Multinary tellurates as energy storage materials

Titus Masese; Godwill Mbiti Kanyolo

doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.114936

. 2026 Feb 9;29(3):114936. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.114936

Multinary tellurates as energy storage materials

Titus Masese ^1,^2,^3,^∗, Godwill Mbiti Kanyolo ^1,^3,^∗∗

PMCID: PMC12973002 PMID: 41816307

Summary

Multinary tellurates, particularly those with quaternary and ternary compositions, form a unique group of compounds known for their diverse structural frameworks and notable electrochemical properties. This review brings together current knowledge about these materials, organizing them based on their main mobile cation families (namely, alkali, alkaline-earth, and coinage metals) and highlighting their promise in energy storage applications and beyond. Beyond simply reviewing these material classes, it also suggests future research directions aimed at establishing multinary tellurates as versatile functional materials in the swiftly evolving field of next-generation energy storage and related technologies.

Subject areas: Applied sciences, Energy storage

Graphical abstract

Applied sciences; Energy storage

Introduction

The growing global need for advanced energy storage materials has sparked extensive research into complex oxides with remarkable physicochemical properties and adaptable crystal frameworks. In this context, multinary tellurates, especially those featuring quaternary and ternary compositions, have garnered traction as distinctive compounds with diverse crystal structures¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶^,⁷^,⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹^,¹² and compelling electrochemical properties.¹³^,¹⁴^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²⁰^,²¹^,²²^,²³^,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸^,²⁹^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,³⁸^,³⁹^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁷^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁵⁴^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁶^,⁵⁷^,⁵⁸^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁰^,⁶¹^,⁶²^,⁶³ Particularly, incorporating highly valent cations such as Te⁶⁺ into a TeO₆ octahedral structural framework imparts strong covalent bonding and robust metal-oxygen interactions,²¹ significantly improving chemical and thermal stability as well as structural integrity during electrochemical processes.²¹^,⁶⁴^,⁶⁵^,⁶⁶ Unlike binary tellurates, these multinary variants offer precise control over crystal geometry, electronic band structures, and dynamic cation migration pathways through tailored cation substitution and architectural design. These features position multinary tellurates as promising candidates for next-generation energy storage materials with tunable functional properties.

Alkali-based multinary tellurates (e.g., Li₄NiTeO₆, Na₂Ni₂TeO₆, and K₂Ni₂TeO₆) have been pursued as positive electrode materials¹³^,¹⁴^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,¹⁹^,²⁰^,²¹^,²²^,²³^,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,³⁹^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵²^,⁵³ particularly due to their layered-framework structures that facilitate the reversible intercalation of Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺ ions while maintaining high-voltage performance, which is largely attributed to strong Te-O covalent bonding.²¹ The introduction of mixed-alkali tellurate compositions (such as NaKNi₂TeO₆) further enhances structural flexibility,³⁹^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁸ facilitating the optimization of ion transport properties and improving phase stability. Beyond alkali and alkaline-earth systems, multinary tellurates containing dynamic coinage-metal cations such as Cu⁺ and Ag⁺ open up new possibilities for crystal design,¹⁴^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁹^,⁴⁴^,⁶² offering rapid ion conduction within stable frameworks. These features enable their feasible application as ionic conductors in solid-state battery technologies,¹⁵^,⁴⁴^,⁶² expanding the functional versatility of tellurates as advanced energy storage materials.

Figure 1 illustrates the extensive compositional and structural variety exhibited by most quaternary and ternary tellurates. Notably, tellurates with chemical formulae such as A⁺₂M²⁺₂Te⁶⁺O₆ (or equivalently as A⁺_2/3M²⁺_2/3Te⁶⁺_1/3O₂), where A represents a mobile cation such as Li, Na, or K, and M denotes either a transition metal ion (e.g., Ni, Co, Cu, Zn) or an alkaline-earth metal (e.g., Mg), as well as A⁺₄M²⁺Te⁶⁺O₆ (A⁺_4/3M²⁺_1/3Te⁶⁺_1/3O₂) have been explored as both positive electrode and solid electrolyte materials in energy storage systems.¹³^,¹⁴^,²⁰^,²¹^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸^,²⁹^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁰ For example, honeycomb-layered Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ has been assessed as a high-voltage positive electrode for sodium-ion batteries,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ while honeycomb-layered Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ and Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ have been studied for their fast sodium-ion conduction properties in solid-state electrolytes.²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁰ Transmission electron microscopy images presented in Figure 2 reveal the honeycomb-layered architectures of A⁺₂Ni²⁺₂Te⁶⁺O₆ (with A = Na, K, Cu),²⁷^,⁴⁸ NaKNi₂TeO₆,³⁹ and Ag₆Ni₂TeO₆,¹⁵^,⁴⁴ demonstrating the ability to modulate interlayer spacing and stacking sequences by varying the size of the mobile cation. While many tellurates, such as Li₂Ni₂TeO₆, Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ (Figures 2A–2D), and K₂Ni₂TeO₆ (Figures 2E–2H), have predominantly been investigated as positive electrode materials,¹⁸^,²²^,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁹^,⁵³ and others such as Na₂Mg₂TeO₆, Na₂Zn₂TeO₆, and K₂Mg₂TeO₆ as solid-state electrolytes,²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³³^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁹^,⁶⁰ only limited studies have explored their potential as high-capacity negative electrode materials, exemplified by compounds such as Co_1–xNi_xTeO₄ (x = 0, 0.5, 1).⁸²

Representative compositions and crystal structural frameworks of multinary tellurates

(A) Wide variety of compositions, mostly ternary and quaternary tellurates. A represents a mobile cation like Li, Na, or K, and M denotes either a transition metal ion (e.g., Ni, Co, Cu, Zn) or an alkaline-earth metal (e.g., Mg).

(B) Frameworks with isolated TeO₆⁶⁻ octahedra linked by CuO₄ plaquettes (Cu atoms in square planar coordination with four O atoms) forming infinite one-dimensional heteropolyanion chains, characteristic of compositions like A₄MTeO₆ (*e.g*., Na₄CuTeO₆,⁶⁹ Ag₄CuTeO₆⁸).

(C) Frameworks where isolated clusters of TeO₆⁶⁻ and MO₆ octahedra surround alkali atoms as found in A₄MTeO₆ such as Na₄CoTeO₆,⁷⁰ Li₄CoTeO₆,¹² Li₄NiTeO₆,¹²^,²⁰^,²¹ Na₄NiTeO₆,⁷⁰ and Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆.⁷¹

(D) Layered frameworks adopted by compositions like A₂M₂TeO₆ (*e.g*., ordered Li₂Ni₂TeO₆,²²^,⁷² Na₂Ni₂TeO₆,³⁰ K₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹ Ag₂Zn₂TeO₆⁷³), AM₂TeO₆ (*e.g*., BaNi₂TeO₆,⁷⁴ CaNi₂TeO₆), and A₄MTeO₆ (*e.g*., K₄NiTeO₆).

(E) Layered frameworks containing metallophilic atom bilayers like A₆M₂TeO₆ (*e.g*., Ag₆Ni₂TeO₆, Ag₆Co₂TeO₆).¹⁵^,¹⁹^,⁴⁴

(F) Garnet-type frameworks seen in A_1.5M_1.5TeO₆ (*e.g*., yafsoanite-type Ca_1.5Zn_1.5TeO₆ (Ca₃Zn₃Te₂O₁₂),⁷⁵^,⁷⁶ Na₃Te₂(GaO₄)₃)⁷⁷^,⁷⁸ and AM₂TeO₆ (*e.g*., CaZn₂TeO₆⁴⁷).

(G) Double-perovskite frameworks in compositions such as A₂MTeO₆ (*e.g*., Ca₂MgTeO₆, Ca₂CoTeO₆⁶) and A_1.5M_1.5TeO₆ (*e.g*., Na_1.5La_1.5TeO₆⁵⁷).

(H) Frameworks containing isolated TeO₆⁶⁻ octahedra as in A₃TeO₆ (*e.g*., Ca₃TeO₆⁷⁹).

(I) Ni₃TeO₆-type frameworks found in AM₂TeO₆ (*e.g*., CaMg₂TeO₆⁴⁷) and A₃TeO₆ (*e.g*., Mg₃TeO₆⁸⁰).

High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images of honeycomb-layered tellurates

(A–D) High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) and annular bright-field (ABF)-scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ along the [100] and [1–10] zone axes,²⁷ revealing the spatial arrangement of sodium atoms sandwiched between slabs of nickel and tellurium atoms coordinated with oxygen. The Na, Te, Ni, and O atoms are visually represented in yellow, pink, green, and red, respectively.

(E–H) HAADF-STEM and ABF-STEM images of K₂Ni₂TeO₆ along the same zone axes,⁴⁸ with potassium atoms shown in blue.

(I–L) STEM images of NaKNi₂TeO₆,³⁹ highlighting the alternating positions of Na and K atoms between Ni and Te slabs coordinated with oxygen.

(M–P) STEM images of Cu₂Ni₂TeO₆ (prepared via topochemical ion-exchange of CuCl with Na₂Ni₂TeO₆)¹⁴ along [100] and [010] zone axes, showing copper atoms sandwiched between Ni and Te slabs; Cu atoms are indicated in blue. Cu⁺ and Ni²⁺ have similar effective ionic radii in octahedral coordination with O²⁻,⁸¹ so cation disorder (intersite mixing) between Cu and Ni is plausible. Consequently, partial Cu⁺/Ni²⁺ intersite mixing is expected, as supported by the subtle brightness variations observed in the HAADF- and ADF-STEM images.

(Q–T) HAADF-STEM and ABF-STEM images of Ag₆Ni₂TeO₆,¹⁵^,¹⁹^,⁴⁴ illustrating bilayers of metallophilic silver atoms intercalated between slabs of Ni and Te atoms coordinated with oxygen, with Ag bilayers shown in blue.

The images are reproduced with permission from various sources in 2021 and 2023. Copyright Elsevier, Wiley-VCH, American Chemical Society, Springer Nature.

The broader significance of multinary tellurates extends beyond their inherent structural features and electrochemical properties, placing them as versatile platforms for innovative material design strategies. Emerging methodologies such as “high-entropy” or multiple cation substitution,⁸³ aliovalent doping,²⁹^,⁸⁴^,⁸⁵^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁷ and nanostructural engineering⁸⁸^,⁸⁹ hold promise for enhancing electrochemical performance. Additionally, advances in computational screening¹⁵^,¹⁶^,²²^,³⁴^,³⁹^,⁴⁹^,⁶⁷^,⁸⁵^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁷^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹²^,⁹³^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁶^,⁹⁷^,⁹⁸ of unexplored multinary tellurate chemistries have revealed new structural frameworks exhibiting fast ion mobility or distinctive redox phenomena, including anion redox reactions,²³ which are increasingly recognized for their importance in developing high-capacity electrode materials.

This review seeks to integrate current understanding of key quaternary and ternary tellurates, organizing them according to their dominant mobile cation families, namely alkali, alkaline-earth, and coinage-metal-based multinary tellurates, and emphasizing the essential structure-property-function correlations that drive their promise for energy storage applications. In addition to reviewing material compositions and electrochemical properties, this review aims to outline prospective research directions across chemical design, nanotechnology, and computational discovery, with the goal of advancing multinary tellurates as forefront materials within the swiftly progressing energy storage sector and beyond.

While the scope of tellurates as a diverse group of compounds is vast and growing rapidly,¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,⁵^,⁶^,⁷^,⁸^,⁹^,¹⁰^,¹¹^,¹²^,⁶¹^,⁹⁹^,¹⁰⁰^,¹⁰¹^,¹⁰²^,¹⁰³^,¹⁰⁴^,¹⁰⁵^,¹⁰⁶^,¹⁰⁷^,¹⁰⁸^,¹⁰⁹^,¹¹⁰^,¹¹¹^,¹¹²^,¹¹³^,¹¹⁴^,¹¹⁵^,¹¹⁶^,¹¹⁷^,¹¹⁸ this review focuses on key tellurates with strong potential for energy storage and related areas. Although selective, this focus does not lessen the value of the review, which offers insights that apply broadly to other tellurates relevant to energy storage technologies. By highlighting tellurate-based materials with notable electrochemical properties and practical promise, the review provides a broad overview of current knowledge while opening the door to future research beyond its immediate focus, supporting ongoing progress in multinary tellurates for energy applications.

Alkali-metal based multinary tellurates

Lithium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Since the commercial realization of LiCoO₂ as a positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, layered oxides have attracted increasing attention.¹¹⁹ Researchers have explored various compositions to enhance energy density and improve structural stability, particularly by suppressing oxygen release during high-voltage operation. These efforts include the exploration of nickel-rich layered oxides (such as LiNiO₂, LiNi_1/2Co_1/2O₂, LiNi_1/2Mn_1/2O₂, LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂, and Li₂NiO₃),¹¹⁹^,¹²⁰^,¹²¹ which utilize multi-electron redox processes mainly involving nickel, along with oxygen redox activity that depends on strong hybridization between O–2p and Ni–3d orbitals. Nonetheless, oxygen evolution still occurs in most layered oxides at high voltages, often accompanied by thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures.¹¹⁹^,¹²⁰^,¹²¹^,¹²² Furthermore, delithiated phases such as Li_2/3NiO₂, Li_2/3CoO₂, Li_2/3Ni_1/2Co_1/2O₂, and Li_2/3Co_2/3Mn_1/3O₂ exhibit inherent structural instabilities and are unattainable via direct solid-state reaction synthesis. Stable forms of these compositions are typically attainable only through chemical¹²³^,¹²⁴/electrochemical means¹²⁵ or ion exchange from sodium-layered analogues such as Na_2/3NiO₂ and Na_2/3Co_2/3Mn_1/3O₂.¹²²

Lithium-based tellurates, such as Li₄NiTeO₆ (or equivalently as Li₂Ni_1/2Te_1/2O₃), Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ (Li_2/3Ni_2/3Te_1/3O₂),²⁰^,²¹^,⁷² among others, have been investigated with the aim of not only enhancing thermal and chemical stability of layered oxides but also increasing theoretical capacity through the combined redox activity of transition-metal cations and oxygen anions. Lithium-based quaternary and ternary tellurate compounds, such as Li₄NiTeO₆ and the ordered Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ polymorph, feature layered crystal structures that provide two-dimensional (2D) diffusion pathways favourable for efficient lithium-ion transport.²⁰^,²¹^,⁷² Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ exists in three distinct structural polymorphs: a disordered rock-salt type exhibiting considerable lithium/nickel cation mixing, a layered phase with tetrahedrally coordinated LiO₄ obtained by topochemical lithium-ion exchange of honeycomb-layered Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ using lithium molten salt (LiNO₃), and another layered phase with octahedrally coordinated LiO₆ formed via high-temperature treatment of the former layered phase.²² All Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ polymorphs show elevated voltages around 3.9–4.1 V for the Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ redox couple, a consequence of strong covalent bonding between tellurium and oxygen, which shifts the redox potential higher than conventional layered nickel oxides. Among the Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ polymorphs reported thus far, the disordered rock-salt Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ polymorph exhibits the highest reversible capacity and lowest overpotential during lithium insertion/extraction yet does not reach full theoretical capacity (151 mAh g⁻¹ for Li₂Ni²⁺₂TeO₆ ⇋ Ni³⁺₂TeO₆ + 2Li⁺ + 2e⁻). Nevertheless, all Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ polymorphs confront key challenges, notably structural instabilities and nickel migration during successive cycling.²² Computational and experimental studies have revealed the migration of Ni²⁺ ions from transition metal layers into lithium layers during the cycling of layered Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ polymorphs, which deteriorates reversible lithium capacity and structural stability.²²

Li-rich layered tellurates have attracted considerable interest as positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries owing to their theoretically high capacity enabled by access to multiple-electron redox reactions. For example, Li₄NiTeO₆²⁰^,²¹ (a layered tellurate with a triangular magnetic lattice akin to Li₄FeSbO₆¹²^,¹²⁶) enables reversible removal and insertion of two lithium ions (Li⁺), primarily involving the Ni²⁺/Ni⁴⁺ redox couple at a high voltage plateau near 4.2 V versus lithium metal (Li₄Ni²⁺TeO₆ ⇋ Li₂Ni⁴⁺TeO₆ + 2Li⁺ + 2e⁻, delivering a theoretical capacity of 173 mAh g⁻¹).²⁰^,²¹ The overlap of Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ and Ni³⁺/Ni⁴⁺ processes accounts for the absence of distinct redox steps, while the elevated operating voltage is attributed to the inductive effect of the TeO₆⁶⁻ framework that reduces electron density on Ni–O bonds, thereby increasing the oxidation energy of nickel.²¹ The electrochemical cycling of Li₄NiTeO₆ follows a classical two-phase lithium insertion and extraction mechanism, as corroborated by diffraction and spectroscopic analyses.²¹

Unlike typical layered tellurates such as ordered Li₂Ni₂TeO₆,²²^,⁷² which have lithium ions sandwiched between transition-metal layers of Ni and Te, Li₄NiTeO₆ contains not only lithium between these layers but also additional lithium within the transition-metal layers.²¹ Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the delithiation process of Li₄NiTeO₆ indicate a preferential removal of Li⁺ located between the transition metal slabs before those within the transition metal layers are extracted.⁹⁰ Furthermore, oxygen evolution is predicted to occur thermodynamically when the lithium content is reduced to approximately half (x = 2 in Li_4-xNiTeO₆), associated with oxygen vacancy formation that may contribute to capacity fading.⁹⁰

Figures 3A–3C present cyclic voltammograms of Li₄NiTeO₆ and its cobalt-substituted derivatives (Li₄Ni_1–xCo_xTeO₆ (x = 0,0.5,1.0)), revealing redox peaks above 4 V. Although further electrode optimization is necessary, micrometer-sized Li₄NiTeO₆ particles exhibit reversible extraction and insertion of two Li⁺, demonstrating respectable rate capabilities at ambient temperature (Figures 3D and 3E). The substitution of nickel with cobalt enhances the redox voltage, as evidenced by the voltage-capacity curves for Li₄CoTeO₆ shown in Figure 3F. This improvement highlights the tunability of electrochemical properties via transition metal substitution in these layered tellurates.

Electrochemical Li⁺ and Na⁺ storage performance of representative multinary tellurates

(A–C) Cyclic voltammograms of Li₄NiTeO₆, Li₄Ni_0.5Co_0.5TeO₆, and Li₄CoTeO₆, respectively, showing distinct redox peaks corresponding to Li⁺ (de)intercalation. The cyclic voltammometry measurements were conducted in lithium half-cells at 50°C using an electrolyte containing 0.5 mol dm⁻³ lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)amide dissolved in 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)amide ionic liquid. Li metal was used as the counter electrode (negative electrode).

(D) Voltage-capacity profile of Li₄NiTeO₆. Galvanostatic (dis)charge measurements were performed at room temperature.

(E) Voltage-capacity profiles of Li₄NiTeO₆ at various current densities. Galvanostatic (dis)charge measurements were performed at room temperature.

(F) Voltage-capacity profile of Li₄CoTeO₆.¹⁴ Galvanostatic (dis)charge measurements were performed at room temperature.

(G) Voltage-capacity profile of Na₂Ni₂TeO₆.²⁴ Galvanostatic (dis)charge measurements were performed at room temperature.

(H) Voltage-capacity profile of Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆.⁷¹ Galvanostatic (dis)charge measurements were performed at room temperature.

(I) Voltage-capacity profiles of Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆ at various current densities.⁷¹ Galvanostatic (dis)charge measurements were performed at room temperature.

The data were reproduced with permission. Copyright Elsevier and American Chemical Society.

Li-rich layered tellurates such as Li_4.47Cr_0.53TeO₆¹²⁷ and Li_4.27Fe_0.57TeO₆²³ can provide crucial insights into the distinctive oxygen redox behavior in lithium-rich positive electrode materials containing tellurates. Electrochemical cycling of, for instance, Li_4.27Fe_0.57TeO₆ exhibits a pronounced oxidation plateau near 4.5 V, accompanied by significant oxygen gas evolution detected by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry.²³ Unlike many lithium-rich oxides, no redox activity is observed on the Fe or Te cations; the capacity originates solely from oxygen redox chemistry. X-ray photoelectron and Mössbauer spectroscopic analyses confirm that Fe remains in the trivalent oxidation state (Fe³⁺) and Te in the hexavalent state (Te⁶⁺) throughout electrochemical cycling.²³ Oxygen release creates vacancies in the oxygen sublattice, inducing local distortions near the Fe and Te sites. Despite substantial oxygen loss, diffraction studies show that the Li_4.27Fe_0.57TeO₆ lattice remains largely intact, indicating a robust crystal framework.²³ Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that delithiation (Li⁺ extraction) primarily removes electrons from oxygen 2p orbitals, leading to the formation of short O–O bonds resembling peroxo-like O₂ⁿ⁻ species (where n = 1, 2, or 3), which ultimately evolve into molecular O₂ within the Li⁺ layers.²³

Fe-based tellurates such as Li₃Fe₃Te₂O₁₂,¹²⁸ which adopt a crystal structure akin to that of LiSbO₃,¹²⁹ have been investigated as high-capacity positive electrode materials. This compound facilitates the reversible insertion of approximately three Li⁺ per formula unit via the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ redox couple (Li₃Fe³⁺₃Te₂O₁₂ + 3Li⁺ + 3e⁻ ⇋ Li₆Fe²⁺₃Te₂O₁₂), corresponding to a capacity of about 120 mAh g⁻¹. Electrochemical cycling is accompanied by the notable migration of Fe cations between octahedral sites, which affects stability.¹²⁸ However, Li₃Fe₃Te₂O₁₂ experiences rapid capacity degradation due to the reduction of Te⁶⁺ to elemental tellurium below ∼1.6 V, resulting in electrode decomposition. Partial substitution of Fe³⁺ with electrochemically inactive In³⁺ to form Li₃Fe₂InTe₂O₁₂ has been shown to mitigate Fe migration, though at the cost of decreased capacity.¹²⁸ Similarly, substitution with Al³⁺ to produce Li₃Fe_2.6Al_0.4Te₂O₁₂ demonstrates limited effectiveness at suppressing Te⁶⁺ reduction and electrode deterioration.¹²⁸ Moreover, lithium quaternary tellurates such as Li₃FeTe₄O₁₁ and Li₃AlTe₄O₁₁ have demonstrated notable Li⁺ conductivity characterized by low activation energies.⁶¹ The high molecular weight of Li₃FeTe₄O₁₁, in principle, limits its theoretical capacity when used as an electrode. However, the low Li⁺ activation energy of Li₃AlTe₄O₁₁⁶¹ suggests its potential as a Li⁺ conductor (solid electrolyte).

Overall, lithium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates combine structural diversity with electrochemical versatility, positioning them as promising electrode and electrolyte candidates.

