0.782 (95% CI: 0.549–1.113). However, the studies that reported HR demonstrated a significant protective effect of tea consumption on NAFLD risk (pooled HR = 0.855, 95% CI: 0.815–0.896). Additionally, cross‐sectional studies also demonstrated a protective effect.

One key contributor to the observed heterogeneity is the diversity in study designs. This variability may reflect differences in study design biases, such as reverse causality in cross‐sectional studies or potential confounding in observational research. The absence of significant associations in Mendelian randomization studies suggests that the protective effect of tea may be less robust when accounting for genetic predispositions to NAFLD. While the overall findings are encouraging, subgroup analyses have pointed to certain limitations, particularly biases inherent in cross‐sectional studies. Cross‐sectional designs capture associations at single points in time, potentially exaggerating correlations due to uncontrolled confounding factors or reverse causation. For instance, individuals at risk for liver disease might increase tea consumption as a preventive measure, which could inflate the association between tea and reduced NAFLD risk. Furthermore, despite the positive findings for tea consumption in general, the meta‐analysis did not reveal a significant association between green tea specifically and NAFLD reduction, with a pooled odds ratio of 0.960. This finding suggests that the protective effects associated with tea may not extend universally to all types, highlighting green tea as an area requiring further investigation.

These findings align with earlier research, including that of Marventano et al. [26], which documented an inverse relationship between tea and coffee consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome, a common precursor to NAFLD. Building on these insights, further research is essential to clarify the mechanisms through which tea may support liver health and to identify which populations might benefit most from tea consumption as a preventative strategy against NAFLD [19].

The proposed biological mechanisms underlying tea's benefits for liver health are mainly attributed to its high polyphenol content, especially catechins and flavonoids. These compounds are recognized for their anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid‐modulating properties, which are consistent with current understandings of NAFLD pathogenesis, where oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, and chronic inflammation play crucial roles. For example, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a prominent polyphenol in green tea, has been shown to reduce levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF‐α and IL‐6 [27], thereby helping to mitigate the hepatic inflammation associated with NAFLD. Additionally, these antioxidants neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation—key contributors to liver cell injury and fibrosis in NAFLD [28].

Despite these observed benefits, the wide variation in study designs and populations complicates the generalization of findings across broader contexts. Most of the included studies are cross‐sectional, which limits causal inferences, as reverse causation is a possibility—individuals at risk for liver disease might increase tea consumption, potentially exaggerating the association. Longitudinal studies, which track dietary habits and liver health over time, would provide a more robust framework for establishing causality.

The studies analysed in this review span diverse populations, genetic backgrounds, and geographical regions, highlighting considerable variation in metabolic and physiological responses to tea consumption. For instance, individuals with genetic variations in caffeine metabolism may exhibit differing levels of bioavailability and efficacy from tea polyphenols [29]. Such genetic differences, combined with lifestyle factors like diet and physical activity, further complicate the interpretation of findings across regions [30].

Additionally, the types of tea and their preparation methods analysed in these studies varied, including green, black, and oolong teas, each with unique bioactive compound profiles. For instance, green tea is particularly rich in EGCG, known for its strong anti‐inflammatory effects, while black tea contains theaflavins with distinct biological properties. The lack of standardization in tea types, preparation methods, and additives such as milk or sugar limits the comparability of findings and may impact the polyphenolic content and overall health effects of tea consumption [7, 11, 31].

Given the rising prevalence of NAFLD globally, non‐pharmacological interventions like tea consumption are attractive due to their accessibility and minimal side effects. Healthcare practitioners may consider recommending moderate tea consumption to those at risk for NAFLD, though individualized health profiles and dietary habits should inform these recommendations. Public health campaigns might benefit from integrating tea consumption into messaging aimed at promoting liver health, particularly in areas with high NAFLD prevalence. Emphasizing the potential benefits of tea within a balanced diet, alongside complementary practices such as regular physical activity, could serve as a cost‐effective strategy for reducing liver disease risk [32, 33].

While the current findings highlight the hepato‐protective potential of tea, it is crucial to interpret these results within the context of moderation, as excessive consumption may precipitate adverse health outcomes. Although tea polyphenols are widely recognized for their antioxidant properties, they can exhibit pro‐oxidant activities when consumed at supra‐physiological concentrations. Specifically, high doses of catechins, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) often found in concentrated supplements or through excessive dietary intake have been linked to hepatotoxicity via mechanisms involving mitochondrial injury and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [33, 34]. Beyond the liver, overconsumption can negatively impact other organ systems; the cumulative caffeine intake may induce cardiovascular and neurological disturbances, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and insomnia, which can be counterproductive in patients with metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, the high tannin content in strong tea can chelate dietary non‐heme iron, potentially leading to iron deficiency anemia. Therefore, clinical recommendations should emphasize tea as a moderate lifestyle adjunct rather than a high‐dose therapeutic intervention to maximize benefits while minimizing the risk of toxicity.

However, the promising findings of this meta‐analysis should be interpreted cautiously due to the observational nature of most included studies, which are susceptible to confounding variables. To confirm the potential causal relationship between tea consumption and NAFLD risk reduction, additional longitudinal studies and randomized controlled trials are required. These studies would also help determine optimal dosages, consumption frequencies, and tea types for liver health benefits. Additionally, investigating the effects of different tea preparations on polyphenol bioavailability could inform standardized consumption guidelines.

Future research should prioritize identifying specific polyphenols that contribute most significantly to tea's hepato‐protective effects and examining their impacts on lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation. Such findings would provide valuable insights for clinical applications and support the development of evidence‐based recommendations for tea consumption as a preventive strategy against NAFLD.

5. Conclusion

This meta‐analysis suggests a potential protective role of tea consumption in reducing NAFLD risk, with mechanisms involving anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and lipid‐modulating properties. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity across study designs and populations underscores the need for further research. Tea consumption could serve as part of a broader dietary strategy for NAFLD prevention, especially in high‐risk populations, but individualized recommendations are crucial. The findings reinforce the importance of dietary choices in managing chronic diseases, highlighting the need for accessible, evidence‐based strategies in promoting liver health.

Author Contributions

Amogh Verma: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing – original draft, supervision. Ranjana Sah: data curation, investigation, validation, writing – review and editing. Rachana Mehta: literature search, risk of bias assessment, visualization, writing – review and editing.

Funding

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

Ethics Statement

The authors have nothing to report.

Consent

The authors have nothing to report.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Transparency Statement

The lead author Amogh Verma affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.

Supporting information

Supplementary Materials.docx.

Data Availability Statement

The data is available with manuscript and supporting materials.