Sodium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Layered sodium transition-metal oxides with compositions such as Na_xMO₂ (M being mainly transition metals) often face challenges, including moisture sensitivity, structural instability, and complex phase transformations during cycling.¹³⁰^,¹³¹ In contrast, sodium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates such as Na₂Ni₂TeO₆, Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆, and Na₄NiTeO₆ have attracted significant attention as promising positive electrode materials for sodium-ion batteries.²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁷¹ These oxide materials crystallize into layered frameworks providing well-defined 2D pathways for Na⁺ diffusion, thereby facilitating efficient sodium-ion transport.

Layered Na_2/3NiO₂ exhibits a complex superstructure characterized by a honeycomb arrangement of mixed-valency nickel ions alongside a zigzag, or “herringbone,” pattern of sodium vacancies.¹³² Substituting one-third of Ni in Na_2/3NiO₂ with Te⁶⁺ creates a distinctive Na_2/3Ni_2/3Te_1/3O₂ (Na₂Ni₂TeO₆) layered phase (Figures 2A–2D) featuring not only a honeycomb arrangement of Na atoms (U_OV_(Ni,Ni,Te)W_OV_(Na,Na,−)W_OV_(Ni,Ni,Te)U_OV_(Na,Na,−) in FCC notation),¹⁵^,¹⁶ but also a honeycomb network where Te cations occupy the center of six NiO₆ octahedra rings (Ni₆-ring superstructure).²⁷^,³⁰ This ordered Ni₆-ring lattice stabilizes the structure through symmetrical and degenerate electronic orbitals strengthened by super-exchange interactions, effectively locking the lattice into a rigid framework.⁶⁶ Such stabilization mitigates lattice distortions and reduces magnetic frustrations that frequently induce structural degradation in layered sodium transition-metal oxides.

Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ has been extensively investigated as a high-voltage positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ with operating voltages typically ranging from 3.6 to 3.9 V and a theoretical capacity of approximately 138.5 mAh g⁻¹. Experimental studies report reversible capacities between 82 and 110 mAh g⁻¹ under various cycling conditions and temperatures,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ with a median working voltage near 3.9 V (Figure 3G). Partial substitution of nickel with other transition metals, such as cobalt, has been shown to increase the average operating voltage but often results in reduced reversible capacity.³⁸^,⁴⁶ This capacity loss can sometimes be offset by operating at elevated temperatures.⁴⁶ Additionally, doping with larger cations such as strontium (Sr), in compositions such as Na_1.6Sr_0.2Ni₂TeO₆, has demonstrated improvements in capacity retention,²⁴ although it concurrently decreases maximum capacity due to the inactive nature of the dopant. Notably, pure Na₂Co₂TeO₆ exhibits negligible electrochemical activity under typical galvanostatic testing conditions,²⁴ highlighting the importance of compositional tuning for performance enhancement.

Efforts to enhance capacity and other electrochemical characteristics have led to the investigation of sodium-rich tellurates such as Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆ (Na₃Ni²⁺_1.5TeO₆ ⇋ Ni⁴⁺_1.5TeO₆ + 3Na⁺ + 3e⁻ (211 mA h g⁻¹)) and Na₄NiTeO₆ (Na₄Ni²⁺TeO₆ ⇋ Na₂Ni⁴⁺TeO₆ + 2Na⁺ + 2e⁻ (143 mA h g⁻¹)).⁵²^,⁷¹ Figure 3H shows the electrochemical performance of Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆ (or equivalently as Na_5/6[Na_1/6Ni_3/6Te_2/6]O₂) in Na half-cells. An average voltage of 3.45 V, based on the Ni²⁺/Ni^/3+ redox couple, is attained with an initial reversible capacity of about 100 mAh g⁻¹ at a C/20 rate.⁷¹ This current density is equivalent to charging or discharging for 20 h to the set theoretical capacity. Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆ maintains good rate capability and capacity retention with micrometer-sized particles (Figure 3I). Moreover, compositional tuning through partial substitution in layered phases such as Na_2+xNi_2-x/2TeO₆ (or Na_2/3+x/6[Na_x/6Ni_2/3-x/6Te_1/3]O₂) has been explored to further optimize performance.²⁵ As an example, Na_2.25Ni_1.875TeO₆ illustrates such modifications, aiming to balance capacity and cycling stability (Figure 4A). Stoichiometric composition Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ demonstrates several distinct voltage plateaus during electrochemical cycling,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ a phenomenon that is attributed to the emergence of sodium-vacancy ordering,¹³⁰ commonly referred to as the “jenga” mechanism.¹³^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸ When the sodium content is increased, resulting in compositions such as Na_2.2Ni_1.9TeO₆ and Na_2.3Ni_1.85TeO₆, the voltage profiles become noticeably smoother,²⁵ and the characteristic overpotential (voltage hysteresis) and markers of sodium-vacancy ordering are suppressed. This modification, represented by Na substitution following the formula Na_2+xNi_2–x/2TeO₆, delays the gliding of transition metal slab layers,²⁵ thereby providing greater stability to the layered structure throughout cycling.

Electrochemical Na⁺ and K⁺ storage performance of representative multinary tellurates

(A and B) Voltage-capacity profiles of Na_2.25Ni_1.875TeO₆ and Na₄NiTeO₆, respectively, measured in sodium half-cells (using Na metal as counter electrodes (negative electrodes)) at 25°C with an electrolyte comprising 1 mol dm⁻³ sodium bis(fluoromethanesulphonyl)amide (NaFSA) dissolved in 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluoromethanesulphonyl)amide (Pyr₁₃FSA) ionic liquid. Electrochemical performance can be improved further via electrode and electrolyte optimisation.

(C) Voltage-capacity profiles of K₂Ni_1.75Co_0.25TeO₆ in potassium half-cells at room temperature using an electrolyte of 0.5 mol dm⁻³ potassium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)amide (KTFSA) in 1-propyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)amide (Pyr₁₃TFSA) ionic liquid.

(D) *ex situ* XRD patterns of K₂Ni_1.75Co_0.25TeO₆ during charge and discharge at a C/20 rate.

(E and F) Voltage-capacity profiles and rate performance of NaKNi₂TeO₆ in NaK half-cells at room temperature using an electrolyte mixture of equimolar NaFSA and KFSA in Pyr₁₃FSA ionic liquid.³⁹

(G) Voltage-capacity profiles of NaKNi_1.75Co_0.25TeO₆.

Figure reproduced with permission. Copyright Springer Nature.

Na-rich honeycomb-layered Na₄NiTeO₆ has been identified as a high-voltage positive electrode material for sodium-ion batteries,⁵² exhibiting a voltage plateau primarily above 3.5 V, which is advantageous for high-voltage applications. Additionally, another polymorph of Na₄NiTeO₆ has been reported,⁷⁰ characterized by a framework of isolated TeO₆⁶⁻ and NiO₆ octahedral clusters surrounding mobile sodium atoms (Figure 1C). This structural variation is linked to distinct electrochemical behavior, as shown by its high-voltage performance in Figure 4B, although further electrode and electrolyte optimization are necessary to fully exploit its potential. The high voltages are largely attributable to the inductive effect of [TeO₆]^6- octahedra, which modifies the electronic environment of nickel ions and raises the redox voltage.²¹

Sodium-based quaternary tellurates including Na₂Ni₂TeO₆,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆,⁷¹ and Na₄NiTeO₆⁵² offer promising compositional frameworks for high-performance positive electrodes for sodium-ion batteries. These materials effectively balance key performance metrics such as capacity, operating voltage, and cycle stability, while also providing important insights into the fundamental transport mechanisms (electrodynamics) of alkali-metal cations in honeycomb lattices,¹³^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁷^,¹⁸^,¹³³ with the emergent physics implications not limited to energy materials research.¹³⁴^,¹³⁵

Their well-defined layered and honeycomb structures enable efficient 2D Na⁺ diffusion pathways, while structural features such as ordered Ni₆-ring superstructures⁶⁶ and the “inductive” effect²¹ of TeO₆ octahedra enhance lattice stability and raise redox potentials. Furthermore, compositional tuning through partial cation substitutions allows the optimization of electrochemical performance and cyclability, making these quaternary tellurates compelling positive electrode candidates.

Potassium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Potassium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates such as K₂Ni₂TeO₆, with a theoretical capacity of approximately 128 mAh g⁻¹ linked to the Ni²⁺/Ni³⁺ redox couple, have been explored as high-voltage positive electrode materials.⁴⁸^,⁴⁹ Similar to honeycomb-layered Na₂Ni₂TeO₆, K₂Ni₂TeO₆ exhibits a honeycomb arrangement of K atoms and a Ni₆-ring superstructure in which Te cations occupy the centers of six NiO₆ octahedra (U_OV_(Ni,Ni,Te)W_OV_(K,K,−)W_OV_(Ni,Ni,Te)U_OV_(K,K,−) in FCC notation¹⁵^,¹⁶). The interlayer distance in K₂Ni₂TeO₆ is larger than that in Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ (Figures 2A–2H).

Honeycomb-layered K₂Ni₂TeO₆ enables reversible K⁺ intercalation with moderate capacities. Partial substitution of Ni by Co in K₂Ni_2–xCo_xTeO₆ (x = 0.25, 0.5) raises the average operating voltage to about 4 V and suppresses multiple phase transitions caused by potassium ordering.⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹ Electrochemical profiles of K₂Ni_2–xCo_xTeO₆ (x = 0.25) demonstrate reversible potassium reinsertion, with practical capacities around 60 mAh g⁻¹ at a C/20 rate (Figure 4C), indicating nearly one K⁺ per formula unit can be cycled at room temperature. Diffraction studies reveal solid-solution-like behavior with monotonic changes in lattice parameters during cycling (Figure 4D). While theoretical capacities reach about 130 mAh g⁻¹ for compositions with x = 0–0.5, actual capacities typically attain only 50–60% due to incomplete ion extraction or limitations in electrode optimization.

Potassium-based quaternary tellurates K₂Ni_2–xCo_xTeO₆ (x = 0–0.5) exhibit high thermal stability and favourable volumetric energy density,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹ making them attractive for large-scale potassium-ion energy storage applications. Thermal analyses indicate stability up to 800 °C,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹ underscoring their robustness for high-performance positive electrode materials. The voltage tuning potential and structural integrity of these layered orthotellurates position them among the highest voltage positive electrode materials reported for potassium-ion batteries.

Potassium-ion batteries face significant challenges related to electrolyte stability and electrode interface compatibility despite the structural advantages offered by potassium’s larger ionic size.¹³⁶ Electrolyte decomposition and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation can lead to poor Coulombic efficiency and capacity fading. Optimizing the electrolyte composition is critical for stabilizing the SEI, which must be ionically conductive, electronically insulating, and mechanically robust to suppress side reactions and dendrite growth. The interface compatibility between the electrolyte and electrode materials strongly influences K⁺ transport, cycling stability, and overall battery performance. Potassium-based multinary tellurates can serve as valuable model systems to explore large-ion diffusion mechanisms and to inform the design of electrode and solid electrolyte materials capable of supporting efficient transport and stable cycling of large alkali ions in next-generation potassium-ion batteries.

Mixed alkali-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Exploration of Li₂M₂TeO₆–Na₂M₂TeO₆–K₂M₂TeO₆ (where M = Ni, Co, Mg) phase systems yields a variety of tellurate compositions with rich crystal chemistry.³⁹^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁸ Mixed alkali-based quaternary tellurates such as NaKNi₂TeO₆ exhibit a unique structural motif characterized by alternating Na and K layers rather than a random alkali-ion distribution.¹⁴^,³⁹^,⁶⁷ In the FCC notation,¹⁵^,¹⁶ the stacking sequence can be expressed as follows: U_OV_(Ni,Ni,Te)W_OV_(K,K,−)W_OV_(Ni,Ni,Te)U_OV_Na × U_OV_(Ni,Te,Ni)W_OV_(K,−,K)W_OV_(Ni,Te,Ni)U_OV_NaU_O. This ordering leads to configurational disorder and aperiodic stacking faults, as revealed by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM).³⁹ The Na ions populate sites arranged in triangular patterns within their layers, facilitating higher diffusion connectivity, whereas K ions reside in honeycomb-patterned sites with relatively lower mobility.³⁹ The interlayer distances alternate between approximately 5.5 Å for Na-containing layers and 6.2 Å for K-containing layers (Figures 2I–2L), reflecting ionic size differences and influencing local structural dynamics. This mixed occupancy stabilizes intermediate phases through an entropy-driven reduction in free energy, enhancing structural versatility and ionic transport. Such materials offer promising platforms for investigating mixed alkali-ion electrochemistry, complex ion-transport mechanisms (including entropy-related reversible (de-)intercalation processes attributed to Maxwell’s demon¹³⁷^,¹³⁸^,¹³⁹), and related electromagnetic phenomena.¹⁴^,¹⁶^,³⁹

Honeycomb-layered NaKNi₂TeO₆, characterized by aperiodic stacking and incoherent Na/K arrangement, supports mixed alkali-ion storage with promising electrochemical performance (Figures 4E and 4F), including an average discharge voltage of around 4 V and specific capacities near 80 mAh g⁻¹ at low current densities.³⁹ NaKNi₂TeO₆ demonstrates the feasibility for mixed-ion transport and the potential for dendrite-free, hybrid sodium-potassium battery systems when paired with suitable liquid metal alloy negative electrodes such as NaK (NaKNi²⁺₂TeO₆ ⇋ Ni³⁺₂TeO₆ + Na⁺ + K⁺ +2e⁻ (133 mA h g⁻¹)). In addition, partial substitution of Ni with Co to yield compositions such as NaKNi_1.75Co_0.25TeO₆ demonstrate increase in the average working voltage with stable performance (Figure 4G).

Altogether, mixed alkali tellurates such as NaKNi₂TeO₆ serve as model materials for mixed-ion conductors and open new avenues to design solid electrolytes and hybrid battery positive electrodes with enhanced ionic transport, leveraging the configurational disorder and structural complexity of multinary tellurates.

Alkali-metal-based quaternary and ternary tellurates ionic conductors

Alkali-based ternary and quaternary multinary tellurates have been studied not only as positive electrode materials but also as potential alkali-ion conductors for solid-state electrolyte applications. Reported ionic conductivity plots for these alkali-based tellurates show promising values (Figures 5A and 5B)³⁰^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,¹⁴⁰^,¹⁴¹; however, the presence of redox-active transition metal ions such as Ni²⁺ and Co²⁺ raises the possibility of electronic conductivity contributing to the measured values. This means that the total conductivity may not represent true ionic conduction exclusively.

Ionic conductivity characteristics of representative multinary tellurates

(A and B) Ionic conductivity plots for quaternary tellurate compounds utilised as positive electrode materials.²⁹^,³⁰^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,¹⁴⁰^,¹⁴¹

(C) Ionic conductivity plots for tellurate compounds applicable as solid-state electrolytes or solid-state ionic conductors.³⁴^,⁴⁴^,⁵⁷^,⁸⁴^,¹⁴⁰

(D) Ionic conductivity plots of K₂Mg₂TeO₆ sintered at 800^oC under various time durations.⁵⁵

(E and F) Electrochemical performance at different current densities and the cycling stability of a solid-state battery utilising honeycomb layered K₂Mg₂TeO₆ as the solid electrolyte, Prussian blue as the positive electrode, and a potassium-carbon composite as the negative electrode.⁵⁵ To assess the long-term cycle performance, the galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements were performed at a current density equivalent to C/5.

Data are reproduced and adapted with permission. Copyright American Chemical Society.

In contrast, plots of true ionic conductors reported in the literature (i.e., materials free from significant electronic conduction) provide clearer benchmarks for evaluating solid-state electrolytes (Figure 5C).³⁴^,⁴⁴^,⁵⁷^,⁸⁴^,¹⁴⁰ Ideal solid-state electrolytes demonstrate high ionic conductivity but negligible electronic conductivity to ensure efficient ion transport without electron leakage, critical for battery performance. This distinction is important when assessing the suitability of multinary tellurates as solid electrolytes, as the presence of electron-conducting pathways can affect their electrochemical behavior and practical applicability in devices. Although Li_4.5Al_0.5TeO₆ displays inferior electrochemical performance,¹⁴⁰ lithium-based quaternary tellurates such as Li₃AlTe₄O₁₁ have been demonstrated to show high lithium-ion conductivity with low activation energies,⁶¹ essential for efficient solid-state battery operation.

Honeycomb-layered Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ is a promising solid-state Na⁺ conductor exhibiting ionic conductivity on the order of 6.29 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature (Figure 5C),⁸⁴ a wide electrochemical stability window (∼4.1 V versus Na/Na⁺), and good chemical compatibility/stability with metallic sodium negative electrodes.⁸⁴ Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ crystallizes in a layered framework, with Na⁺ occupying multiple partially occupied sites enabling facile ionic migration. Strategies to improve the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ by doping with Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ga²⁺, and so forth have been reported.³⁶^,⁴⁰^,⁸⁴ In particular, substitutional doping strategies, such as Ga³⁺ doping in Na_2–xZn_2–xGa_xTeO₆ (x = 0.1), introduce sodium vacancies that reduce Na–Na Coulomb repulsion and enhance ion mobility, resulting in improved ionic conductivities reaching ∼1.1 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature,⁸⁴ competitive with sodium superionic conducting (NASICON)-type and other oxide-based solid electrolytes. Processing optimizations including synthesis temperature control, precursor composition tuning, and densification techniques such as hot pressing further improve ionic conduction and structural integrity.²⁸^,³² Application in all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries pairing Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ or doped variants with Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ positive electrode and Na metal negative electrodes demonstrate enhanced cycling stability and capacity retention compared to undoped counterparts.⁸⁴ Computational studies (DFT and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations) reveal that the partial substitution of Zn with Mg in Na₂Mg_2–xZn_xTeO₆ (with x = 0, 0.125, 1.875, 2) modulates ionic conductivity and Na⁺ migration pathways, providing insight for targeted material design.³⁷

Honeycomb-layered Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ is recognized as an efficient and stable Na⁺ conductor with a high ionic conductivity of approximately 2.3 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature (with a relatively low activation energy of 0.341 eV).³⁴ Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ features a large electrochemical window (∼4.2 V versus Na/Na⁺) and remarkable chemical stability with metallic sodium negative electrode.³⁴ Doping strategies, such as incorporating Ga³⁺ (aliovalent substitution) or Zn²⁺ (isovalent substitution), can improve Na⁺ mobility by creating vacancies and modulating the lattice parameters, thereby reducing migration energy barriers and enhancing conductivity.³⁷^,⁴³ The high ionic conductivity, combined with stability and ease of synthesis via solid-state routes, makes Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ a promising electrolyte candidate for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries, capable of sustaining high Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability under various operating conditions. An all-solid-state sodium-ion battery constructed with Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ positive electrode, Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ solid electrolyte, and Na negative electrode indeed showed stable performance with high Coulombic efficiency at 80^oC under a C/5 rate.⁴³

Potassium-based quaternary tellurates such as K₂Mg₂TeO₆ are emerging as promising fast K⁺ conductors, demonstrating high ionic conductivities on the order of 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature.⁴⁹^,⁵⁵ The layered K₂Mg₂TeO₆ framework features expanded interlayer spacings due to the large ionic radius of potassium, with partial occupancy, facilitating efficient K⁺ transport. K⁺ mobility and diffusion coefficients have been shown to increase with temperature, favoring high-rate performance at elevated temperatures.⁵⁵ K₂Mg₂TeO₆ prepared at 800^oC for varying time durations displays different ionic conductivities, which can be optimized to obtain samples with the highest K⁺ conductivity (Figure 5D). All-solid-state potassium-ion batteries constructed with K₂Mg₂TeO₆ as the solid electrolyte, potassium graphite negative electrode, and Prussian blue positive electrode have demonstrated stable cycling performance with around 94% capacity retention over 400 cycles at 60°C under a 1C rate (Figures 5E and 5F),⁵⁵ reflecting their potential for practical energy storage applications.

Aside from potassium-based layered K₂Mg₂TeO₆ quaternary tellurates, compounds such as K_12+6xFe₆Te_4−xO₂₇ adopt labyrinth frameworks with loosely connected chiral networks that provide pathways conducive to K⁺ mobility.⁵⁸ Others, such as KM_0.33Te_1.67O₆ (M = Fe, Cr, and Al), adopt defect-pyrochlore frameworks.¹⁴² In particular, ball-milled powders of K_12+6xFe₆Te_4−xO₂₇ exhibit an ionic conductivity of 2.3 × 10⁻¹ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature.⁵⁸ This structural versatility suggests that potassium-based ternary and quaternary tellurates may display unconventional K⁺ transport distinct from that of smaller alkali metal ions, offering promising material candidates for solid electrolytes in potassium-ion batteries.

Ultimately, advancing these tellurates as solid electrolytes hinges on tuning their defect chemistry, single-crystal preparation, microstructure, and interface engineering to optimize ionic transport properties while ensuring mechanical and chemical stability in practical battery environments.

Alkali-metal-based multinary tellurates

Multivalent batteries, which utilize mobile multivalent cations such as magnesium (Mg²⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and barium (Ba²⁺) instead of monovalent ions such as Li⁺, Na⁺, or K⁺, promise significant advantages including enhanced safety, owing to stable metals such as Mg, and potentially higher energy and volumetric energy densities (Figure 6A) due to the ability of multivalent ions to transfer multiple electrons per ion.¹⁴⁶^,¹⁴⁷

Electrochemical Mg²⁺ storage performance in selected multinary tellurates

(A) Volumetric and gravimetric capacities of alkaline-earth and alkali metals alongside their redox potentials.

(B) Nyquist plots of Mg₃TeO₆ (Ni₃TeO₆-type polymorph) measured at 278 K

(C) Arrhenius plots of Ni₃TeO₆-type Mg₃TeO₆ derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy across various temperatures.⁴⁷

(D) A comparative view of ionic conductivity (σ_ionic) versus temperature (T) for notable Mg-based ionic conductors¹⁴³^,¹⁴⁴^,¹⁴⁵ alongside Ni₃TeO₆-type Mg₃TeO₆.

Figures used from ref. 48 under the terms and conditions of the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

However, the development of multivalent batteries remains early-stage, facing critical challenges such as slow ion mobility within electrode materials, structural instability, high interfacial resistance, and electrolyte compatibility.¹⁴⁶^,¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁸^,¹⁴⁹^,¹⁵⁰ Advances are being focused on developing novel electrode materials and electrolytes, including solid-state electrolytes,¹⁴³^,¹⁴⁴^,¹⁴⁵ that can accommodate and enable fast diffusion of multivalent ions while maintaining chemical and mechanical stability.

Magnesium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Magnesium-based quaternary tellurates such as Ni₃TeO₆-type Mg₃TeO₆⁸⁰ have been investigated as promising solid-state electrolytes for magnesium batteries,⁴⁷ despite the general challenge of sluggish Mg²⁺ mobility in oxides. Mg₃TeO₆ with a pellet compactness around 60% exhibits an ionic conductivity of approximately 2.5 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature (298 K) with an activation energy near 0.47 eV (Figures 6B and 6C).⁴⁷ This performance is comparable to several other reported Mg²⁺ conductors¹⁴³^,¹⁴⁴^,¹⁴⁵ and highlights its potential as a solid electrolyte in all-solid-state magnesium batteries (Figure 6D). Further improvements in ionic conductivity are anticipated through optimized pellet densification, enhanced microstructural control, and doping strategies to facilitate Mg²⁺ transport by reducing migration barriers and increasing carrier concentration. These developments can make tellurates such as Mg₃TeO₆ promising frameworks enabling fast Mg²⁺ mobility in the quest for all-solid-state multivalent battery technologies.⁴⁷

Magnesium-based tellurates such as MgNi₂TeO₆ (MgNi²⁺₂TeO₆ ⇋ Ni³⁺₂TeO₆ + Mg²⁺ + 2e⁻ (146.74 mA h g⁻¹)), Mg₂NiTeO₆ (Mg₂Ni²⁺TeO₆ ⇋ MgNi⁴⁺TeO₆ + Mg²⁺ + 2e⁻ (161.99 mA h g⁻¹)), and Mg_1.5Ni_1.5TeO₆ (Mg_1.5Ni²⁺_1.5TeO₆ ⇋ Ni⁴⁺_1.5TeO₆ + 1.5Mg²⁺ + 3e⁻ (230.98 mA h g⁻¹)) possess inherently robust tellurate frameworks¹⁵¹ that can provide structural stability necessary to accommodate the high charge density of Mg²⁺ during repeated insertion and extraction cycles. Although the electrochemical performance remains to be experimentally verified, their theoretical capacities range from approximately 147 to 231 mAh g⁻¹, making them promising candidates for positive electrode materials in magnesium batteries.

A key challenge in utilizing Mg-based tellurates is the potential for Mg²⁺ mixing with transition metal ions (such as Ni²⁺) due to their similar Shannon-Prewitt ionic radii,⁸¹ which can hinder efficient Mg²⁺ diffusion and thus limit electrochemical performance. Strategies such as nanosizing the active material can enhance electrochemical activity by shortening diffusion pathways and increasing surface area, thereby facilitating Mg²⁺ transport.

Future research aiming to optimize synthesis methods and mitigate ion mixing effects will be crucial to unlocking the full potential of Mg-based tellurates as stable, high-capacity positive electrodes in magnesium battery technologies.

Calcium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Calcium’s earth abundance (Clarke number 3.39%) and its standard electrode potential (−2.87 V for Ca²⁺/Ca), close to lithium (−3.05 V for Li⁺/Li), position it as a promising candidate for next-generation battery technologies (Figure 6A), offering potentially high voltage, high energy density, and cost benefits.¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁹ However, calcium-ion battery development remains in the early stages, with major challenges including the identification and design of solid-state materials that efficiently host and conduct Ca²⁺.¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁹

Calcium ions (Ca²⁺) indeed have relatively large ionic radii and high charge density, posing intrinsic challenges for fast mobility in solid oxide frameworks. However, recent advances have demonstrated promising progress in Ca²⁺ conduction attributed to optimized crystal structures and microstructures.¹⁴³^,¹⁵² As calcium-ion batteries gain momentum driven by calcium’s earth abundance and competitive electrode potential, multinary tellurates are well-positioned as solid electrolytes or electrode material candidates where enabling efficient Ca²⁺ mobility without structural degradation is vital for high performance and long cycle life.

Calcium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates, exemplified by compounds such as Ca₃TeO₆, Ca₂MgTeO₆, Ca₂ZnTeO₆, and Ca_1.5Zn_1.5TeO₆, can hold relevance as solid-state ionic conductors and serve as valuable structural analogues for studying Ca²⁺ mobility,⁴⁷ which is gaining significant interest due to the emerging focus on calcium-based batteries as advanced energy storage systems. Figures 7A–7C show the electrochemical impedance plots of representative Ca-based tellurates, prepared via solid-state metathesis reactions.⁴⁷ In particular, Ca₃TeO₆ (prepared via solid-state metathesis reaction) exhibits an ionic conductivity of approximately 6.89 × 10⁻⁷ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature,⁴⁷ which, although modest, indicates the viability of tellurates in calcium battery applications. Inorganic Ca²⁺ conductors such as Ca₂Ga₂SiO₇¹⁵³ and Ca_0.5SbAlP₃O₁₂¹⁵⁴ display relatively high Ca²⁺ conductivities only at elevated temperatures (Figure 7D); there is thus ample room in the search for Ca²⁺ conductors that exhibit high ionic conductivity at room temperature.

Electrochemical Ca²⁺ storage performance in selected multinary tellurates

(A–C) Nyquist impedance plots for Ca₂MTeO₆ compounds (where M = Ca, Mg, or Zn) prepared via solid-state metathesis reaction of Na₄MTeO₆ using molten Ca salts.⁴⁷ Figures used from ref. 48 under the terms and conditions of the CC BY 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

(D) A comparative view of bulk ionic conductivity (σ_bulk) versus temperature (T) for notable Ca²⁺ conductors.¹⁵³^,¹⁵⁴^,¹⁵⁵^,¹⁵⁶^,¹⁵⁷

(E) A comparative view of ionic conductivity (σ) versus temperature (T) for notable Ba-based ionic conductors.¹⁵⁸^,¹⁵⁹^,¹⁶⁰

Barium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Calcium’s earth abundance (Clarke number 3.39%) and its standard electrode potential (−2.87 V for Ca²⁺/Ca) close to lithium (−3.05 V for Li⁺/Li), position it as a promising candidate for next-generation battery technologies (Figure 6A) offering potentially high voltage, high energy density, and cost benefits.¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁹ However, calcium-ion battery development remains in the early stages, with major challenges including the identification and design of solid-state materials that efficiently host and conduct Ca²⁺.¹⁴⁷^,¹⁴⁹

Solid-state Ba²⁺ conductors such as BaZnGa₁₀O₁₇ and BaZr₄(PO₄)₆ currently exhibit ionic conductivities below 1 × 10⁻⁶ S cm⁻¹ even at elevated temperatures around 600 °C (Figure 7E),¹⁵⁸^,¹⁵⁹^,¹⁶⁰ which is significantly lower than the conductivity threshold of >1 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ typically required for practical solid electrolyte applications. This limited ionic mobility poses a fundamental challenge for the development of barium-ion batteries. Despite sluggish ion conduction, the stable and versatile crystal frameworks of Ba-based compounds can offer multifunctional properties, including dielectric behavior, photoluminescence, and catalytic activity⁵^,¹⁶¹^,¹⁶² which present opportunities beyond battery applications. To advance barium-based battery technologies, enhanced strategies to increase Ba²⁺ mobility or alternative applications leveraging these materials’ stable frameworks are necessary.

Barium-based ternary tellurates such as Ba₃TeO₆ crystallize in perovskite-related frameworks that can feature spacious and defect-rich crystal architectures conducive to Ba²⁺ conduction.⁵ Ba₃TeO₆ specifically exhibits polymorphic forms with reported tetragonal and orthorhombic crystal structures,¹⁶³ which maintain robust lattice frameworks potentially supporting defect-driven Ba²⁺ migration pathways. While Ba²⁺ mobility can be envisaged to be sluggish due to its large ionic radius and mass, the various Ba₃TeO₆ structural motifs can provide open channels and interconnected pathways favourable for Ba²⁺ conduction, albeit at presumably lower conductivities than lighter alkali or alkaline earth metal ions.

Coinage metal-based multinary tellurates

Copper-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Copper (Cu)-ion secondary batteries that utilize redox reactions with affordable Cu metal as positive electrode materials have attracted much attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity and environmentally friendly characteristics.¹⁶⁴ However, their advancement is significantly impeded by the poor ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes for Cu ions and the low solubility of copper species. Employing solid-state electrolytes capable of conducting Cu⁺¹⁶⁴^,¹⁶⁵ in solid-state batteries offers a promising solution to overcome these limitations effectively. These solid-state systems can enhance ionic transport and stability, addressing key challenges faced by conventional liquid electrolyte-based copper ion batteries.¹⁶⁴

A plethora of Cu⁺ conductors have emerged, such as Cu₂HgI₄,¹⁶⁶^,¹⁶⁷ exhibiting remarkable ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures (Figure 8F). Among the coinage-metal tellurates, Cu₂Mg₂TeO₆ (prepared via topochemical Cu⁺-ion exchange of Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ using CuCl salt at 430^oC for 24 h under argon)¹⁴ can be a promising Cu⁺ conductor. Figures 8A–8C show the electrochemical impedance plots of Cu₂Mg₂TeO₆ and Ag-based tellurates such as Ag₄ZnTeO₆ (prepared via topochemical Ag⁺ exchange of Na₄ZnTeO₆ using AgNO₃ molten salt at 250^oC for 99 h in air)¹⁴ and Ag₂Zn₂TeO₆ (prepared via topochemical Ag⁺ exchange of Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ using AgNO₃ molten salt).⁷³ Nyquist plots (Figures 8A–8C) feature single semicircles across various temperatures. The absence of a low-frequency linear tail, which typically indicates pure ionic conduction and corresponds to electrode polarization effects, suggests that these materials exhibit mixed ionic and electronic conduction.¹⁶⁸ The closed semicircle shape aligns well with equivalent circuit models incorporating both ionic and electronic conduction pathways,¹⁶⁹^,¹⁷⁰ implying significant electronic conductivity contributions likely from the mobile Cu⁺ or Ag⁺ in the structure.

Electrochemical storage performance of Ag⁺ and Cu⁺ in representative multinary tellurates

(A–C) Nyquist plots for Cu₂Mg₂TeO₆, Ag₄ZnTeO₆, and Ag₂Zn₂TeO₆ across various temperatures.

(D) Nyquist plots of Ag₂Mg₂TeO₆ measured at 303 K.⁴⁴

(E) Arrhenius plots of Ag₂Mg₂TeO₆ derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures, useful for calculating activation energy of ionic conduction.⁴⁴

(F) Comparison of the ionic conductivity values of representative Ag-based conductors⁶²^,¹⁶⁶^,¹⁶⁷^,¹⁷¹^,¹⁷²^,¹⁷³^,¹⁷⁴^,¹⁷⁵^,¹⁷⁶^,¹⁷⁷^,¹⁷⁸^,¹⁷⁹^,¹⁸⁰^,¹⁸¹^,¹⁸²^,¹⁸³^,¹⁸⁴^,¹⁸⁵^,¹⁸⁶^,¹⁸⁷ alongside the honeycomb-layered Ag₂Mg₂TeO₆.⁴⁴ Other comparative plots are shown in Figure S1.

The figures are reproduced with permission. Copyright Wiley-VCH.

Cu₂Mg₂TeO₆ (or equivalently as Cu_2/3Mg_2/3Te_1/3O₂) exhibits a layered structure, akin to that of Cu₂Ni₂TeO₆ (Figures 2M–2P), where Cu⁺ occupy octahedral sites within the transition metal slabs consisting of MgO₆ and TeO₆ octahedra. The mixed ionic and electronic conduction observed likely stems from the dual role of Cu ions as mobile ionic carriers and contributors to electronic conductivity within the lattice. Such electrochemical behavior envisages Cu₂Mg₂TeO₆ and related tellurates to be plausible Cu⁺ conductors with potential applications as solid-state electrolytes or mixed conductors in batteries and other ionic devices (e.g., electrochemical sensors), capable of supporting fast charge transport.

Silver-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Silver-based compounds are of particular interest due to their exceptional Ag⁺ conductivity, driven by the high polarizability and mobility of Ag⁺ in these frameworks.¹⁸⁸^,¹⁸⁹ This ion mobility makes them highly promising for advanced solid-state ionic devices and as fast-ion conducting electrodes, as Ag-based superionic conductors support rapid ionic transport even at moderate temperatures. Their fast-ion conduction and coupled ionic-electronic properties make them suitable for a variety of solid-state electrochemical technologies, including solid-state batteries, electrochemical sensors, and even thermoelectric devices where ion mobility can impact performance.

Silver-based quaternary and ternary tellurates have been prepared using topochemical ion-exchange from lithium-, sodium-, and potassium-based precursor analogues.¹⁴^,¹⁵^,⁴⁴^,⁷² Transmission electron microscopy has revealed intriguing structural features (Ag atom bilayer domains) in Ag-based quaternary tellurates, such as Ag₆Ni₂TeO₆ (Figures 2Q–2T).¹⁵^,⁴⁴ Silver atoms in bilayer domains exhibit anomalous sub-valent states (i.e., formal oxidation numbers between 0 and +1), giving rise to distinctive Ag–Ag bonding commonly referred to as argentophilic interactions.¹⁹⁰ This behavior has been rationalized in terms of spontaneous symmetry breaking within an SU(2) × U(1) gauge-symmetry framework, which involves three degenerate, massless chiral fermion states of silver derived from ${4 d}_{z^{2}}$ and 5s orbital occupancy.¹⁴^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁹^,⁴⁴ SU(2) denotes the emergent gauge group associated with the additional non-Abelian interaction between two left-handed degenerate Ag states arising from sd hybridization, and is analogous to the lepton sector of the weak interaction.¹⁹¹ In contrast, the Abelian U(1) gauge field arises from the electromagnetic/Maxwell theory and determines the prerequisite electric charges (hypercharges) of all three degenerate Ag states. The mechanism by which argentophilic interactions emerge from this symmetry breaking, ultimately leading to the formation of silver-atom bilayers in quaternary tellurates such as Ag₆M₂TeO₆ (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Mg),¹⁴^,¹⁵^,¹⁶^,¹⁹^,⁴⁴ has far-reaching implications across multiple disciplines.¹⁵^,¹⁹^,¹⁹²^,¹⁹³

Apart from their fundamental interest, Ag-based tellurates such as Ag₄ZnTeO₆ and Ag₂Zn₂TeO₆ show mixed ionic conductivity and electronic conductivity (Figures 8B and 8C), with Ag₂Zn₂TeO₆ demonstrating a conductivity value of 1.3 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature.¹⁹ Ionic conductivity measurements for the pure ionic conducting Ag₂Mg₂TeO₆ show promising values (Figures 8D and 8E): Ag₂Mg₂TeO₆ reaches 3.84 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 100°C (373 K),⁴⁴ which are competitive with known Ag⁺ superionic conductors (Figure 8F).⁶²^,¹⁶⁶^,¹⁶⁷^,¹⁷¹^,¹⁷²^,¹⁷³^,¹⁷⁴^,¹⁷⁵^,¹⁷⁶^,¹⁷⁷^,¹⁷⁸^,¹⁷⁹^,¹⁸⁰^,¹⁸¹^,¹⁸²^,¹⁸³^,¹⁸⁴ These properties position silver-based quaternary and ternary tellurates as promising candidates for solid-state electrolytes in Ag metal batteries or Ag-ion batteries.

Advancing research on tellurates in this area could lead to materials tailored for high ionic conductivity, stability, and multifunctionality, deepening the technological impact of tellurates in the expanding field of solid-state electrochemistry.

Computational approaches

Computational approaches (Figure 9) are integral to the development of tellurate-based materials, as they enable the accurate prediction of properties essential for applications in energy storage and catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and other theoretical approaches have reliably predicted key battery material parameters, such as average open-circuit voltages of 3.69 V for Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ and 3.62 V for K₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁹² in close agreement with experimental measurements.²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁸^,⁴⁹^,⁵³ DFT calculations have also reproduced phase stability (Figure 9A) and voltage plateau of various tellurates during ion intercalation and deintercalation (Figures 9B and 9C),³⁹^,⁶⁷^,⁶⁸^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹⁶ reinforcing their value as predictive tools for screening new tellurate compositions for battery applications. Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations have been employed to compute migration energy barriers for multinary tellurates such as.

Theoretical calculations related to the phase stability, electrochemical behavior and ionic dynamics of multinary tellurates

(A) Stable phases attainable within the Na₂O–MgO–ZnO–TeO₃ quaternary system.⁹⁶

(B and C) Voltage-capacity profiles associated with the extraction of Li⁺ from Li₄NiTeO₆⁹⁰ and Na⁺ and K⁺ from Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ and K₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁹² respectively.

(D) *Ab initio* molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations showing the temperature-dependent ionic conductivities of honeycomb-layered K₂Mg₂TeO₆ polytypes,⁴⁹^,¹⁹⁴ with the crystal structure inset for reference.

(E) Bond valency energy landscape (BVEL) map showing 2D K⁺ migration paths (honeycomb pathways) in K₂Ni₂TeO₆ (isosurfaces mapped at 0.35 eV).

(F and G) Theoretical screening of tellurate frameworks as candidate positive electrodes and potassium-ion conductors,⁴⁹ comparing diffusion barrier values derived from BVEL isosurface maps for representative potassium-based positive electrode materials and solid electrolytes; the dimensionality of K⁺ diffusion is indicated in brackets.

The figures are reproduced with permission. Copyright Elsevier, Royal Society of Chemistry, and Springer Nature.

Na₂Mg₂TeO₆,⁹³ Na₂Zn₂TeO₆,⁹³^,¹⁹⁵ Na_2–xZn_2–xGa_xTeO₆ (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2),⁴² and K₂Mg₂TeO₆⁴⁹^,¹⁹⁴ (Figure 9D), among others.⁸⁶ Computational studies of aliovalently substituted systems such as Na_2–xZn_2–xGa_xTeO₆ indicate enhanced Na⁺ diffusion and reduced activation energies, highlighting how Ga doping improves Na⁺ mobility in Na₂Zn₂TeO₆.⁸⁴^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁷ Moreover, partial substitution of Ni in Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ and K₂Ni₂TeO₆ with transition metals such as Mn and Fe has been shown to modify their voltage profiles, stability, and ionic mobility.⁹¹

DFT and AIMD simulations can further elucidate the ion dynamics of tellurate materials under operation at various temperatures. Honeycomb-layered tellurates such as Na₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁵⁶^,¹⁹⁶ Na₂Co₂TeO₆,⁵⁴ and Na₂Zn₂TeO₆⁴¹^,⁷³^,¹⁹⁷ exhibit different Na arrangements at distinct temperatures. DFT and AIMD simulations have shown that the sodium-ion sublattice in Na₂Zn₂TeO₆, for instance, tends to be disordered rather than adopting a perfect honeycomb arrangement. These computational studies reveal several recurring sodium cluster motifs, including pentagonal, triangular, and rhomboidal groupings, which govern the ionic conduction pathways within the material.¹⁹⁷ Furthermore, honeycomb-layered Na₂Zn₂TeO₆ is expected to exhibit high Na⁺ mobility arising from dynamic rearrangements of the sodium sublattice rather than relying primarily on vacancy hopping.⁴²^,⁸⁷ The application of DFT and AIMD simulations has thus provided valuable atomic-scale insights into the structural dynamics and ion-transport mechanisms of Na₂Zn₂TeO₆,⁴²^,⁸⁶ offering important guidance for the rational design of high-performance tellurate-based materials for energy storage applications.

Moreover, DFT investigations of materials such as Li₄NiTeO₆ have identified the dominant redox-active orbitals (Ni 3d and O 2p), estimated band gaps of approximately 1.5 eV, and voltage profiles of around 4.1 V versus Li/Li⁺,⁹⁰ consistent with experimental observations²¹ and shedding light on mechanisms such as oxygen evolution that affect battery lifetime performance. A similar DFT approach has been employed to obtain insights into the oxygen-redox processes occurring in Li_4.27Fe_0.57TeO₆ during Li⁺ (de)intercalation.²³ High-throughput phase-diagram calculations for systems such as Na₂O–MgO–ZnO–TeO₃ have revealed stable tellurate compositions (e.g., Na₂Zn_2–xMg_xTeO₆) with favourable electrochemical stability windows (Figure 9A).⁹³^,⁹⁶ Substitution of Mg with Zn in Na₂Zn_2−xMg_xTeO₆ can enhance ionic transport by reducing Na⁺ migration barriers, with predictive thermodynamic and kinetic data guiding targeted improvements in solid-state electrolytes.⁹³^,⁹⁶

Computational methods, including bond valence energy landscape (BVEL) and bond valence site energy (BVSE) approaches, serve as valuable complements to DFT and AIMD in predicting ion transport and migration pathways in tellurate materials. BVEL and BVSE have been successfully applied to provide detailed insights into ionic mobility and conduction networks in multinary tellurates such as K₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁴⁹ K₂NiCoTeO₆,⁵⁰ Na₂Mg₂TeO₆,³⁴ Na₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁵⁶^,¹⁹⁶^,¹⁹⁸ Na₂Co₂TeO₆,⁵⁴ Na₂Zn₂TeO₆,³¹ Na₂Cu₂TeO₆,¹⁹⁸ Li₂Cu₂TeO₆,¹⁹⁸ and Li₂Ni₂TeO₆.²²^,⁵⁶^,¹⁹⁸ When integrated into high-throughput computational workflows, these methods can accelerate the identification and optimization of tellurates with superior ionic transport properties. For instance, BVEL has aided in the rational screening of solid electrolytes and electrode tellurate materials (Figures 9F and 9G) for various energy storage systems, as demonstrated for compounds such as K₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co, Mg).⁴⁹^,⁵⁵

These comprehensive computational techniques, primarily DFT and AIMD, can accurately predict voltage curves,⁴⁹^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹² ionic migration barriers and pathways,²²^,²⁵^,³⁹^,⁴¹^,⁵⁴^,⁸⁷^,⁹¹^,⁹³^,⁹⁶ structural stability,²²^,²⁵^,³⁸^,³⁹^,⁴²^,⁶⁷^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁷^,⁸⁸^,⁸⁹^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹²^,⁹³^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁶ and redox phenomena.²³^,⁹⁰ This capability accelerates the rational design of multicomponent (multinary) tellurates with optimized electrochemical and multifunctional properties for applications in batteries, catalysis, and hybrid devices. Moreover, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)–driven screening will further expedite the discovery of promising tellurate materials, marking a new era in computational materials science focused on multinary tellurates for advanced energy technologies and beyond.

Prospects

Multinary tellurates form a structurally adaptable and compositionally diverse group of compounds with promising applications in energy storage technologies. These materials primarily feature frameworks based on TeO₆⁶⁻ octahedra, which provide mechanical strength and high-voltage stability. The inclusion of dynamic alkali, alkaline-earth, and coinage metal cations enables the modulation of ionic transport pathways along with the diversity of energy storage. Examples such as Li₄NiTeO₆,²⁰^,²¹ Li₄CoTeO₆,¹⁴ Li₃Fe₃Te₂O₁₂,¹²⁸ Li₂Ni₂TeO₆,²² Na₄NiTeO₆,⁵² Na₂Ni₂TeO₆,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ Na₂Mg₂TeO₆,³⁰^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁷ Na₂Zn₂TeO₆,²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴² Na₂MgZnTeO₆,⁴³ Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆,⁷¹ K₂Ni₂TeO₆,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹ K₂Mg₂TeO₆,⁴⁹^,⁵⁵ NaKNi₂TeO₆,³⁹ Ag₂Mg₂TeO₆,⁴⁴ Co_1–xNi_xTeO₄ (x = 0, 0.5, and 1),⁸² Na_1.5La_1.5TeO₆,⁵⁷ Ag₃ITeO₄,⁶² Mg₃TeO₆,⁴⁷ among others, illustrate the extensive compositional variety and functional potential of these tellurates for energy storage purposes.

The 2011 report on Na₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co, Mg, Zn) as fast Na-ion conductors has been instrumental in advancing tellurates as energy-storage materials.³⁰ Since this discovery, the exploration of new tellurate varieties has progressed steadily, effectively every year. Figure 10 presents a timeline of key tellurate compositions reported to date that have been influential in their potential development as energy-storage materials.¹²^,¹⁴^,²¹^,²²^,²³^,³⁰^,³⁴^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁵^,⁴⁷^,⁴⁹^,⁵²^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁷^,⁶¹^,⁶⁷^,⁷¹^,⁷²^,⁷³^,⁷⁴^,⁸⁰^,⁸²^,⁸⁴^,¹⁰⁷^,¹²⁸^,¹⁴⁰^,¹⁴²^,¹⁹⁹^,²⁰⁰^,²⁰¹

Timeline of key tellurate compositions that have been instrumental in advancing their potential development as energy-storage materials

Tellurium, although not a terrigenous element (chalcogen), has garnered extensive scientific attention due to its remarkable chemical functionalities,²⁰²^,²⁰³ which underpin both fundamental investigations and technological advancements in tellurium-based compounds. Considering materials cost, the low proportion of tellurium required in tellurate-based compounds ensures that its presence does not substantially impact the total synthesis expense, supporting the feasibility of both large-scale synthesis and practical application. Moreover, the adoption of advanced manufacturing protocols and scaling strategies, complemented by established market cost analyses, renders the pilot-scale production of multinary tellurates economically feasible for diverse technological applications.

Table 1 presents a representative overview of possible energy storage applications for selected multinary tellurate compounds.¹⁴^,²⁰^,²¹^,²²^,²³^,²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,³⁸^,³⁹^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴²^,⁴⁴^,⁴⁶^,⁴⁷^,⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁵⁵^,⁵⁷^,⁶¹^,⁶²^,⁷¹^,⁷²^,⁸²^,¹²⁸^,¹⁴⁰^,¹⁴²^,¹⁹⁹ Approaches to enhance or optimize the electrochemical properties of these multinary tellurates encompass techniques such as doping, nanostructure engineering, and computational modeling, each of which will be elaborated upon in the subsequent discussion.

Table 1.

Tellurate compositions with applications in energy storage

Tellurate Class	Energy storage application	Exemplar compositions
Li-based tellurates	Positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Li⁺ conductors), negative electrodes	Li₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co),¹⁴^,²²^,⁷² Li₃M_1.5TeO₆, Li₄MTeO₆ (Li₈M₂Te₂O₁₂),¹⁴^,²⁰^,²¹ Li₃Fe₃Te₂O₁₂,¹²⁸ Li₄_.₂₇Fe₀_.₅₇TeO₆,²³ Li₄_.₄₇Cr₀_.₅₃TeO₆ ordered Li₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn), Li₃M_1.5TeO₆, Li₄MTeO₆, Li₄_.₅Al₀_.₅TeO₆,¹⁴⁰ Li₂DTeO₆ (D = Zr, Sn, Si, Ti), Li_4–2xMg_1+xTeO₆,¹⁹⁹ Li₃AlTe₄O₁₁,⁶¹ Li₃GaTe₄O₁₁, CoTeO₄,⁸² Co₀_.₅Ni₀_.₅TeO₄⁸²
Na-based tellurates	Positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Na⁺ conductors)	Na₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co, Cu),²⁴^,²⁵^,²⁶^,²⁷^,³⁸^,⁴⁶^,⁵³ Na₃M_1.5TeO₆,⁷¹ Na₄MTeO₆,⁵² Na₃Te₂(FeO₄)₃ (Na₃Fe₃Te₂O₁₂) Na₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn),²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³⁴^,³⁵^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴² Na₃M_1.5TeO₆, Na₄MTeO₆ (D = Ca, Mg, Zn) Na₂DTeO₆ (D = Zr, Sn, Si, Ti), Na₁_.₅La₁_.₅TeO₆⁵⁷
K-based tellurates	positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (K⁺ conductors)	K₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co, Cu),⁴⁹^,⁵⁰^,⁵¹ K₃M_1.5TeO₆, K₄MTeO₆ K₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn),⁴⁹^,⁵⁵ K₃M_1.5TeO₆, K₄MTeO₆, KAl₀_.₃₃Te₁_.₆₇O₆,¹⁴² KNbTeO₆
Mixed alkali-based tellurates	positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Na⁺/K⁺ conductors)	NaKM₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co, Cu),³⁹ Na₁_.₅K_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Na₂K₂MTeO₆ NaKM₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn), Na₁_.₅K_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Na₂K₂MTeO₆
Mg-based tellurates	positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Mg²⁺ conductors)	MgM₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co), Mg_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Mg₂MTeO₆, MgMoTeO₆ MgM₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn), Mg_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Mg₂MTeO₆, Ni₃TeO₆-type Mg₃TeO₆⁴⁷
Ca-based tellurates	positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Ca²⁺ conductors)	CaM₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co), Ca_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Ca₂MTeO₆ CaM₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn, Ca), Ca_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Ca₂MTeO₆
Ba-based tellurates	positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Ba²⁺ conductors)	BaM₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co), Ba_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Ba₂MTeO₆ BaM₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn, Ba), Ba_1.5M_1.5TeO₆, Ba₂MTeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn, Ba,Ca,Cd), BaMTe₂O₇ (M = Mg,Zn), Ba₃Te₂O₉, BaTeO₄, BaTeO₃, BaTe₂O₆, Ba₃Te₄O₁₁
Cu-based tellurates	solid electrolytes (Cu⁺ conductors)	Cu₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn, Cu), Cu₃M_1.5TeO₆, Cu₄MTeO₆
Ag-based tellurates	positive electrodes, solid electrolytes (Ag⁺ conductors)	Ag₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Ni, Co),⁴⁴Ag₃M_1.5TeO₆, Ag₄MTeO₆, Ag₂M₂TeO₆ (M = Mg, Zn),⁴⁴ Ag₃M_1.5TeO₆, Ag₄MTeO₆, Ag₃ITeO₄,⁶² Ag₂Te₂O₆, Ag₄TeO₅

Open in a new tab

Doping and high-entropy approach

Performance in tellurate compounds can be significantly improved by employing heterovalent doping and high-entropy substitution strategies. High-entropy doping, which involves introducing several principal elements at once, leads to increased configurational entropy, stabilizes metastable structural phases, and enhances dynamic pathways for cation transport within the material. This multifaceted approach has already demonstrated considerable success in transition-metal oxides and is now being explored as an effective technique for advancing multinary tellurates.

For honeycomb-layered tellurates such as Na₂Co_2/3Ni_2/3Cu_2/3TeO₆ and Na₂Co_1/2Ni_1/2Cu_1/2Zn_1/2TeO₆,⁸³ incorporating non-Jahn-Teller ions such as Zn²⁺ can minimize lattice distortions and enhance the stability of the honeycomb framework, facilitating the integration of ions such as Cu²⁺ and thereby optimizing both the material’s robustness and presumably its transport properties. This high-entropy substitution method, particularly with entropy-stabilized electrode or electrolyte tellurate frameworks, can emerge as a viable path for the development of not only new energy storage materials, but also catalysts (as demonstrated in the photocatalytic activity of honeycomb-layered Na₃Ni_2/5Cu_2/5Co_2/5Fe_2/5Mn_2/5SbO₆²⁰⁴). Our preliminary investigations have confirmed that it is feasible to engineer novel tellurate compositions using this strategy, such as Na₂Co_2/3Zn_2/3Mg_2/3TeO₆, Na₂Co_1/2Ni_1/2Cu_1/2Mg_1/2TeO₆, Na₂Co_1/2Cu_1/2Zn_1/2Mg_1/2TeO₆, Na₂Co_1/2Ni_1/2Zn_1/2Mg_1/2TeO₆, Na₂Co_2/5Ni_2/5Zn_2/5Mg_2/5Cu_2/5TeO₆, and K₂Ni_2/3Co_2/3Mg_2/3TeO₆, demonstrating promising tunability and stability for next-generation energy storage solutions and beyond.

Tellurate-based layered materials, such as Na₂Zn₂TeO₆,²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴² exhibit high Na⁺ conductivity and provide favourable pathways for Na⁺ migration, making them promising solid electrolytes for sodium-ion batteries. The properties of these materials can be finely tuned through strategic cation doping; however, precise control during synthesis and doping is essential to optimize ionic conductivity and suppress the formation of undesirable secondary phases. Transitions between ordered and disordered arrangements of sodium ions and vacancies can play a significant role in facilitating ion mobility,¹⁹⁵^,¹⁹⁷ particularly at lower temperatures, highlighting the considerable potential of tellurate-based compounds such as Na₂Zn₂TeO₆,²⁸^,³⁰^,³¹^,³²^,³⁶^,³⁷^,⁴⁰^,⁴¹^,⁴² for next-generation sodium-ion battery applications.

Increasing the sodium content in Ni-rich layered tellurates Na_2+xNi₂TeO₆ (where x ranges from 0 to 0.10) significantly influences their structural and electrochemical properties.⁵³ Elevated sodium content levels expand the interlayer spacing, which enhances Na-ion diffusion within the layers, aiding ion transport and cycling stability. This increase introduces beneficial structural disorder and forms protective sodium-rich surface layers, which inhibit adverse phase transitions during battery operation. As a result, these modifications improve capacity retention, especially at higher temperatures, making controlled sodium variation an effective strategy to optimize the electrochemical performance of multinary tellurate positive electrodes in sodium-ion batteries. Precise sodium content control is therefore critical for maximizing the stability and functionality of sodium-based tellurate materials in energy storage applications. Such an approach can also be extended to lithium- and potassium-based systems.

Aliovalent substitution in Na_2–xZn_2–xGa_xTeO₆ (with x values of 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15) lowers sodium content while increasing vacancy concentration.⁸⁴ This reduction in sodium decreases Na–Na repulsion and enhances Na-ion mobility, which in turn improves ionic conductivity and reduces activation energy barriers for ion transport. Variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies alongside DFT simulations have provided valuable insights into these ion dynamics, supporting the understanding of how Ga substitution facilitates faster sodium-ion diffusion.⁸⁴ Notably, Na_1.9Zn_1.9Ga_0.1TeO₆ exhibits a high ionic conductivity of about 1.1 mS cm⁻¹, highlighting the effectiveness of this doping strategy.⁸⁴ This approach can also be applied to other tellurate systems such as Na_2–xMg_2–xGa_xTeO₆ and K_2–xMg_2–xGa_xTeO₆ (with similar doping levels of x), promising enhanced ionic conductivities for solid electrolytes in sodium- and potassium-ion batteries.

Homovalent/isovalent cation substitution strategies, such as partially substituting Mg with Zn in Na₂Mg₂TeO₆,³⁷^,⁴³ or partial substitution of Na with Li in Na_2+xZn_1–xLi_xTeO₆ (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.5),⁴² can effectively enhance both electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity in these tellurate-based materials. This substitution creates local disorder within the lattice, which facilitates Na-ion mobility by enlarging interlayer spacing and lowering migration energy barriers. The benefits of metal intermixing have been demonstrated with Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ systems showing enhanced ionic conductivities around 2.3 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability, including wide electrochemical windows (roughly 4.2 V against Na metal) and compatibility with metallic sodium negative electrodes.⁸⁴ These properties position intermixing as a promising approach for optimizing next-generation sodium-ion conductors.

Doping and substitution strategies in tellurates, including heterovalent substitution (aliovalent doping), “high-entropy” approach (multicomponent substitution), and homovalent cation substitution, are essential for stabilizing crystal structures, optimizing ion transport pathways, and tailoring electrochemical properties. These approaches can enhance ionic conductivity, improve phase stability, and mitigate adverse phase transitions, thereby improving the overall performance of tellurate-based materials. In addition to electrochemical property enhancements, doping tellurates such as CaLaLiTeO₆, Ca₃TeO₆, Ca₂MgTeO₆, Ca₃Zn₃Te₂O₁₂, Ba₂MgTeO₆, Ba₂ZnTeO₆, and Sr₂MgTeO₆ with rare-earth metal ions such as Dy³⁺, Sm³⁺, and Eu³⁺ can significantly boost their luminescent properties.⁷⁵^,⁷⁶^,¹⁶¹^,¹⁶²^,²⁰⁵^,²⁰⁶^,²⁰⁷^,²⁰⁸^,²⁰⁹^,²¹⁰^,²¹¹

Alkali-rich layered tellurates (such as Li₄NiTeO₆,²⁰^,²¹ Na₃Ni_1.5TeO₆,⁷¹ Na₄NiTeO₆,⁵² and so forth) have attracted considerable interest as positive electrode materials for rechargeable alkali-ion batteries owing to their theoretically high capacity enabled by access to multiple-electron redox reactions. Ample room remains to explore new alkali-rich tellurates not only for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, but also for potassium-ion batteries (e.g., K₄NiTeO₆ and K₃Ni_1.5TeO₆). Moreover, alkali-rich layered tellurates such as Li_4.47Cr_0.53TeO₆¹²⁷ and Li_4.27Fe_0.57TeO₆²³ have provided crucial insights into the distinctive oxygen redox behavior in lithium-rich positive electrode materials containing tellurates. Our preliminary investigation of the electrochemical performance of Li_4.47Cr_0.53TeO₆ reveals reversible Li⁺ extraction with a voltage plateau at approximately 4.1 V. Although Fe does not participate in the charge compensation process during the electrochemical cycling of Li_4.27Fe_0.57TeO₆,²³ whether the same redox behavior occurs in Li_4.47Cr_0.53TeO₆ remains to be assessed.

Alkali-rich layered tellurates such as Li₄NiTeO₆²⁰^,²¹ not only confine lithium between transition-metal layers but also host additional lithium within the transition-metal layers, yielding a layered framework in which Li layers alternate with Te/Ni/Li-containing layers. In the Te/Ni/Li layers, Ni and Li in octahedral coordination with oxygen are statistically distributed around TeO₆ octahedra in a honeycomb arrangement. Although Li₄NiTeO₆ has a theoretical capacity of 346 mAh g⁻¹ upon full delithiation, practical galvanostatic measurements show that only about half of the lithium can be reversibly extracted and inserted (Figure 3D), with oxygen evolution predicted to occur when the extracted lithium content exceeds two lithium ions,⁹⁰ leading to capacity attenuation. Our preliminary investigations, using topochemical ion-exchange routes of Li₄NiTeO₆ with Cu and Ag molten salts, yield Cu₃LiTeO₆ and Ag₃LiTeO₆, respectively, suggesting that about 25% of the lithium content in Li₄NiTeO₆ remains retained, a substantial proportion of which is presumably the lithium located in the Te/Ni layers. This implies that while complete extraction of lithium in compositions such as Li₄NiTeO₆ may be challenging, 75% of the lithium can be extracted, corresponding to a theoretical capacity of approximately 259 mAh g⁻¹. Achieving a three-electron capacity would require the redox activity of lattice oxygen to be reversibly invoked to a substantial extent.

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology offers transformative potential to enhance the electrochemical performance of tellurate materials by reducing particle size, modifying surfaces, and engineering nanostructures. Tellurate-based Na₂Mg₂TeO₆, when employed as nanofillers,³⁵ has been demonstrated to significantly improve the performance of solid polymer electrolytes in sodium-ion batteries. This strategy enhances ionic transport and electrochemical stability within polymer matrices, contributing to safer and higher-performance energy storage systems.²¹²^,²¹³^,²¹⁴ Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ is well recognized for its high sodium-ion conductivity and structural stability,⁸⁴ making it an effective additive to boost ionic conductivity and phase stability in polymer electrolyte composites for advanced battery applications.

Scaling down particle dimensions to the nanoscale reduces ion and electron diffusion distances, substantially improving rate capabilities. Surface modifications such as doping with conductive networks such as reduced graphene oxide enhance electrical conductivity, promote efficient charge transfer, and maintain nanostructure integrity during repeated electrochemical cycling.²¹⁵ Although most research has focused on micrometer-sized particles, transitioning to nanometric tellurates can significantly enhance rate performance, cycling stability, and catalytic effectiveness. Nanotechnology thus represents a pivotal strategy to fully exploit multinary tellurates in energy storage and catalytic applications.

Various scalable synthesis techniques, including hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, chemical reduction, green chemistry routes, vapor deposition, and soft-templating with surfactants, can enable controlled fabrication of nanometric tellurate powders with precise particle size, crystallinity, and morphology tailored for specific energy applications.⁸⁸ Recent advances in nanostructured transition metal tellurates, such as Co_1–xNi_xTeO₄ (x = 0, 0.5, and 1), reveal that their unique structures drive superior electrochemical performance,⁸² showcasing remarkably high capacities and long-term stability in battery systems, demonstrating the promise of nanoscale engineering in this class of materials.

Exploration of new compositions and material functionality

The exploration of new tellurate compositions can be greatly advanced by employing modern synthesis techniques and computational approaches that accelerate materials discovery and optimization. High-pressure synthesis, in particular, enables access to unique metastable tellurate phases with distinct structural and physicochemical properties that cannot be obtained under ambient conditions. For instance, applying multi-anvil high-pressure and high-temperature conditions has enabled the synthesis of WTe₂O₇²¹⁶ as a new phase, as well as the formation of novel metastable polymorphs of Mg₃TeO₆ (Ni₃TeO₆-type polymorph),⁸⁰ PbTeO₄,²¹⁷ Sc₂TeO₆,²¹⁸ and Co₃TeO₆,²¹⁹ each exhibiting unique crystal frameworks and physicochemical functionalities inaccessible at ambient pressure. Moreover, although compositions such as A₂M₂TeO₆ (A = Li, Na, K, Ca, Ag, and so forth; M = Co, Ni, Mg, Zn, and so forth) and A₄MTeO₆ display 2D honeycomb layered frameworks, gigapascal-scale pressures could induce phase transitions to yield 3D hyperhoneycomb frameworks, as seen in Li₃CoTeO₆¹¹⁷ and demonstrated in Li₂(Sn_1–xRu_x)O₃.²²⁰ High-pressure synthesis techniques, therefore, provide a promising route to design tailored tellurate frameworks with the potential for enhanced energy-storage performance.

Complementing high-pressure synthesis, solid-state metathesis reactions, and molten-salt topochemical ion-exchange reactions also enable the formation of new and metastable phases at relatively low temperatures. Topochemical ion-exchange reaction at low temperatures has, for instance, been used to synthesize ordered phases of Li₂Ni₂TeO₆ from Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ precursors in molten Li salts.²²^,⁷² Lithium-based tellurates prepared via conventional high-temperature ceramic routes tend to form disordered phases due to inevitable intermixing between Li and constituent transition-metal atoms such as Ni and Mg.²²^,⁷²^,¹⁹⁹ Topochemical ion-exchange routes at low temperatures can therefore be particularly effective for preparing ordered Li-based tellurates. Furthermore, the broad applicability of solid-state metathesis reactions has become evident,⁴⁷ not only in enabling straightforward access to known Mg- and Ca-based tellurates at low temperatures and ambient pressures, but also in the discovery of new nanomaterials with potential applications in energy storage and beyond. For instance, through a solid-state metathesis reaction involving Na₄MgTeO₆ and a Mg halide salt,⁴⁷ Ni₃TeO₆-type Mg₃TeO₆⁸⁰ can be obtained at low temperatures and ambient pressure, obviating the need for the high temperatures (1570 K) and megabar pressures (12.5 GPa) conventionally required for its synthesis. In addition, new double-perovskite and garnet-type Ca-based tellurates, such as Ca₂ZnTeO₆, CaZn₂TeO₆, and Ca_1.5Zn_1.5TeO₆, are accessible via solid-state metathesis reactions at low temperatures.⁴⁷ Leveraging solid-state metathesis routes, a wide range of tellurate nanomaterials can be synthesized, including Mg- and Ca-based compounds as well as Ba- and Sr-based tellurates with potential applications in nanotechnology beyond energy storage. For instance, honeycomb-layered BaNi₂TeO₆,⁷⁴ typically synthesized at 1050 °C, can be produced via the solid-state metathesis reaction of K₂Ni₂TeO₆ with molten barium salts (such as Ba(NO₃)₂ or eutectic salts) at lower temperatures. Similarly, the double-perovskite Sr₂MgTeO₆,²¹⁰^,²¹¹ usually obtained at 1100 °C, can be synthesized through the metathesis reaction of Na₄MgTeO₆ with molten strontium salts (such as Sr(NO₃)₂) at intermediate temperatures.

On the computational side, the integration of high-throughput screening with machine learning can accelerate the identification of promising tellurate compositions by predicting their structural stability, ionic transport characteristics, and electrochemical performance.¹⁵^,¹⁶^,²²^,³⁴^,³⁹^,⁴⁹^,⁶⁷^,⁸⁵^,⁸⁶^,⁸⁷^,⁹⁰^,⁹¹^,⁹²^,⁹³^,⁹⁴^,⁹⁵^,⁹⁶^,⁹⁷^,⁹⁸ Predictive models utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) can streamline experimental efforts, substantially reducing trial-and-error cycles and thereby accelerating materials discovery. Future research on multinary tellurates should prioritize comprehensive mapping of composition-structure-property landscapes to optimize ionic conductivity and phase stability, alongside advanced spectroscopic and computational studies to elucidate ion-migration mechanisms and electronic properties. Collectively, the combination of sophisticated synthesis strategies, such as high-pressure routes and solid-state metathesis reactions, with cutting-edge computational tools offers a powerful approach for uncovering novel chemistries and metastable phases with intriguing electrochemical properties in tellurate-based materials for energy storage.

Beyond their utility as battery electrodes and solid-state electrolytes, multinary tellurates also show promise in electrochemical catalysis (e.g., Na₂Ni₂TeO₆),²²¹ blue pigment materials (e.g., Li₂NiCoTeO₆ (Li_2/3Ni_1/3Co_1/3Te_1/3O₂ (Figure S2))), and luminescent materials (e.g., rare-earth-doped Ca₃TeO₆, Ca₂MgTeO₆, Ca₃Zn₃Te₂O₁₂, Ba₂MgTeO₆, Ba₂ZnTeO₆, and Sr₂MgTeO₆),⁷⁵^,¹⁶¹^,¹⁶²^,²⁰⁵^,²⁰⁶^,²⁰⁷^,²⁰⁸^,²⁰⁹^,²¹⁰^,²¹¹ which further expands their technological relevance. Continued interdisciplinary work that bridges synthesis techniques, nanotechnology, and computational discovery, including advances in cloud high-performance computing, machine learning, and AI, will be crucial for establishing ternary and quaternary tellurates as versatile material platforms for both energy storage and energy conversion. Table 2 shows a summary of design strategies to maximize the functional potential of multinary tellurates across diverse applications.²⁰^,²¹^,²³^,³⁵^,³⁷^,⁴²^,⁴³^,⁵²^,⁵³^,⁸²^,⁸³^,⁸⁴^,⁷¹^,²¹⁶^,²¹⁷^,²¹⁸^,²¹⁹

Table 2.

Design strategies to harness the full functionality of multinary tellurates for diverse applications, including energy storage

Strategy	Exemplar compositions	Effect	Applications/Outputs
'High-entropy' and multicomponent doping	Na₂Co_2/3Ni_2/3Cu_2/3TeO₆,⁸³ Na₂Co_1/2Ni_1/2Cu_1/2Zn_1/2TeO₆, Na₂Co_2/5Ni_2/5Zn_2/5Cu_2/5Zn_2/5TeO₆, K₂Co_2/3Ni_2/3Mg_2/3TeO₆	・Increased configurational entropy stabilises honeycomb framework ・Reduced distortions ・Improved cation transport pathway	・Positive electrodes and electrolytes ・Photocatalysts
Alkali content tuning in layered tellurates	Na_2+xNi₂TeO₆ (x = 0–0.10)⁵³	・Higher alkali metal ion content enlarges interlayer spacing ・Improved alkali-ion diffusion ・Suppressed adverse phase transitions	・High-capacity positive electrodes
Aliovalent (heterovalent) substitution	Na_2-xZn_2-xGa_xTeO₆ (x = 0–0.15),⁸⁴ Na_2-xMg_2-xGa_xTeO₆, K_2-xGa_xMg_2-xTeO₆,	・Increased vacancy concentration ・Lowered alkali metal ion repulsion ・Elevated alkali metal-ion mobility	・High ion-conducting solid electrolytes
Homovalent (isovalent) cation substitution	Na₂Zn_2-xMg_xTeO₆ (x = 0–0.15),³⁷^,⁴³ Na_2+xZn_1-xLi_xTeO₆ (x = 0–0.15)⁴²	・Interlayer expansion facilitate fast ion mobility ・Improved stability	・High ion-conducting solid electrolytes
Alkali-rich tellurates	Li₄NiTeO₆,²⁰^,²¹ Na₃Ni₁_.₅TeO₆,⁷¹ Na₄NiTeO₆,⁵² K₃Ni₁_.₅TeO₆, K₄NiTeO₆, Li₄_.₄₇Cr₀_.₅₃TeO₆, Li₄_.₂₇Fe₀_.₅₇TeO₆²³	・Multiple-electron (including oxygen) redox	・High-capacity positive electrodes ・Model systems for studying oxygen redox
Rare-earth doping	Dy³⁺-, Sm³⁺-, Eu³⁺-doped Ca₃TeO₆, Ca₂MgTeO₆, Ca₃Zn₃Te₂O₁₂, Ba₂MgTeO₆, Ba₂ZnTeO₆, Sr₂MgTeO₆	・Introduction of luminescent centers ・Modification of local environments ・Enhanced photoluminescence	・Phosphors and luminescent materials in addition to electrochemical roles
Nanotechnology (nanosizing, nanofillers, coatings)	Na₂Mg₂TeO₆ nanofillers,³⁵ nanostructured Co_1-xNi_xTeO₄,⁸² and so forth.	・Nanoscale particles shorten ion/electron diffusion lengths ・Surface modification improves conductivity and structural integrity	・High rate capability ・Better cycling stability ・Improved electrolyte performance ・Enhanced catalytic activity
Advanced synthesis routes	High-pressure synthesis: WTe₂O₇, Mg₃TeO₆, PbTeO₄, Sc₂TeO₆, ²¹⁶^,²¹⁷^,²¹⁸^,²¹⁹ and so forth. Solid-state metathesis reactions Molten-salt topochemical routes	・Access to new phases at high pressures and temperatures ・Access to new nanostructured phases at intermediate temperatures ・Access to ordered phases at intermediate temperatures	・Tailored frameworks for energy storage ・Nanomaterials ・Improved synthetic scalability
Computational and data-driven discovery	High-throughput calculations, ML, and AI screening of multinary tellurates	・Prediction of structural stability, ion transport and electrochemistry ・Composition-structure-property mapping	・Accelerated discovery of fast-ion conductors, stable electrodes, and new functional tellurates
Extended functionalities	Na₂Ni₂TeO₆ (electrocatalysis), Li₂NiCoTeO₆ (blue pigment), rare-earth-doped Ca-, Ba-, Sr-based tellurates	・Exploitation of electronic structure and dopant effects for catalysis, color, and luminescence	・Electrochemical catalysts, pigments and luminescent devices

Open in a new tab

Conclusion

The rich structural diversity, tunable properties, and demonstrated electrochemical performance of multinary tellurates make them a compelling family of materials that merit sustained, focused study for next-generation energy storage. Enhancements in electrochemical behavior can be realized through strategies (summarized in Table 2) such as aliovalent doping, multicomponent substitution (“high-entropy” doping), and nanoscale structuring. Concurrently, computational modeling can help identify new compositions and clarify phase stability, ionic conduction pathways, and redox behavior. Bringing these design concepts together with targeted synthesis is key to optimizing the electrochemical performance of multinary tellurates in both practical energy storage and energy conversion systems.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 24KF0275 and 23K04922) and AIST Edge Runners Funding.

Author contributions

Both authors contributed to the conceptualization and drafting of the review.

Declaration of interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Supplemental information can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2026.114936.

Contributor Information

Titus Masese, Email: titusmasese@gmail.com.

Godwill Mbiti Kanyolo, Email: gmkanyolo@gmail.com.

Supplemental information

Document S1. Figures S1 and S2 and supplemental references

mmc1.pdf^{(581.6KB, pdf)}

References

1.Christy A.G., Mills S.J., Kampf A.R. A review of the structural architecture of tellurium oxycompounds. Mineral. Mag. 2016;80:415–545. doi: 10.1180/minmag.2016.080.093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
2.Norman M.R. Copper tellurium oxides–A playground for magnetism. J. Magn. Magn Mater. 2018;452:507–511. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.006. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
3.Narsinga Rao G., Sankar R., Panneer Muthuselvam I., Chou F.C. Magnetic and thermal property studies of RCrTeO6 (R= trivalent lanthanides) with layered honeycomb sublattices. J. Magn. Magn Mater. 2014;370:13–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.06.057. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
4.Jin C., Mutailipu M., Jin W., Han S., Yang Z., Pan S. Cation Substitution of Hexagonal Triple Perovskites: A Case in Trimetallic Tellurates A2A′ BTe2O9. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:6099–6106. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
5.Stöger B., Weil M., Zobetz E. Sr3TeO6 and Ba3TeO6: double perovskites with pronounced superstructures. Z. Kristallogr. 2010;225:125–138. doi: 10.1524/zkri.2010.1234. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
6.Augsburger M.S., Viola M.C., Pedregosa J.C., Muñoz A., Alonso J.A., Carbonio R.E. Preparation, crystal and magnetic structures of two new double perovskites: Ca2CoTeO6 and Sr2CoTeO6. J. Mater. Chem. 2005;15:993–1001. doi: 10.1039/B413976C. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
7.Schulz H., Bayer G. Structure determination of Mg3TeO6. Structural Science. 1971;27:815–821. doi: 10.1107/S0567740871002954. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
8.Klein W., Curda J., Jansen M. Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of Ag4CuTeO6. Zeitschrift anorg. allge. chemie. 2007;633:231–234. doi: 10.1002/zaac.200600292. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
9.Weil M. New silver tellurates–the crystal structures of a third modification of Ag2Te2O6 and of Ag4TeO5. Zeitschrift anorg. allge. chemie. 2007;633:1217–1222. doi: 10.1002/zaac.200700106. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
10.Weil M. Ag2Hg2(TeO4)3. Acta Crystallogr. C. 2005;61:i103–i105. doi: 10.1107/S0108270105028210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Feger C.R., Schimek G.L., Kolis J.W. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of M2Te3O8 (M= Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn): A Series of Compounds with the Spiroffite Structure. J. Solid State Chem. 1999;143:246–253. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1998.8101. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
12.Kumar V., Bhardwaj N., Tomar N., Thakral V., Uma S. Novel lithium-containing honeycomb structures. Inorg. Chem. 2012;51:10471–10473. doi: 10.1021/ic301125n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Matsubara N., Chen C.Y., Rizell J., Huang Z.D., Sassa Y., Månsson M., Senoh H., Matsumoto H. Honeycomb layered oxides: structure, energy storage, transport, topology and relevant insights. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021;50:3990–4030. doi: 10.1039/D0CS00320D. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Alshehabi A., Huang Z.D. Advances in honeycomb layered oxides: Syntheses, layer stackings and material characterisation techniques of pnictogen-and chalcogen-based honeycomb layered oxides. Mater. Today Chem. 2023;33 doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101657. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
15.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Tachibana S., Zhong C., Orikasa Y., Saito T. Honeycomb layered frameworks with metallophilic bilayers. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2024;141 doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101205. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
16.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Advances in honeycomb layered oxides: Part II--Theoretical advances in the characterisation of honeycomb layered oxides with optimised lattices of cations. arXiv. 2022 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2202.10323. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
17.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. An idealised approach of geometry and topology to the diffusion of cations in honeycomb layered oxide frameworks. Sci. Rep. 2020;10 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70019-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Cationic vacancies as defects in honeycomb lattices with modular symmetries. Sci. Rep. 2022;12 doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10226-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Pseudo-spin model of argentophilicity in honeycomb bilayered materials. Mater. Today Phys. 2023;39 doi: 10.1016/j.mtphys.2023.101271. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
20.Zvereva E.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Evstigneeva M.A., Koo H.J., Whangbo M.H., Ushakov A.V., Medvedev B.S., Medvedeva L.I., Gridina N.A., Yalovega G.E., et al. Magnetic and electrode properties, structure and phase relations of the layered triangular-lattice tellurate Li4NiTeO6. J. Solid State Chem. 2015;225:89–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.12.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
21.Sathiya M., Ramesha K., Rousse G., Foix D., Gonbeau D., Guruprakash K., Prakash A.S., Doublet M.L., Tarascon J.M. Li4NiTeO6 as a positive electrode for Li-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 2013;49:11376–11378. doi: 10.1039/C3CC46842A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Grundish N.S., Seymour I.D., Henkelman G., Goodenough J.B. Electrochemical properties of three Li2Ni2TeO6 structural polymorphs. Chem. Mater. 2019;31:9379–9388. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02956. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
23.McCalla E., Prakash A.S., Berg E., Saubanère M., Abakumov A.M., Foix D., Klobes B., Sougrati M.-T., Rousse G., Lepoivre F., et al. Reversible Li-intercalation through oxygen reactivity in Li-rich Li-Fe-Te oxide materials. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015;162:A1341–A1351. doi: 10.1149/2.0991507jes. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
24.Gupta A., Buddie Mullins C., Goodenough J.B. Na2Ni2TeO6: Evaluation as a cathode for sodium battery. J. Power Sources. 2013;243:817–821. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.073. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
25.Grundish N.S., Henkelman G., Goodenough J.B., Delmas C., Carlier D., Seymour I.D. Understanding the Beneficial Role of Transition-Metal Layer Na+ Substitution on the Structure and Electrochemical Properties of the P2-Layered Cathode Na2+xNi2–x/2TeO6. Chem. Mater. 2025;37:3040–3053. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c02798. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26.Pati J., Raj H., Sapra S.K., Dhaka A., Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M., Dhaka R.S. Unraveling the diffusion kinetics of honeycomb structured Na2Ni2TeO6 as a high-potential and stable electrode for sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2022;10:15460–15473. doi: 10.1039/D2TA01775J. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
27.Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Rizell J., Kanyolo G.M., Takahashi T., Ito M., Senoh H., Saito T. Unveiling structural disorders in honeycomb layered oxide: Na2Ni2TeO6. Materialia. 2021;15 doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
28.Yamamoto K., Ono Y., Inada R. Characterization of co-fired sodium-ion conductive Na2Ni2TeO6 and Na2Zn2TeO6 with honeycomb layer structure. Heliyon. 2024;10 doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30691. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29.Nalbandyan V.B., Petrenko А.А., Evstigneeva M.A. Heterovalent substitutions in Na2M2TeO6 family: Crystal structure, fast sodium ion conduction and phase transition of Na2LiFeTeO6. Solid State Ionics. 2013;233:7–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2012.12.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
30.Evstigneeva M.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Petrenko A.A., Medvedev B.S., Kataev A.A. A new family of fast sodium ion conductors: Na2M2TeO6 (M = Ni, Co, Zn, Mg) Chem. Mater. 2011;23:1174–1181. doi: 10.1021/cm102629g. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
31.Sun H., Li X., Zeng X., Liu J., Rakhmatullin A., Lou C., Tang M., Fernández-Carrión A.J., Kuang X. Na Nonstoichiometric Modifications Unraveling the Sodium Ion Mobility and Transport Mechanism in Sodium Solid Electrolyte NaxZn2TeO6. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 2025;41:296–304. doi: 10.1007/s40242-025-4224-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
32.Itaya A., Ono Y., Yamamoto K., Inada R. Characterization of Na2Zn2TeO6 ceramic solid electrolyte densified by hot pressing. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2024;21:311–318. doi: 10.1111/ijac.14508. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
33.Nalbandyan V.B., Nikulin A.Y., Sheptun I.G., Popov Y.V., Shukaev I.L. Sodium ion conductivity of hexagonal layered P2-type phases with multiple cationic substitutions. Solid State Ionics. 2025;425 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2025.116829. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
34.Li Y., Deng Z., Peng J., Gu J., Chen E., Yu Y., Wu J., Li X., Luo J., Huang Y., et al. New P2-type honeycomb-layered sodium-ion conductor: Na2Mg2TeO6. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2018;10:15760–15766. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b03938. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
35.Radjendirane A.C., Maurya D.K., Rajendra S.P., AlSalhi M.S., Guo Z., Angaiah S. Ameliorating Ionic Conductivity and Dielectric Behavior of Synergistically Coupled All Solid-State PAN-Na2Mg2TeO6-NaPF6 Nanohybrid Membrane Electrolyte. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2024;128:6950–6961. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00821. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
36.Salgado R., Terny S., Frechero M.A. Structural, morphological, and electric study of doped-Na2Zn2TeO6 family in a wide range of temperatures. Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 2025;312 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117865. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
37.Sarkar D., Bhattacharya A., Meyer J., Kirchberger A.M., Mishra V., Nilges T., Michaelis V.K. Unraveling Sodium-Ion Dynamics in Honeycomb-Layered Na2MgxZn2–xTeO6 Solid Electrolytes with Solid-State NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023;145:19727–19745. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c04928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
38.Getahun Y., Martinez A.C., Rodriguez M., Maurel A., Lopez D., Kim E., King G., Nair H.S. Electrochemical Performance of Layered Honeycomb Na2(Ni2–xCox)TeO6 (x= 0, 0.10, 0.25) Oxides as Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes. Inorg. Chem. 2025;64:8503–8513. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c05017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
39.Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Rizell J., Kanyolo G.M., Chen C.Y., Ubukata H., Kubota K., Sau K., Ikeshoji T., Huang Z.-D., et al. Mixed alkali-ion transport and storage in atomic-disordered honeycomb layered NaKNi2TeO6. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:4660. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24694-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
40.Deng Z., Gu J., Li Y., Li S., Peng J., Li X., Luo J., Huang Y., Fang C., Li Q., et al. Ca-doped Na2Zn2TeO6 layered sodium conductor for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2019;298:121–126. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.092. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
41.Maurya D.K., Murugadoss V., Guo Z., Angaiah S. Designing Na2Zn2TeO6-embedded 3D-nanofibrous poly (vinylidenefluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene-based nanohybrid electrolyte via electrospinning for durable sodium-ion capacitors. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021;4:8475–8487. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c01682. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
42.Li X., Bianchini F., Wind J., Pettersen C., Wragg D.S., Vajeeston P., Fjellvåg H. Insights into crystal structure and diffusion of biphasic Na2Zn2TeO6. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020;12:28188–28198. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c05863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
43.Dubey M., Kumar A., Murugavel S., Prakash G.V., Jose D.A., Mariappan C.R. Structural and ion transport properties of sodium ion conducting Na2MTeO6 (M= MgNi and MgZn) solid electrolytes. Ceram. Int. 2020;46:663–671. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.018. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
44.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M., Miyazaki Y., Ito M., Taguchi N., Rizell J., Tachibana S., Tada K., Huang Z.-D., Alshehabi A., et al. Honeycomb-Layered Oxides With Silver Atom Bilayers and Emergence of Non-Abelian SU(2) Interactions. Adv. Sci. 2023;10 doi: 10.1002/advs.202204672. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
45.Yadav D.K., Uniyal S., Uma S. Identification of high ionic conducting members in the new lithium rich Li4.50M0.50TeO6 (M3+= Co, Ni, In) series. Dalton Trans. 2023;52:10126–10135. doi: 10.1039/D3DT01441J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
46.Chen C.Y., Rizell J., Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Sassa Y., Månsson M., Kubota K., Matsumoto K., Hagiwara R., Xu Q. High-voltage honeycomb layered oxide positive electrodes for rechargeable sodium batteries. Chem. Commun. 2020;56:9272–9275. doi: 10.1039/D0CC03021J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
47.Masese T., Kanyolo G., Miyazaki Y., Tachibana S., Kubota K., Ishida N., Tada K., Ozaki H., Okumura T., Takeda S., et al. Exploring Magnesium-and Calcium-Ion Conductors Via Solid-State Metathesis Reactions. ChemRxiv. 2024 doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-s0kks-v7. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
48.Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Mbiti Kanyolo G., Takahashi T., Ito M., Senoh H., Saito T. Topological defects and unique stacking disorders in honeycomb layered oxide K2Ni2TeO6 nanomaterials: implications for rechargeable batteries. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021;4:279–287. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02601. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
49.Masese T., Yoshii K., Yamaguchi Y., Okumura T., Huang Z.D., Kato M., Kubota K., Furutani J., Orikasa Y., Senoh H., et al. Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries with honeycomb-layered tellurates as high voltage cathodes and fast potassium-ion conductors. Nat. Commun. 2018;9:3823. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06343-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
50.Masese T., Yoshii K., Kato M., Kubota K., Huang Z.D., Senoh H., Shikano M. A high voltage honeycomb layered cathode framework for rechargeable potassium-ion battery: P2-type K2/3Ni1/3Co1/3Te1/3O2. Chem. Commun. 2019;55:985–988. doi: 10.1039/C8CC07239F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
51.Yoshii K., Masese T., Kato M., Kubota K., Senoh H., Shikano M. Sulfonylamide-based ionic liquids for high-voltage potassium-ion batteries with honeycomb layered cathode oxides. Chemelectrochem. 2019;6:3901–3910. doi: 10.1002/celc.201900689. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
52.Yang Z., Jiang Y., Deng L., Wang T., Chen S., Huang Y. A high-voltage honeycomb-layered Na4NiTeO6 as cathode material for Na-ion batteries. J. Power Sources. 2017;360:319–323. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.014. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
53.Moeez I., Bhatti A.H.U., Cho M.K., Susanto D., Akbar M., Ali G., Chung K.Y. Effect of sodium content on the electrochemical performance of P2-Na2Ni2TeO6 layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Carbon Energy. 2025;7 doi: 10.1002/cey2.658. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
54.Saha B.C., Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M. Two-Dimensional Na-Ionic Conduction in Layered Cobaltate Na2Co2TeO6: A Combined Neutron Diffraction and Impedance Spectroscopy Study. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2025;8:3779–3792. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.5c00012. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
55.Yi S., Zhou W., Wang Z., Yang M., Wu J.F., Liu J. Layered K2Mg2TeO6 solid electrolyte enables long-life solid-state potassium batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2024;9:2626–2632. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00994. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
56.Saha B., Bera A.K., Kesari S., Yusuf S.M. Intertwined crystal structure and electrical properties in layered battery materials A2Ni2TeO6 (A= Na/Li) Phys. Rev. Mater. 2023;7 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.7.085001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
57.Amores M., Baker P.J., Cussen E.J., Corr S.A. Na1.5La1.5TeO6: Na+ conduction in a novel Na-rich double perovskite. Chem. Commun. 2018;54:10040–10043. doi: 10.1039/C8CC03367F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
58.Albrecht R., Hoelzel M., Beccard H., Rüsing M., Eng L., Doert T., Ruck M. Potassium Ion Conductivity in the Cubic Labyrinth of a Piezoelectric, Antiferromagnetic Oxoferrate (III) Tellurate (VI) Chemistry (Easton). 2021;27:14299–14306. doi: 10.1002/chem.202102464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
59.Itaya A., Yamamoto K., Inada R. Sintering temperature dependency on sodium-ion conductivity for Na2Zn2TeO6 solid electrolyte. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2021;18:2085–2090. doi: 10.1111/ijac.13847. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
60.Teshima S., Ono Y., Goto N., Inada R. Electrical conducting properties of Na2Zn2TeO6 thick films fabricated by aerosol deposition. Mater. Lett. 2022;324 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132640. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
61.Lu M., Jo H., Oh S.J., Lee S., Choi K.Y., Yu Y., Ok K.M. Syntheses, Structures, and Characterization of Quaternary Tellurites, Li3MTe4O11 (M= Al, Ga, and Fe) Inorg. Chem. 2017;56:5873–5879. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
62.Pitzschke D., Curda J., Cakmak G., Jansen M. Ag4I2SeO4 and Ag3ITeO4–two new silver solid electrolytes. Zeitschrift anorg. allge. chemie. 2008;634:1071–1076. doi: 10.1002/zaac.200800027. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
63.Schiraldi A., Chiodelli G., Magistris A. AgI—Ag oxysalt electrolytes for solid state cells. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1976;6:251–255. doi: 10.1007/BF00616148. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
64.Hu Z., Weng M., Chen Z., Tan W., Li S., Pan F. The role of M@ Ni6 superstructure units in honeycomb-ordered layered oxides for Li/Na ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2021;83 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105834. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
65.Wu Z.H., Yu Y.X. High valance Te (VI) enhances the carbonate ester stability on the surface of honeycomb layered oxides. J. Energy Storage. 2025;139 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.118912. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
66.Wang P.F., Weng M., Xiao Y., Hu Z., Li Q., Li M., Wang Y.-D., Chen X., Yang X., Wen Y., et al. An ordered Ni6-ring superstructure enables a highly stable sodium oxide cathode. Adv. Mater. 2019;31 doi: 10.1002/adma.201903483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
67.Berthelot R., Serrano-Sevillano J., Fraisse B., Fauth F., Weill F., Laurencin D., Casas-Cabanas M., Carlier D., Rousse G., Doublet M.L. Stacking versatility in alkali-mixed Honeycomb Layered NaKNi2TeO6. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:14310–14317. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01876. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
68.Mpanga E.M., Wernert R., Fauth F., Suard E., Avdeev M., Fraisse B., Camacho P.S., Carlier D., Lebedev O., Cassidy S.J., et al. Solid-state chemistry shuffling of alkali ions toward new layered oxide materials. Chem. Mater. 2024;36:892–900. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02749. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
69.He Z., Cui M., Qiu C. Synthesis, structure and magnetic behaviors of a new spin-1/2 chain compound Na4CuTeO6. J. Alloys Compd. 2018;748:794–797. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.207. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
70.He Z., Guo W., Cui M., Tang Y. Synthesis and magnetic properties of new tellurate compounds Na4MTeO6 (M= Co and Ni) with a ferromagnetic spin-chain structure. Dalton Trans. 2017;46:5076–5081. doi: 10.1039/C6DT04750E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
71.Grundish N.S., Seymour I.D., Li Y., Sand J.B., Henkelman G., Delmas C., Goodenough J.B. Structural and electrochemical consequences of sodium in the transition-metal layer of O′3-Na3Ni1.5TeO6. Chem. Mater. 2020;32:10035–10044. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03248. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
72.Kumar V., Gupta A., Uma S. Formation of honeycomb ordered monoclinic Li2M2TeO6 (M= Cu, Ni) and disordered orthorhombic Li2Ni2TeO6 oxides. Dalton Trans. 2013;42:14992–14998. doi: 10.1039/C3DT51604K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
73.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M., Miyazaki Y., Sukegawa K., Saito T. Probing the Atomic Arrangement of Honeycomb Layered Oxides via Optimum Bright-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (OBF–STEM) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2025;27:14729–14732. doi: 10.1039/D5CP01190F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
74.Song Y., Niu H., Zeng Z., Jiang D., He X., Liang Y., Huang H., Zhang M., Li J., He Z., et al. Influence of Barium Intercalated Ions on Magnetic Interaction in the Tellurate Compound BaNi2TeO6. Inorg. Chem. 2022;61:5731–5736. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
75.Cao R., Huang Z., Lan B., Li L., Yi X., Luo Z., Liao C., Wang J. Adjustable luminescence properties of Eu3+ and Bi3+ codoped Ca3Zn3Te2O12 phosphor. Mater. Res. Bull. 2022;152 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2022.111851. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
76.Zhang L., Chen S., Zhao S., Guo J., Lv Q., Wang H., Deng B., Zhang G., Yu R., Geng H. Thermal stability and luminescence of novel garnet-type yafsoanite Ca3Zn3(TeO6)2: Sm3+ phosphors for white LEDs. Ceram. Int. 2021;47:11887–11898. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.029. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
77.Eder F., Weil M. Garnet-type Na3Te2(FeO4)3. Structure Reports. 2023;79:328–330. doi: 10.1107/S2056989023002293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
78.Frau A.F., Kim J.H., Shiv Halasyamani P. Na3Ga3Te2O12: Synthesis, single crystal structure and characterization. Solid State Sci. 2008;10:1263–1268. doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.01.008. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
79.Baglio J.A., Natansohn S. The crystal structure of Ca3TeO6 and Ca3WO6. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1969;2:252–254. doi: 10.1107/S0021889869007163. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
80.Selb E., Declara L., Bayarjargal L., Podewitz M., Tribus M., Heymann G. Crystal Structure and Properties of a UV-Transparent High-Pressure Polymorph of Mg3TeO6 with Second Harmonic Generation Response. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019;2019:4668–4676. doi: 10.1002/ejic.201900998. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
81.Shannon R.D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Cryst. A. 1976;32:751–767. doi: 10.1107/S0567739476001551. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
82.Patel A.K., Panda M.R., Rani E., Singh H., Samatham S.S., Nagendra A., Jha S.N., Bhattacharyya D., Suresh K.G., Mitra S. Unique Structure-Induced Magnetic and Electrochemical Activity in Nanostructured Transition Metal Tellurates Co1–xNixTeO4 (x= 0, 0.5, and 1) ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020;3:9436–9448. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01871. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
83.Nalbandyan V.B., Shukaev I.L., Evstigneeva M.A., Popov Y.V., Vasiliev A.N., Vasilchikova T.M. Effect of multiple cationic substitutions on structure and magnetism of honeycomb-layered hexagonal tellurates Na2M2TeO6 (M= Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) J. Solid State Chem. 2026;354 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2025.125737. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
84.Li Y., Deng Z., Peng J., Chen E., Yu Y., Li X., Luo J., Huang Y., Zhu J., Fang C., et al. A P2-type layered superionic conductor Ga-doped Na2Zn2TeO6 for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Chemistry (Easton). 2018;24:1057–1061. doi: 10.1002/chem.201705466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
85.Sau K., Ikeshoji T. Ring mechanism of fast Na+ ion transport in Na2LiFeTeO6: Insight from molecular dynamics simulation. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2022;6 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.045406. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
86.Hempel F.S., Bianchini F., Arstad B., Fjellvåg H. Effects of Ga Substitution on the Local Structure of Na2Zn2TeO6. Inorg. Chem. 2022;61:13067–13076. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
87.Hempel F.S., Martineau-Corcos C., Bianchini F., Fjellvåg H., Arstad B. Dynamics of Interlayer Na-Ions in Ga-Substituted Na2Zn2TeO6 (NZTO) Studied by Variable-Temperature Solid-State 23Na NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Modeling. ACS Phys. Chem. Au. 2023;3:394–405. doi: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
88.Singh H., Veijola-Kara M., Rani E., Bezerra L.S., Talebi P., Sousa dos Santos H.L., Patel A.K., Huttula M., Camargo P.H.C. Nickel tellurate nanorods and nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2024;7:12480–12489. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.4c00935. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
89.Fernández-Catalá J., Chávez-Caiza J., Greco R., Navlani-García M., Berenguer-Murcia A., Cao W., Cazorla-Amorós D. Facile hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4/Cu3TeO6 heterostructures. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2025;178 doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114424. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
90.Bao J., Wu D., Tang Q., Ma Z., Zhou Z. First-principles investigations on delithiation of Li4NiTeO6. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014;16:16145–16149. doi: 10.1039/C4CP01627K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
91.Wu Z.H., Yu Y.X. Regulating the electrochemical performance of A2Ni2TeO6 (A= Na, K) as a cathode of alkali metal ion battery by 3d transition metal substitution from a theoretical perspective. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2024;7:8715–8725. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01667. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
92.Wu Z.H., Yu Y.X., Chibisov A.N. Density functional theory investigation on fast storage of sodium and potassium in Ni2TeO6 as a novel promising cathode material. Mater. Today Energy. 2023;37 doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101414. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
93.Huang H., Yang Y., Chi C., Wu H.H., Huang B. Phase stability and fast ion transport in P2-type layered Na2X2TeO6 (X= Mg, Zn) solid electrolytes for sodium batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2020;8:22816–22827. doi: 10.1039/D0TA07469A. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
94.Tada K., Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Implications of coordination chemistry to cationic interactions in honeycomb layered nickel tellurates. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2022;207 doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2022.111322. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
95.Li X., Bianchini F., Wind J., Vajeeston P., Wragg D., Fjellvåg H. P2 Type Layered Solid-State Electrolyte Na2Zn2TeO6: Crystal Structure and Stacking Faults. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019;166:A3830–A3837. doi: 10.1149/2.1231915jes. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
96.Ri K.C., Ri T.I., Kim K.M., Choe S.H., Yu C.J. Influence of low content metal intermixing on electrochemical stability and sodium ion transport in Na2(Mg2−xZnx)TeO6 (x= 0.125, 1.875) for solid state sodium-ion batteries. Solid State Ionics. 2022;385 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2022.116006. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
97.Sau K., Kumar P.P. Role of ion–ion correlations on fast ion transport: molecular dynamics simulation of Na2Ni2TeO6. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015;119:18030–18037. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04087. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
98.Sau K., Kumar P.P. Ion transport in Na2M2TeO6: insights from molecular dynamics simulation. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015;119:1651–1658. doi: 10.1021/jp5094349. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
99.Zhou Y., Hu C.L., Hu T., Kong F., Mao J.G. Explorations of new second-order NLO materials in the AgI-MoVI/WVI-TeIV-O systems. Dalton Trans. 2009;29:5747–5754. doi: 10.1039/B903159F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
100.Zhou J., Wu Q., Ji A., Jia Z., Xia M. Recent progress in nonlinear optical molybdenum/tungsten tellurites: Structures, crystal growth and characterizations. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025;524 doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.216332. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
101.Yeon J., Kim S.H., Hayward M.A., Halasyamani P.S. “A” cation polarity control in ACuTe2O7 (A= Sr2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+) Inorg. Chem. 2011;50:8663–8670. doi: 10.1021/ic2012217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
102.Kim S.W., Deng Z., Li M.R., Sen Gupta A., Akamatsu H., Gopalan V., Greenblatt M. PbMn(IV)TeO6: A new noncentrosymmetric layered honeycomb magnetic oxide. Inorg. Chem. 2016;55:1333–1338. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02677. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
103.Hallas A.M., Morosan E. Sr(M,Te)2O6 (M= Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni): a magnetically dilute family of honeycomb tellurates. Inorg. Chem. 2019;58:6993–6999. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
104.Kim S.W., Deng Z., Fischer Z., Lapidus S.H., Stephens P.W., Li M.R., Greenblatt M. Structure and magnetic behavior of layered honeycomb tellurates, BiM(III)TeO6 (M=Cr,Mn,Fe) Inorg. Chem. 2016;55:10229–10237. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
105.Ra H.S., Ok K.M., Halasyamani P.S. Combining second-order Jahn− Teller distorted cations to create highly efficient SHG materials: synthesis, characterization, and NLO properties of BaTeM2O9 (M= Mo6+ or W6+) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003;125:7764–7765. doi: 10.1021/ja035314b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
106.Tan W., Wang X., Wei R., Huang H., Yang D., Wang Y., Zhang B. Ag2[TeO2(OH)4]: a nonlinear optical tellurate with balanced comprehensive performance. J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. 2024;12:13632–13638. doi: 10.1039/D4TC02218A. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
107.Lee D.W., Kim T.H., Lee J., Park J., Kim J.Y., Ok K.M., Lim S.H. KIn0.33IIITe0.67VITe2IVO7: Zirconolite-like mixed-valent metal oxide with a 3D framework. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:15091–15095. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
108.Fang Z., Jiang P., Avdeev M., Wei H., Wang R., Jiang X., Yang T. A3A′3Zn6Te4O24 (A= Na, A′= Rare Earth) garnets: A-site ordered noncentrosymmetric structure, photoluminescence, and Na-ion conductivity. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:18168–18177. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
109.Missen O.P., Mills S.J., Kampf A.R., Coolbaugh M.F., Najorka J., Rumsey M.S., Marty J., Spratt J., Raudsepp M., McCormack J.K. Wildcatite, CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH), the second new tellurate mineral from the Detroit district, Juab County, Utah. Can. Mineral. 2021;59:729–739. doi: 10.3749/canmin.2000092. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
110.Bazhan R.V., Nalbandyan V.B., Vasilchikova T.M., Koo H.J., Whangbo M.H., Vasiliev A.N. Successive short-and long-range magnetic ordering in rosiaite-type CoGeTeO6 prepared by ion-exchange reaction. Dalton Trans. 2023;52:9631–9638. doi: 10.1039/D3DT01164J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
111.Rahman R.A.U., Mala N.A., Rather M.U.D., Rather G.H., Parray I.A., Shahzadi A., Saqib S., Husain S., Want B. Investigation of the Ferroelectric, Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Properties in Honeycomb-Layered YCrTeO6. J. Electron. Mater. 2023;52:4011–4019. doi: 10.1007/s11664-023-10393-y. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
112.Lee D.W., Ok K.M. New polymorphs of ternary sodium tellurium oxides: hydrothermal synthesis, structure determination, and characterization of β-Na2Te4O9 and Na2Te2O6·1.5H2O. Inorg. Chem. 2014;53:10642–10648. doi: 10.1021/ic501739u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
113.Huai X., Acheampong E., Delles E., Winiarski M.J., Sorolla M., Nassar L., Liang M., Ramette C., Ji H., Scheie A., et al. Noncentrosymmetric triangular magnet CaMnTeO6: Strong quantum fluctuations and role of s0 versus s2 electronic states in competing exchange interactions. Adv. Mater. 2024;36 doi: 10.1002/adma.202313763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
114.Nalbandyan V.B., Shukaev I.L., Raganyan G.V., Svyazhin A., Vasiliev A.N., Zvereva E.A. Preparation, crystal chemistry, and hidden magnetic order in the family of trigonal layered tellurates A2Mn(4+)TeO6 (A= Li, Na, Ag, or Tl) Inorg. Chem. 2019;58:5524–5532. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
115.Woodward P.M., Sleight A.W., Duw L.S., Grey C.P. MRS Online Proceedings Library. Vol. 547. 1998. Structural Studies and Order-Disorder Phenomenon in a Series of New Quaternary Tellurates of the Type A2+M4+Te6+O6; pp. 233–238. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
116.Shan Y.J., Yoshioka Y., Wakeshima M., Tezuka K., Imoto H. Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of the novel sodium cobalt tellurate Na5Co15.5Te6O36. J. Solid State Chem. 2014;211:63–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.12.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
117.Heymann G., Selb E., Kogler M., Götsch T., Köck E.M., Penner S., Tribus M., Janka O. Li3Co1.06(1)TeO6: synthesis, single-crystal structure and physical properties of a new tellurate compound with CoII/CoIII mixed valence and orthogonally oriented Li-ion channels. Dalton Trans. 2017;46:12663–12674. doi: 10.1039/C7DT02663C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
118.Mishra R., Phapale S., Samui P., Nagaraj A., Dharwadkar S.R. Partial phase diagram of BaO-TeO2 system. J. Phase Equilibria Diffus. 2014;35:127–136. doi: 10.1007/s11669-014-0281-2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
119.Liu W., Oh P., Liu X., Lee M.J., Cho W., Chae S., Kim Y., Cho J. Nickel-rich layered lithium transition-metal oxide for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2015;54:4440–4457. doi: 10.1002/anie.201409262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
120.Manthiram A., Knight J.C., Myung S.T., Oh S.M., Sun Y.K. Nickel-rich and lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes: progress and perspectives. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016;6 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201501010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
121.Bianchini M., Schiele A., Schweidler S., Sicolo S., Fauth F., Suard E., Indris S., Mazilkin A., Nagel P., Schuppler S., et al. From LiNiO2 to Li2NiO3: synthesis, structures and electrochemical mechanisms in Li-rich nickel oxides. Chem. Mater. 2020;32:9211–9227. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02880. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
122.Komaba S., Croguennec L., Tournadre F., Willmann P., Delmas C. Thermal behavior of the layered oxide Li2/3Co2/3Mn1/3O2 obtained by ion exchange from the P2-type Na2/3Co2/3Mn1/3O2 phase. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013;117:3264–3271. doi: 10.1021/jp310417q. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
123.Miyoshi K., Iwai C., Kondo H., Miura M., Nishigori S., Takeuchi J. Magnetic and electronic properties of LixCoO2 single crystals. Phys. Rev. B. 2010;82 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.075113. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
124.Miyoshi K., Manami K., Sasai R., Nishigori S., Takeuchi J. Electronic states realized by the interplay between Li diffusion and Co 3+/Co 4+ charge ordering in LixCoO2. Phys. Rev. B. 2018;98 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.195106. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
125.Sugiyama J., Mukai K., Ikedo Y., Russo P.L., Nozaki H., Andreica D., Amato A., Ariyoshi K., Ohzuku T. Static magnetic order in the triangular lattice of LixNiO2 (x≤1): Muon-spin spectroscopy measurements. Phys. Rev. B. 2008;78 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.144412. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
126.Zvereva E.A., Savelieva O.A., Titov Y.D., Evstigneeva M.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Kao C.N., Lin J.-Y., Presniakov I.A., Sobolev A.V., Ibragimov S.A., et al. A new layered triangular antiferromagnet Li4FeSbO6: Spin order, field-induced transitions and anomalous critical behavior. Dalton Trans. 2013;42:1550–1566. doi: 10.1039/C2DT31938A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
127.Mandujano H.C., Gonzalez S.L., Episcopo N., Sitharaman U., Poudel N., Gofryk K., Garay Y.E., Lopez J.A., Zhang Q., Calder S., Nair H.S. Absence of long-range magnetic order in lithium-containing honeycombs in the Li–Cr–Sb (Te)–O phases. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2021;33 doi: 10.1088/1361-648X/abff90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
128.Martínez de Irujo Labalde X., Lee M.Y., Grievson H., Mortimer J.M., Booth S.G., Suard E., Cussen S.A., Hayward M.A. Influence of Cation Substitution on Cycling Stability and Fe-Cation Migration in Li3Fe3–xMxTe2O12 (M= Al, In) Cathode Materials. Inorg. Chem. 2024;63:1395–1403. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03929. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
129.Edstrand M., Ingri N., Bonnichsen R., Rastrup Andersen J. The Crystal Structure of the Double Lithium Antimony (V) oxide LiSbO3. Acta Chem. Scand. 1954;8:1021–1031. [Google Scholar]
130.Shi Y., Hu E., Sumboja A., Anggraningrum I.T., Syahrial A.Z., Yan Q. Layered 3d Transition Metal-Based Oxides for Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries: Differences, Links and Beyond. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025;35 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202413078. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
131.Liu Q., Hu Z., Chen M., Zou C., Jin H., Wang S., Chou S.-L., Dou S.X. Recent progress of layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Small. 2019;15 doi: 10.1002/smll.201805381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
132.Steele J.M.A., Genreith-Schriever A.R., Bocarsly J.D., Nagle-Cocco L.A.V., Sayed F.N., Juramy M., O’Keefe C.A., Orlandi F., Manuel P., Dutton S.E., Grey C.P. Structural Elucidation of Na2/3NiO2, a Dynamically Stabilized Cathode Phase with Nickel Charge and Sodium Vacancy Ordering. Chem. Mater. 2025;37:2581–2591. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c00084. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
133.Kanyolo, G. M., and Masese, T. (2023). Partition function for quantum gravity in 4 dimensions as a 1/N expansion and related applications. https://hal.science/hal-03335930/.
134.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. On local conservation of information content in Schwarzschild black holes. J. Phys. Commun. 2022;6 doi: 10.1088/2399-6528/ac6136. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
135.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Reproducing the asymptotic behaviour of galaxy rotation curves by a novel constraint in general relativity. arXiv. 2021 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2101.07763. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
136.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Advancements in cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: current landscape, obstacles, and prospects. Energy Adv. 2024;3:60–107. doi: 10.1039/D3YA00406F. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
137.Rex A. Maxwell’s demon—a historical review. Entropy. 2017;19:240. doi: 10.3390/e19060240. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
138.Daub E.E. Maxwell's demon. Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 1970;1:213–227. doi: 10.1016/0039-3681(70)90010-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
139.Ehrenberg W. Maxwell's demon. Sci. Am. 1967;217:103–110. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24926178 [Google Scholar]
140.Uma S., Gupta A. Synthesis and characterization of new rocksalt superstructure type layered oxides Li4.5M0.5TeO6 (M(III)= Cr, Mn, Al, Ga) Mater. Res. Bull. 2016;76:118–123. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.12.011. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
141.Pospelov A.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Serikova E.I., Medvedev B.S., Evstigneeva M.A., Ni E.V., Lukov V.V. Crystal structure and properties of a new mixed-valence compound LiMn2TeO6 and the survey of the LiMM′XO6 family (X= Sb or Te) Solid State Sci. 2011;13:1931–1937. doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.08.019. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
142.Guje R., Ravi G., Palla S., Rao K.N., Vithal M. Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic and conductivity studies of defect pyrochlore KM0.33Te1.67O6 (M= Al, Cr and Fe) Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 2015;198:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2015.03.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
143.Shinde S.S., Wagh N.K., Kim S.H., Lee J.H. Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al, and Ca Anode Interface Chemistries Developed by Solid-State Electrolytes. Adv. Sci. 2023;10 doi: 10.1002/advs.202304235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
144.Jaschin P.W., Gao Y., Li Y., Bo S.H. A materials perspective on magnesium-ion-based solid-state electrolytes. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2020;8:2875–2897. doi: 10.1039/C9TA11729F. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
145.Guo M., Yuan C., Zhang T., Yu X. Solid-state electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries: from structure to mechanism. Small. 2022;18 doi: 10.1002/smll.202106981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
146.Aurbach D., Lu Z., Schechter A., Gofer Y., Gizbar H., Turgeman R., Cohen Y., Moshkovich M., Levi E. Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Nature. 2000;407:724–727. doi: 10.1038/35037553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
147.Arroyo-de Dompablo M.E., Ponrouch A., Johansson P., Palacín M.R. Achievements, challenges, and prospects of calcium batteries. Chem. Rev. 2019;120:6331–6357. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
148.Orikasa Y., Masese T., Koyama Y., Mori T., Hattori M., Yamamoto K., Okado T., Huang Z.-D., Minato T., Tassel C., et al. High energy density rechargeable magnesium battery using earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. Sci. Rep. 2014;4 doi: 10.1038/srep05622. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
149.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Electrode materials for calcium batteries: Future directions and perspectives. EcoEnergy. 2024;2:339–368. doi: 10.1002/ece2.53. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
150.Mohtadi R., Mizuno F. Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014;5:1291–1311. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.5.143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
151.Bhim A., Gopalakrishnan J., Natarajan S. Exploring the Corundum Structure as a Host for Colored Compounds–Synthesis, Structures, and Optical Studies of (MM′)3TeO6 (M= Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn; M′= Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2018;2018:2277–2284. doi: 10.1002/ejic.201800102. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
152.Glück H., Morscher A., Hallweger S.A., Kieslich G., Zeier W.G. On the High-Temperature Ca2+ Conduction in NASICON-Type Ca(1+x)/2InxZr2–x(PO4)3. Chem. Mater. 2025;20:8392–8402. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c02108. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
153.Fukuda K., Miyasawa A., Urushihara D., Asaka T. Ca2+ conduction in melilite structure type compound Ca2Ga2SiO7. Solid State Ionics. 2025;431 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2025.117028. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
154.Rambabu G., Koteswara Rao K., Anantharamulu N., Raghavender M., Prasad G., Kumar V.P., Reddy C.V., Vithal M. Preparation, characterization, conductivity and thermal expansion studies of Ca0.5SbMP3O12 (M= Al, Fe, Cr) J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:3613–3620. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0400-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
155.Fukuda K., Harada R., Banno H., Urushihara D., Asaka T. Discovery of Fast Calcium-Ion Conduction in Grossite-Type Compounds CaAl4O7 and CaGa4O7 by Bond Valence Screening Method. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022;5:3227–3234. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03834. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
156.Lee W., Tamura S., Imanaka N. New calcium ion conducting solid electrolyte with NASICON-type structure. Chem. Lett. 2017;46:1486–1489. doi: 10.1246/cl.170634. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
157.Lee W., Tamura S., Imanaka N. Synthesis and characterization of divalent ion conductors with NASICON-type structures. J. Asian Ceramic Societies. 2019;7:221–227. doi: 10.1080/21870764.2019.1606141. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
158.Imanaka N., Ando K., Tamura S. An extraordinarily high Ba2+ conducting solid. J. Mater. Chem. 2007;17:4230–4232. doi: 10.1039/B707609F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
159.Yamaguchi S., Iguchi Y., Imai A. Ionic conduction in divalent hexa-aluminates and gallates with β-alumina structure. Solid State Ionics. 1990;40–41:87–90. doi: 10.1016/0167-2738(90)90293-Z. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
160.Nomura K., Ikeda S., Ito K., Einaga H. Framework Structure, Phase Transition, and Transport Properties in MIIZr4(PO4)6 Compounds (MII= Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1992;65:3221–3227. doi: 10.1246/bcsj.65.3221. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
161.Rabbi M.M., Khatun M.A. Unlocking the optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of Ba2ZnTeO6: a promising double perovskite for sustainable energy harvesting technologies. Opt. Quantum Electron. 2025;57:554. doi: 10.1007/s11082-025-08471-y. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
162.Suraja N.J., Bindhu A., Solaman S.K., Ganesanpotti S. Harnessing the inherent photoluminescence of Ba2MgTeO6 double perovskite phosphor for visible to near infrared pc-LED applications. J. Lumin. 2025;277 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2024.120889. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
163.Zavodyannyy V. Analysis of the crystal structure of the Ba3TeO6 compound. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering. 2022;2:111–115. doi: 10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002337. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
164.Wang Y., Wang L., Yan X., Xu Y., Wang X., Zhu X., Wu Y., Han X., Zhao C., Fang C., et al. An All-Solid-State Li–Cu Battery via Cuprous/Lithium-Ion Halide Solid Electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2026;65 doi: 10.1002/anie.202518966. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
165.Takahashi T. Solid copper (I) ion conductors. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1984;180:231–239. doi: 10.1016/0368-1874(84)83582-0Getrightsandcontent. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
166.Hull S., Keen D.A. Structural characterization of the superionic transition in Ag2HgI4 and Cu2HgI4. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2000;12:3751–3765. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/12/16/302. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
167.Hull S., Keen D.A. Structural characterization of further high temperaturesuperionic phases of Ag2HgI4 and Cu2HgI4. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2001;13:5597–5610. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/13/24/305. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
168.Tachibana S., Ide K., Tojigamori T., Yamamoto Y., Miki H., Yamasaki H., Kotani Y., Orikasa Y. Fluoride-ion conductivity analysis of Yb-FS multiple-anion compounds. Chem. Lett. 2021;50:120–123. doi: 10.1246/cl.200659. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
169.Nauer M., Ftikos C., Steele B.C.H. An evaluation of Ce-Pr oxides and Ce-Pr-Nb oxides mixed conductors for cathodes of solid oxide fuel cells: structure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1994;14:493–499. doi: 10.1016/0955-2219(94)90118-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
170.Matsui N. Equivalent circuit analysis of mixed-conductor/electrode system by impedance spectroscopy. Solid State Ionics. 1992;57:121–124. doi: 10.1016/0167-2738(92)90073-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
171.Hull S., Keen D.A., Sivia D.S., Berastegui P. Crystal structures and ionic conductivities of ternary derivatives of the silver and copper monohalides: I. Superionic phases of stoichiometry MA4I5: RbAg4I5, KAg4I5, and KCu4I5. J. Solid State Chem. 2002;165:363–371. doi: 10.1006/jssc.2002.9552. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
172.Hull S., Keen D.A., Berastegui P. Structural description of the superionic behaviour in the system (AgI)x–(PbI2)1−x, 2/3≤ x ≤ 4/5. Solid State Ionics. 2002;147:97–106. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00008-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
173.Nilges T., Nilges S., Pfitzner A., Doert T., Böttcher P. Structure− Property Relations and Diffusion Pathways of the Silver Ion Conductor Ag5Te2Cl. Chem. Mater. 2004;16:806–812. doi: 10.1021/cm031131c. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
174.Nilges T., Dreher C., Hezinger A. Structures, phase transitions and electrical properties of Ag5Te2−ySeyCl (y= 0–0.7) Solid State Sci. 2005;7:79–88. doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.10.012. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
175.Matsunaga S., Madden P.A. Structural and transport properties in the Ag3SI system: a molecular dynamics study of alpha, beta and molten phases. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2004;16:181–194. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/16/3/001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
176.Hull S., Berastegui P., Grippa A. Ag+ diffusion within the rock-salt structured superionic conductor Ag4Sn3S8. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2005;17:1067–1084. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/17/7/002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
177.Lange S., Nilges T. Ag10Te4Br3: A new silver (I)(poly) chalcogenide halide solid electrolyte. Chem. Mater. 2006;18:2538–2544. doi: 10.1021/cm060226m. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
178.Lange S., Bawohl M., Wilmer D., Meyer H.W., Wiemhöfer H.D., Nilges T. Polymorphism, structural frustration, and electrical properties of the mixed conductor Ag10Te4Br3. Chem. Mater. 2007;19:1401–1410. doi: 10.1021/cm062731p. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
179.Angenault J., Couturier J.C., Quarton M. Conductivite ionique des solutions solides Ag1+xZr2−xMx(PO4)3 AVEC MIII= Sc, Fe. Mater. Res. Bull. 1989;24:789–794. doi: 10.1016/0025-5408(89)90040-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
180.Rao K.K., Rambabu G., Raghavender M., Prasad G., Kumar G.S., Vithal M. Preparation, characterization and impedance study of AgTaMP3O12 (M= Al, Ga, In, Cr, Fe and Y) Solid State Ionics. 2005;176:2701–2710. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2005.07.016. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
181.Daidouh A., Durio C., Pico C., Veiga M.L., Chouaibi N., Ouassini A. Structural and electrical study of the alluaudites (Ag1−xNax)2FeMn2(PO4)3 (x= 0, 0.5 and 1) Solid State Sci. 2002;4:541–548. doi: 10.1016/S1293-2558(02)01289-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
182.Daidouh A., Veiga M.L., Pico C. Structure characterization and ionic conductivity of Ag2VP2O8. J. Solid State Chem. 1997;130:28–34. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1996.7266. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
183.Fukuoka H., Matsunaga H., Yamanaka S. Crystal structure and ionic conductivity of ruthenium diphosphate ARu2(P2O7)2, A= Li, Na, and Ag, with a tunnel structure. Mater. Res. Bull. 2003;38:991–1001. doi: 10.1016/S0025-5408(03)00067-9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
184.Quarez E., Mentré O., Oumellal Y., Masquelier C. Crystal structures of new silver ion conductors Ag7Fe3(X2O7)4 (X= P, As) New J. Chem. 2009;33:998–1005. doi: 10.1039/B819846B. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
185.Hull S., Keen D.A., Berastegui P. Structural and superionic properties of Ag+-rich ternary phases within the AgI–MI2 systems. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2002;14:13579–13596. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/14/49/313. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
186.Nilges T., Messel J., Bawohl M., Lange S. Silver (I) Chalcogenide Halides Ag19Te6Br7, Ag19Te6Br5.4I1.6, and Ag19Te5SeBr7. Chem. Mater. 2008;20:4080–4091. doi: 10.1021/cm800425u. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
187.Saleck A.O., Mercier C., Follet-Houttemane C., Assani A., Saadi M., Capoen E., El Ammari L. Two novel phosphates Na2Mg2Fe(PO4)3 and Ag2Mg2Fe(PO4)3 with alluaudite structure: Synthesis, crystal structure and electrical properties. J. Solid State Chem. 2022;312 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123139. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
188.Hull S. Superionics: crystal structures and conduction processes. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2004;67:1233–1314. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/67/7/R05. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
189.Boyce J.B., Huberman B.A. Superionic conductors: Transitions, structures, dynamics. Phys. Rep. 1979;51:189–265. doi: 10.1016/0370-1573(79)90067-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
190.Schmidbaur H., Schier A. Argentophilic interactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2015;54:746–784. doi: 10.1002/anie.201405936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
191.Weinberg S. A model of leptons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1967;19:1264–1266. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
192.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Hilbert-Polya conjecture via critical pseudo-magnetic degrees of freedom. arXiv. 2024 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2411.04439. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
193.Kanyolo, G. M., and Masese, T. (2025). Deterministic randomness in supersymmetry ground states. https://hal.science/hal-05323305v1.
194.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes in Potassium Batteries: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Chemelectrochem. 2025;12 doi: 10.1002/celc.202400598. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
195.Bianchini F., Fjellvåg H., Vajeeston P. Nonhexagonal Na Sublattice Reconstruction in the Super-Ionic Conductor Na2Zn2TeO6: Insights from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2019;123:4654–4663. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10362. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
196.Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M. Temperature-dependent Na-ion conduction and its pathways in the crystal structure of the layered battery material Na2Ni2TeO6. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020;124:4421–4429. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11191. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
197.Hempel F.S., Sławiński W.A., Arstad B., Fjellvåg H. Superstructure of Locally Disordered Na2Zn2TeO6. Chem. Mater. 2024;36:11084–11094. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c01953. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
198.Saha B.C., Chikara K.S., Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M. Crystal Structure Driven Electrical Properties and Mobile Ion-Dynamics of the Layered Compounds A2M2TeO6 (A= Li/Na, and M= Cu/Ni) Family. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2026 doi: 10.1039/D5TA08408C. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
199.Brown A.J., Liu J., Marlton F.P., Avdeev M., Kennedy B.J., Ling C.D. Synthesis and crystal structures of two polymorphs of Li4–2xMg1+xTeO6. J. Solid State Chem. 2020;287 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121385. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
200.Huang X., Ma P., Huo M., Huang C., Sun H., Chen X., Deng S., He L., Xie T., He Z., Wang M. Ground state and magnetic transitions of the orthorhombic antiferromagnet CaCo2TeO6. Phys. Rev. B. 2025;111 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.111.094434. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
201.Haraguchi Y., Yoshida Y., Matsuo A., Kindo K., Katori H.A. CaCo2TeO6: A topochemically prepared 3d7 honeycomb Kitaev magnet. Phys. Rev. B. 2024;110 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.110.184411. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
202.Chivers T., Laitinen R.S. Tellurium: a maverick among the chalcogens. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015;44:1725–1739. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00434E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
203.Chivers T. Tellurium compounds of the main-group elements: progress and prospects. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1996;7:1185–1194. doi: 10.1039/DT9960001185. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
204.Karati A., Parida T., Gupta J., Adigilli H.K., Borse P.H., Joardar J. Band-gap engineering in novel delafossite-type multicomponent oxides for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Mater. Res. Bull. 2021;137 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111181. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
205.Fan F., Zhao L., Shang Y., Liu J., Chen W., Li Y. Thermally stable double-perovskite Ca3TeO6: Eu3+ red-emitting phosphors with high color purity. J. Lumin. 2019;211:14–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.03.001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
206.Zhang G., Zhao L., Fan F., Bai Y., Ouyang B., Chen W., Li Y., Huang L. Near UV-pumped yellow-emitting Ca3TeO6: Dy3+ phosphor for white light-emitting diodes. Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2019;223 doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
207.Zhang L., Xie Y., Geng X., Deng B., Geng H., Yu R. Double perovskite Ca2MgTeO6: Eu3+ red-emitting phosphors with high thermal stability for near UV/blue excited white LEDs. J. Lumin. 2020;225 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2020.117365. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
208.Zhang L., Che J., Ma Y., Wang J., Kang R., Deng B., Yu R., Geng H. Luminescent and thermal properties of novel orange-red emitting Ca2MgTeO6: Sm3+ phosphors for white LEDs. J. Lumin. 2020;225 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2020.117374. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
209.Liu S., Lv M., Zhou J., Zhu Y., Hu R., Li X., Xu D. Crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of CaLaLiTeO6: Dy3+ phosphors for solid-state lighting. Optik. 2023;281 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.170833. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
210.Zhao L., Xu P., Fan F., Yu J., Shang Y., Li Y., Huang L., Yu R. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions activated double perovskite Sr2MgTeO6 phosphors. J. Lumin. 2019;207:520–525. doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.10.120. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
211.Liang J., Zhao S., Yuan X., Li Z. A novel double perovskite tellurate Eu3+-doped Sr2MgTeO6 red-emitting phosphor with high thermal stability. Opt. Laser Technol. 2018;101:451–456. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.11.046. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
212.Moniruzzaman M., Reddy G.R., Ramachandran T., Kumar Y.A., Bajaber M.A., Alalwiat A.A., Joo S.W. Sodium symphony: Crafting the future of energy storage with sodium-ion capacitors. J. Energy Storage. 2024;95 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112566. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
213.Anil Kumar Y., Vignesh S., Ramachandran T., Fouda A.M., Hegazy H.H., Moniruzzaman M., Hwan Oh T. Advancements in novel electrolyte materials: Pioneering the future of supercapacitive energy storage. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2025;145:191–215. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2024.11.018. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
214.Anil Kumar Y., Roy N., Ramachandran T., Assiri M.A., Srinivasa Rao S., Moniruzzaman M., Joo S.W. Revolutionizing energy storage: exploring the nanoscale frontier of all-solid-state batteries. Dalton Trans. 2024;53:12410–12433. doi: 10.1039/D4DT01133C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
215.Sun Y., Wu Q., Shi G. Graphene based new energy materials. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011;4:1113–1132. doi: 10.1039/C0EE00683A. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
216.Ziegler R., Purtscher F.R.S., Schwartz H.A., Hofer T.S., Heymann G. First ternary tungsten tellurate (iv) WTe2O7 with unique crystal structure type. Dalton Trans. 2023;52:2243–2254. doi: 10.1039/D2DT03419K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
217.Hladik M., Penz A., Purtscher F.R.S., Hofer T.S., Heymann G., Weil M. High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure analysis of PbTeO4, a UV transparent material. Dalton Trans. 2024;53:19214–19225. doi: 10.1039/D4DT02697G. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
218.Ziegler R., Tribus M., Hejny C., Heymann G. Single-Crystal Structure of HP-Sc2TeO6 Prepared by High-Pressure/High-Temperature Synthesis. Crystals. 2021;11 doi: 10.3390/cryst11121554. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
219.Selb E., Buttlar T., Janka O., Tribus M., Ebbinghaus S.G., Heymann G. Multianvil high-pressure/high-temperature synthesis and characterization of magnetoelectric HP-Co3TeO6. J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. 2021;9:5486–5496. doi: 10.1039/D0TC05210H. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
220.Murayama K., Abulikemu A., Champagne A., Ricci F., Sivakumar P., Andrianjafetra J.R., Murrell J.I., Morisato K., Okada K., Hemker D., et al. Pressure-Induced Stabilization of 3D Hyperhoneycomb Li2(Sn1–xRux)O3. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025;147:46913–46921. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c09574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
221.Kadari R., Velchuri R., Sreenu K., Ravi G., Munirathnam N.R., Vithal M. Synthesis, characterization and tin/copper–nitrogen substitutional effect on photocatalytic activity of honeycomb ordered P2-Na2Ni2TeO6. Mater. Res. Express. 2016;3 doi: 10.1002/smll.201805381. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Document S1. Figures S1 and S2 and supplemental references

mmc1.pdf^{(581.6KB, pdf)}

[bib1] 1.Christy A.G., Mills S.J., Kampf A.R. A review of the structural architecture of tellurium oxycompounds. Mineral. Mag. 2016;80:415–545. doi: 10.1180/minmag.2016.080.093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib2] 2.Norman M.R. Copper tellurium oxides–A playground for magnetism. J. Magn. Magn Mater. 2018;452:507–511. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.11.006. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib3] 3.Narsinga Rao G., Sankar R., Panneer Muthuselvam I., Chou F.C. Magnetic and thermal property studies of RCrTeO6 (R= trivalent lanthanides) with layered honeycomb sublattices. J. Magn. Magn Mater. 2014;370:13–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.06.057. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib4] 4.Jin C., Mutailipu M., Jin W., Han S., Yang Z., Pan S. Cation Substitution of Hexagonal Triple Perovskites: A Case in Trimetallic Tellurates A2A′ BTe2O9. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:6099–6106. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib5] 5.Stöger B., Weil M., Zobetz E. Sr3TeO6 and Ba3TeO6: double perovskites with pronounced superstructures. Z. Kristallogr. 2010;225:125–138. doi: 10.1524/zkri.2010.1234. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib6] 6.Augsburger M.S., Viola M.C., Pedregosa J.C., Muñoz A., Alonso J.A., Carbonio R.E. Preparation, crystal and magnetic structures of two new double perovskites: Ca2CoTeO6 and Sr2CoTeO6. J. Mater. Chem. 2005;15:993–1001. doi: 10.1039/B413976C. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib7] 7.Schulz H., Bayer G. Structure determination of Mg3TeO6. Structural Science. 1971;27:815–821. doi: 10.1107/S0567740871002954. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib8] 8.Klein W., Curda J., Jansen M. Synthesis, crystal structure and properties of Ag4CuTeO6. Zeitschrift anorg. allge. chemie. 2007;633:231–234. doi: 10.1002/zaac.200600292. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib9] 9.Weil M. New silver tellurates–the crystal structures of a third modification of Ag2Te2O6 and of Ag4TeO5. Zeitschrift anorg. allge. chemie. 2007;633:1217–1222. doi: 10.1002/zaac.200700106. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib10] 10.Weil M. Ag2Hg2(TeO4)3. Acta Crystallogr. C. 2005;61:i103–i105. doi: 10.1107/S0108270105028210. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib11] 11.Feger C.R., Schimek G.L., Kolis J.W. Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of M2Te3O8 (M= Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn): A Series of Compounds with the Spiroffite Structure. J. Solid State Chem. 1999;143:246–253. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1998.8101. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib12] 12.Kumar V., Bhardwaj N., Tomar N., Thakral V., Uma S. Novel lithium-containing honeycomb structures. Inorg. Chem. 2012;51:10471–10473. doi: 10.1021/ic301125n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib13] 13.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Matsubara N., Chen C.Y., Rizell J., Huang Z.D., Sassa Y., Månsson M., Senoh H., Matsumoto H. Honeycomb layered oxides: structure, energy storage, transport, topology and relevant insights. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2021;50:3990–4030. doi: 10.1039/D0CS00320D. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib14] 14.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Alshehabi A., Huang Z.D. Advances in honeycomb layered oxides: Syntheses, layer stackings and material characterisation techniques of pnictogen-and chalcogen-based honeycomb layered oxides. Mater. Today Chem. 2023;33 doi: 10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101657. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib15] 15.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Tachibana S., Zhong C., Orikasa Y., Saito T. Honeycomb layered frameworks with metallophilic bilayers. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2024;141 doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101205. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib16] 16.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Advances in honeycomb layered oxides: Part II--Theoretical advances in the characterisation of honeycomb layered oxides with optimised lattices of cations. arXiv. 2022 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2202.10323. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib17] 17.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. An idealised approach of geometry and topology to the diffusion of cations in honeycomb layered oxide frameworks. Sci. Rep. 2020;10 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70019-9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib18] 18.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Cationic vacancies as defects in honeycomb lattices with modular symmetries. Sci. Rep. 2022;12 doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10226-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib19] 19.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Pseudo-spin model of argentophilicity in honeycomb bilayered materials. Mater. Today Phys. 2023;39 doi: 10.1016/j.mtphys.2023.101271. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib20] 20.Zvereva E.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Evstigneeva M.A., Koo H.J., Whangbo M.H., Ushakov A.V., Medvedev B.S., Medvedeva L.I., Gridina N.A., Yalovega G.E., et al. Magnetic and electrode properties, structure and phase relations of the layered triangular-lattice tellurate Li4NiTeO6. J. Solid State Chem. 2015;225:89–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2014.12.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib21] 21.Sathiya M., Ramesha K., Rousse G., Foix D., Gonbeau D., Guruprakash K., Prakash A.S., Doublet M.L., Tarascon J.M. Li4NiTeO6 as a positive electrode for Li-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 2013;49:11376–11378. doi: 10.1039/C3CC46842A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib22] 22.Grundish N.S., Seymour I.D., Henkelman G., Goodenough J.B. Electrochemical properties of three Li2Ni2TeO6 structural polymorphs. Chem. Mater. 2019;31:9379–9388. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02956. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib23] 23.McCalla E., Prakash A.S., Berg E., Saubanère M., Abakumov A.M., Foix D., Klobes B., Sougrati M.-T., Rousse G., Lepoivre F., et al. Reversible Li-intercalation through oxygen reactivity in Li-rich Li-Fe-Te oxide materials. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2015;162:A1341–A1351. doi: 10.1149/2.0991507jes. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib24] 24.Gupta A., Buddie Mullins C., Goodenough J.B. Na2Ni2TeO6: Evaluation as a cathode for sodium battery. J. Power Sources. 2013;243:817–821. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.073. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib25] 25.Grundish N.S., Henkelman G., Goodenough J.B., Delmas C., Carlier D., Seymour I.D. Understanding the Beneficial Role of Transition-Metal Layer Na+ Substitution on the Structure and Electrochemical Properties of the P2-Layered Cathode Na2+xNi2–x/2TeO6. Chem. Mater. 2025;37:3040–3053. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c02798. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib26] 26.Pati J., Raj H., Sapra S.K., Dhaka A., Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M., Dhaka R.S. Unraveling the diffusion kinetics of honeycomb structured Na2Ni2TeO6 as a high-potential and stable electrode for sodium-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2022;10:15460–15473. doi: 10.1039/D2TA01775J. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib27] 27.Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Rizell J., Kanyolo G.M., Takahashi T., Ito M., Senoh H., Saito T. Unveiling structural disorders in honeycomb layered oxide: Na2Ni2TeO6. Materialia. 2021;15 doi: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib28] 28.Yamamoto K., Ono Y., Inada R. Characterization of co-fired sodium-ion conductive Na2Ni2TeO6 and Na2Zn2TeO6 with honeycomb layer structure. Heliyon. 2024;10 doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30691. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib29] 29.Nalbandyan V.B., Petrenko А.А., Evstigneeva M.A. Heterovalent substitutions in Na2M2TeO6 family: Crystal structure, fast sodium ion conduction and phase transition of Na2LiFeTeO6. Solid State Ionics. 2013;233:7–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2012.12.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib30] 30.Evstigneeva M.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Petrenko A.A., Medvedev B.S., Kataev A.A. A new family of fast sodium ion conductors: Na2M2TeO6 (M = Ni, Co, Zn, Mg) Chem. Mater. 2011;23:1174–1181. doi: 10.1021/cm102629g. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib31] 31.Sun H., Li X., Zeng X., Liu J., Rakhmatullin A., Lou C., Tang M., Fernández-Carrión A.J., Kuang X. Na Nonstoichiometric Modifications Unraveling the Sodium Ion Mobility and Transport Mechanism in Sodium Solid Electrolyte NaxZn2TeO6. Chem. Res. Chin. Univ. 2025;41:296–304. doi: 10.1007/s40242-025-4224-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib32] 32.Itaya A., Ono Y., Yamamoto K., Inada R. Characterization of Na2Zn2TeO6 ceramic solid electrolyte densified by hot pressing. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2024;21:311–318. doi: 10.1111/ijac.14508. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib33] 33.Nalbandyan V.B., Nikulin A.Y., Sheptun I.G., Popov Y.V., Shukaev I.L. Sodium ion conductivity of hexagonal layered P2-type phases with multiple cationic substitutions. Solid State Ionics. 2025;425 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2025.116829. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib34] 34.Li Y., Deng Z., Peng J., Gu J., Chen E., Yu Y., Wu J., Li X., Luo J., Huang Y., et al. New P2-type honeycomb-layered sodium-ion conductor: Na2Mg2TeO6. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2018;10:15760–15766. doi: 10.1021/acsami.8b03938. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib35] 35.Radjendirane A.C., Maurya D.K., Rajendra S.P., AlSalhi M.S., Guo Z., Angaiah S. Ameliorating Ionic Conductivity and Dielectric Behavior of Synergistically Coupled All Solid-State PAN-Na2Mg2TeO6-NaPF6 Nanohybrid Membrane Electrolyte. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2024;128:6950–6961. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00821. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib36] 36.Salgado R., Terny S., Frechero M.A. Structural, morphological, and electric study of doped-Na2Zn2TeO6 family in a wide range of temperatures. Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 2025;312 doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117865. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib37] 37.Sarkar D., Bhattacharya A., Meyer J., Kirchberger A.M., Mishra V., Nilges T., Michaelis V.K. Unraveling Sodium-Ion Dynamics in Honeycomb-Layered Na2MgxZn2–xTeO6 Solid Electrolytes with Solid-State NMR. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023;145:19727–19745. doi: 10.1021/jacs.3c04928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib38] 38.Getahun Y., Martinez A.C., Rodriguez M., Maurel A., Lopez D., Kim E., King G., Nair H.S. Electrochemical Performance of Layered Honeycomb Na2(Ni2–xCox)TeO6 (x= 0, 0.10, 0.25) Oxides as Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes. Inorg. Chem. 2025;64:8503–8513. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c05017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib39] 39.Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Rizell J., Kanyolo G.M., Chen C.Y., Ubukata H., Kubota K., Sau K., Ikeshoji T., Huang Z.-D., et al. Mixed alkali-ion transport and storage in atomic-disordered honeycomb layered NaKNi2TeO6. Nat. Commun. 2021;12:4660. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24694-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib40] 40.Deng Z., Gu J., Li Y., Li S., Peng J., Li X., Luo J., Huang Y., Fang C., Li Q., et al. Ca-doped Na2Zn2TeO6 layered sodium conductor for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Electrochim. Acta. 2019;298:121–126. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.092. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib41] 41.Maurya D.K., Murugadoss V., Guo Z., Angaiah S. Designing Na2Zn2TeO6-embedded 3D-nanofibrous poly (vinylidenefluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene-based nanohybrid electrolyte via electrospinning for durable sodium-ion capacitors. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2021;4:8475–8487. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c01682. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib42] 42.Li X., Bianchini F., Wind J., Pettersen C., Wragg D.S., Vajeeston P., Fjellvåg H. Insights into crystal structure and diffusion of biphasic Na2Zn2TeO6. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 2020;12:28188–28198. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c05863. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib43] 43.Dubey M., Kumar A., Murugavel S., Prakash G.V., Jose D.A., Mariappan C.R. Structural and ion transport properties of sodium ion conducting Na2MTeO6 (M= MgNi and MgZn) solid electrolytes. Ceram. Int. 2020;46:663–671. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.09.018. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib44] 44.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M., Miyazaki Y., Ito M., Taguchi N., Rizell J., Tachibana S., Tada K., Huang Z.-D., Alshehabi A., et al. Honeycomb-Layered Oxides With Silver Atom Bilayers and Emergence of Non-Abelian SU(2) Interactions. Adv. Sci. 2023;10 doi: 10.1002/advs.202204672. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib45] 45.Yadav D.K., Uniyal S., Uma S. Identification of high ionic conducting members in the new lithium rich Li4.50M0.50TeO6 (M3+= Co, Ni, In) series. Dalton Trans. 2023;52:10126–10135. doi: 10.1039/D3DT01441J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib46] 46.Chen C.Y., Rizell J., Kanyolo G.M., Masese T., Sassa Y., Månsson M., Kubota K., Matsumoto K., Hagiwara R., Xu Q. High-voltage honeycomb layered oxide positive electrodes for rechargeable sodium batteries. Chem. Commun. 2020;56:9272–9275. doi: 10.1039/D0CC03021J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib47] 47.Masese T., Kanyolo G., Miyazaki Y., Tachibana S., Kubota K., Ishida N., Tada K., Ozaki H., Okumura T., Takeda S., et al. Exploring Magnesium-and Calcium-Ion Conductors Via Solid-State Metathesis Reactions. ChemRxiv. 2024 doi: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2024-s0kks-v7. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib48] 48.Masese T., Miyazaki Y., Mbiti Kanyolo G., Takahashi T., Ito M., Senoh H., Saito T. Topological defects and unique stacking disorders in honeycomb layered oxide K2Ni2TeO6 nanomaterials: implications for rechargeable batteries. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2021;4:279–287. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.0c02601. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib49] 49.Masese T., Yoshii K., Yamaguchi Y., Okumura T., Huang Z.D., Kato M., Kubota K., Furutani J., Orikasa Y., Senoh H., et al. Rechargeable potassium-ion batteries with honeycomb-layered tellurates as high voltage cathodes and fast potassium-ion conductors. Nat. Commun. 2018;9:3823. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06343-6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib50] 50.Masese T., Yoshii K., Kato M., Kubota K., Huang Z.D., Senoh H., Shikano M. A high voltage honeycomb layered cathode framework for rechargeable potassium-ion battery: P2-type K2/3Ni1/3Co1/3Te1/3O2. Chem. Commun. 2019;55:985–988. doi: 10.1039/C8CC07239F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib51] 51.Yoshii K., Masese T., Kato M., Kubota K., Senoh H., Shikano M. Sulfonylamide-based ionic liquids for high-voltage potassium-ion batteries with honeycomb layered cathode oxides. Chemelectrochem. 2019;6:3901–3910. doi: 10.1002/celc.201900689. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib52] 52.Yang Z., Jiang Y., Deng L., Wang T., Chen S., Huang Y. A high-voltage honeycomb-layered Na4NiTeO6 as cathode material for Na-ion batteries. J. Power Sources. 2017;360:319–323. doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.014. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib53] 53.Moeez I., Bhatti A.H.U., Cho M.K., Susanto D., Akbar M., Ali G., Chung K.Y. Effect of sodium content on the electrochemical performance of P2-Na2Ni2TeO6 layered oxide cathode for sodium-ion batteries. Carbon Energy. 2025;7 doi: 10.1002/cey2.658. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib54] 54.Saha B.C., Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M. Two-Dimensional Na-Ionic Conduction in Layered Cobaltate Na2Co2TeO6: A Combined Neutron Diffraction and Impedance Spectroscopy Study. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2025;8:3779–3792. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.5c00012. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib55] 55.Yi S., Zhou W., Wang Z., Yang M., Wu J.F., Liu J. Layered K2Mg2TeO6 solid electrolyte enables long-life solid-state potassium batteries. ACS Energy Lett. 2024;9:2626–2632. doi: 10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00994. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib56] 56.Saha B., Bera A.K., Kesari S., Yusuf S.M. Intertwined crystal structure and electrical properties in layered battery materials A2Ni2TeO6 (A= Na/Li) Phys. Rev. Mater. 2023;7 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.7.085001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib57] 57.Amores M., Baker P.J., Cussen E.J., Corr S.A. Na1.5La1.5TeO6: Na+ conduction in a novel Na-rich double perovskite. Chem. Commun. 2018;54:10040–10043. doi: 10.1039/C8CC03367F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib58] 58.Albrecht R., Hoelzel M., Beccard H., Rüsing M., Eng L., Doert T., Ruck M. Potassium Ion Conductivity in the Cubic Labyrinth of a Piezoelectric, Antiferromagnetic Oxoferrate (III) Tellurate (VI) Chemistry (Easton). 2021;27:14299–14306. doi: 10.1002/chem.202102464. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib59] 59.Itaya A., Yamamoto K., Inada R. Sintering temperature dependency on sodium-ion conductivity for Na2Zn2TeO6 solid electrolyte. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 2021;18:2085–2090. doi: 10.1111/ijac.13847. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib60] 60.Teshima S., Ono Y., Goto N., Inada R. Electrical conducting properties of Na2Zn2TeO6 thick films fabricated by aerosol deposition. Mater. Lett. 2022;324 doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2022.132640. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib61] 61.Lu M., Jo H., Oh S.J., Lee S., Choi K.Y., Yu Y., Ok K.M. Syntheses, Structures, and Characterization of Quaternary Tellurites, Li3MTe4O11 (M= Al, Ga, and Fe) Inorg. Chem. 2017;56:5873–5879. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib62] 62.Pitzschke D., Curda J., Cakmak G., Jansen M. Ag4I2SeO4 and Ag3ITeO4–two new silver solid electrolytes. Zeitschrift anorg. allge. chemie. 2008;634:1071–1076. doi: 10.1002/zaac.200800027. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib63] 63.Schiraldi A., Chiodelli G., Magistris A. AgI—Ag oxysalt electrolytes for solid state cells. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1976;6:251–255. doi: 10.1007/BF00616148. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib64] 64.Hu Z., Weng M., Chen Z., Tan W., Li S., Pan F. The role of M@ Ni6 superstructure units in honeycomb-ordered layered oxides for Li/Na ion batteries. Nano Energy. 2021;83 doi: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.105834. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib65] 65.Wu Z.H., Yu Y.X. High valance Te (VI) enhances the carbonate ester stability on the surface of honeycomb layered oxides. J. Energy Storage. 2025;139 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2025.118912. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib66] 66.Wang P.F., Weng M., Xiao Y., Hu Z., Li Q., Li M., Wang Y.-D., Chen X., Yang X., Wen Y., et al. An ordered Ni6-ring superstructure enables a highly stable sodium oxide cathode. Adv. Mater. 2019;31 doi: 10.1002/adma.201903483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib67] 67.Berthelot R., Serrano-Sevillano J., Fraisse B., Fauth F., Weill F., Laurencin D., Casas-Cabanas M., Carlier D., Rousse G., Doublet M.L. Stacking versatility in alkali-mixed Honeycomb Layered NaKNi2TeO6. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:14310–14317. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01876. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib68] 68.Mpanga E.M., Wernert R., Fauth F., Suard E., Avdeev M., Fraisse B., Camacho P.S., Carlier D., Lebedev O., Cassidy S.J., et al. Solid-state chemistry shuffling of alkali ions toward new layered oxide materials. Chem. Mater. 2024;36:892–900. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02749. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib210] 69.He Z., Cui M., Qiu C. Synthesis, structure and magnetic behaviors of a new spin-1/2 chain compound Na4CuTeO6. J. Alloys Compd. 2018;748:794–797. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.03.207. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib122] 70.He Z., Guo W., Cui M., Tang Y. Synthesis and magnetic properties of new tellurate compounds Na4MTeO6 (M= Co and Ni) with a ferromagnetic spin-chain structure. Dalton Trans. 2017;46:5076–5081. doi: 10.1039/C6DT04750E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib120] 71.Grundish N.S., Seymour I.D., Li Y., Sand J.B., Henkelman G., Delmas C., Goodenough J.B. Structural and electrochemical consequences of sodium in the transition-metal layer of O′3-Na3Ni1.5TeO6. Chem. Mater. 2020;32:10035–10044. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c03248. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib113] 72.Kumar V., Gupta A., Uma S. Formation of honeycomb ordered monoclinic Li2M2TeO6 (M= Cu, Ni) and disordered orthorhombic Li2Ni2TeO6 oxides. Dalton Trans. 2013;42:14992–14998. doi: 10.1039/C3DT51604K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib156] 73.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M., Miyazaki Y., Sukegawa K., Saito T. Probing the Atomic Arrangement of Honeycomb Layered Oxides via Optimum Bright-Field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (OBF–STEM) Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2025;27:14729–14732. doi: 10.1039/D5CP01190F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib207] 74.Song Y., Niu H., Zeng Z., Jiang D., He X., Liang Y., Huang H., Zhang M., Li J., He Z., et al. Influence of Barium Intercalated Ions on Magnetic Interaction in the Tellurate Compound BaNi2TeO6. Inorg. Chem. 2022;61:5731–5736. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib192] 75.Cao R., Huang Z., Lan B., Li L., Yi X., Luo Z., Liao C., Wang J. Adjustable luminescence properties of Eu3+ and Bi3+ codoped Ca3Zn3Te2O12 phosphor. Mater. Res. Bull. 2022;152 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2022.111851. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib196] 76.Zhang L., Chen S., Zhao S., Guo J., Lv Q., Wang H., Deng B., Zhang G., Yu R., Geng H. Thermal stability and luminescence of novel garnet-type yafsoanite Ca3Zn3(TeO6)2: Sm3+ phosphors for white LEDs. Ceram. Int. 2021;47:11887–11898. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.01.029. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib211] 77.Eder F., Weil M. Garnet-type Na3Te2(FeO4)3. Structure Reports. 2023;79:328–330. doi: 10.1107/S2056989023002293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib212] 78.Frau A.F., Kim J.H., Shiv Halasyamani P. Na3Ga3Te2O12: Synthesis, single crystal structure and characterization. Solid State Sci. 2008;10:1263–1268. doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2008.01.008. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib213] 79.Baglio J.A., Natansohn S. The crystal structure of Ca3TeO6 and Ca3WO6. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 1969;2:252–254. doi: 10.1107/S0021889869007163. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib141] 80.Selb E., Declara L., Bayarjargal L., Podewitz M., Tribus M., Heymann G. Crystal Structure and Properties of a UV-Transparent High-Pressure Polymorph of Mg3TeO6 with Second Harmonic Generation Response. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2019;2019:4668–4676. doi: 10.1002/ejic.201900998. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib143] 81.Shannon R.D. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Cryst. A. 1976;32:751–767. doi: 10.1107/S0567739476001551. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib69] 82.Patel A.K., Panda M.R., Rani E., Singh H., Samatham S.S., Nagendra A., Jha S.N., Bhattacharyya D., Suresh K.G., Mitra S. Unique Structure-Induced Magnetic and Electrochemical Activity in Nanostructured Transition Metal Tellurates Co1–xNixTeO4 (x= 0, 0.5, and 1) ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2020;3:9436–9448. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01871. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib70] 83.Nalbandyan V.B., Shukaev I.L., Evstigneeva M.A., Popov Y.V., Vasiliev A.N., Vasilchikova T.M. Effect of multiple cationic substitutions on structure and magnetism of honeycomb-layered hexagonal tellurates Na2M2TeO6 (M= Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) J. Solid State Chem. 2026;354 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2025.125737. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib71] 84.Li Y., Deng Z., Peng J., Chen E., Yu Y., Li X., Luo J., Huang Y., Zhu J., Fang C., et al. A P2-type layered superionic conductor Ga-doped Na2Zn2TeO6 for all-solid-state sodium-ion batteries. Chemistry (Easton). 2018;24:1057–1061. doi: 10.1002/chem.201705466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib72] 85.Sau K., Ikeshoji T. Ring mechanism of fast Na+ ion transport in Na2LiFeTeO6: Insight from molecular dynamics simulation. Phys. Rev. Mater. 2022;6 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.6.045406. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib73] 86.Hempel F.S., Bianchini F., Arstad B., Fjellvåg H. Effects of Ga Substitution on the Local Structure of Na2Zn2TeO6. Inorg. Chem. 2022;61:13067–13076. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01431. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib74] 87.Hempel F.S., Martineau-Corcos C., Bianchini F., Fjellvåg H., Arstad B. Dynamics of Interlayer Na-Ions in Ga-Substituted Na2Zn2TeO6 (NZTO) Studied by Variable-Temperature Solid-State 23Na NMR Spectroscopy and DFT Modeling. ACS Phys. Chem. Au. 2023;3:394–405. doi: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib75] 88.Singh H., Veijola-Kara M., Rani E., Bezerra L.S., Talebi P., Sousa dos Santos H.L., Patel A.K., Huttula M., Camargo P.H.C. Nickel tellurate nanorods and nanoparticles for the oxygen evolution reaction. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 2024;7:12480–12489. doi: 10.1021/acsanm.4c00935. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib76] 89.Fernández-Catalá J., Chávez-Caiza J., Greco R., Navlani-García M., Berenguer-Murcia A., Cao W., Cazorla-Amorós D. Facile hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic properties of g-C3N4/Cu3TeO6 heterostructures. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2025;178 doi: 10.1016/j.inoche.2025.114424. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib77] 90.Bao J., Wu D., Tang Q., Ma Z., Zhou Z. First-principles investigations on delithiation of Li4NiTeO6. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2014;16:16145–16149. doi: 10.1039/C4CP01627K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib78] 91.Wu Z.H., Yu Y.X. Regulating the electrochemical performance of A2Ni2TeO6 (A= Na, K) as a cathode of alkali metal ion battery by 3d transition metal substitution from a theoretical perspective. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2024;7:8715–8725. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01667. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib79] 92.Wu Z.H., Yu Y.X., Chibisov A.N. Density functional theory investigation on fast storage of sodium and potassium in Ni2TeO6 as a novel promising cathode material. Mater. Today Energy. 2023;37 doi: 10.1016/j.mtener.2023.101414. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib80] 93.Huang H., Yang Y., Chi C., Wu H.H., Huang B. Phase stability and fast ion transport in P2-type layered Na2X2TeO6 (X= Mg, Zn) solid electrolytes for sodium batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2020;8:22816–22827. doi: 10.1039/D0TA07469A. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib81] 94.Tada K., Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Implications of coordination chemistry to cationic interactions in honeycomb layered nickel tellurates. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2022;207 doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2022.111322. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib82] 95.Li X., Bianchini F., Wind J., Vajeeston P., Wragg D., Fjellvåg H. P2 Type Layered Solid-State Electrolyte Na2Zn2TeO6: Crystal Structure and Stacking Faults. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019;166:A3830–A3837. doi: 10.1149/2.1231915jes. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib83] 96.Ri K.C., Ri T.I., Kim K.M., Choe S.H., Yu C.J. Influence of low content metal intermixing on electrochemical stability and sodium ion transport in Na2(Mg2−xZnx)TeO6 (x= 0.125, 1.875) for solid state sodium-ion batteries. Solid State Ionics. 2022;385 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2022.116006. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib84] 97.Sau K., Kumar P.P. Role of ion–ion correlations on fast ion transport: molecular dynamics simulation of Na2Ni2TeO6. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015;119:18030–18037. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04087. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib85] 98.Sau K., Kumar P.P. Ion transport in Na2M2TeO6: insights from molecular dynamics simulation. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2015;119:1651–1658. doi: 10.1021/jp5094349. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib86] 99.Zhou Y., Hu C.L., Hu T., Kong F., Mao J.G. Explorations of new second-order NLO materials in the AgI-MoVI/WVI-TeIV-O systems. Dalton Trans. 2009;29:5747–5754. doi: 10.1039/B903159F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib87] 100.Zhou J., Wu Q., Ji A., Jia Z., Xia M. Recent progress in nonlinear optical molybdenum/tungsten tellurites: Structures, crystal growth and characterizations. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2025;524 doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2024.216332. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib88] 101.Yeon J., Kim S.H., Hayward M.A., Halasyamani P.S. “A” cation polarity control in ACuTe2O7 (A= Sr2+, Ba2+, or Pb2+) Inorg. Chem. 2011;50:8663–8670. doi: 10.1021/ic2012217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib89] 102.Kim S.W., Deng Z., Li M.R., Sen Gupta A., Akamatsu H., Gopalan V., Greenblatt M. PbMn(IV)TeO6: A new noncentrosymmetric layered honeycomb magnetic oxide. Inorg. Chem. 2016;55:1333–1338. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02677. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib90] 103.Hallas A.M., Morosan E. Sr(M,Te)2O6 (M= Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni): a magnetically dilute family of honeycomb tellurates. Inorg. Chem. 2019;58:6993–6999. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00617. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib91] 104.Kim S.W., Deng Z., Fischer Z., Lapidus S.H., Stephens P.W., Li M.R., Greenblatt M. Structure and magnetic behavior of layered honeycomb tellurates, BiM(III)TeO6 (M=Cr,Mn,Fe) Inorg. Chem. 2016;55:10229–10237. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01472. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib92] 105.Ra H.S., Ok K.M., Halasyamani P.S. Combining second-order Jahn− Teller distorted cations to create highly efficient SHG materials: synthesis, characterization, and NLO properties of BaTeM2O9 (M= Mo6+ or W6+) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003;125:7764–7765. doi: 10.1021/ja035314b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib93] 106.Tan W., Wang X., Wei R., Huang H., Yang D., Wang Y., Zhang B. Ag2[TeO2(OH)4]: a nonlinear optical tellurate with balanced comprehensive performance. J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. 2024;12:13632–13638. doi: 10.1039/D4TC02218A. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib94] 107.Lee D.W., Kim T.H., Lee J., Park J., Kim J.Y., Ok K.M., Lim S.H. KIn0.33IIITe0.67VITe2IVO7: Zirconolite-like mixed-valent metal oxide with a 3D framework. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:15091–15095. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01996. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib95] 108.Fang Z., Jiang P., Avdeev M., Wei H., Wang R., Jiang X., Yang T. A3A′3Zn6Te4O24 (A= Na, A′= Rare Earth) garnets: A-site ordered noncentrosymmetric structure, photoluminescence, and Na-ion conductivity. Inorg. Chem. 2021;60:18168–18177. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02815. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib96] 109.Missen O.P., Mills S.J., Kampf A.R., Coolbaugh M.F., Najorka J., Rumsey M.S., Marty J., Spratt J., Raudsepp M., McCormack J.K. Wildcatite, CaFe3+Te6+O5(OH), the second new tellurate mineral from the Detroit district, Juab County, Utah. Can. Mineral. 2021;59:729–739. doi: 10.3749/canmin.2000092. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib97] 110.Bazhan R.V., Nalbandyan V.B., Vasilchikova T.M., Koo H.J., Whangbo M.H., Vasiliev A.N. Successive short-and long-range magnetic ordering in rosiaite-type CoGeTeO6 prepared by ion-exchange reaction. Dalton Trans. 2023;52:9631–9638. doi: 10.1039/D3DT01164J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib98] 111.Rahman R.A.U., Mala N.A., Rather M.U.D., Rather G.H., Parray I.A., Shahzadi A., Saqib S., Husain S., Want B. Investigation of the Ferroelectric, Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Properties in Honeycomb-Layered YCrTeO6. J. Electron. Mater. 2023;52:4011–4019. doi: 10.1007/s11664-023-10393-y. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib99] 112.Lee D.W., Ok K.M. New polymorphs of ternary sodium tellurium oxides: hydrothermal synthesis, structure determination, and characterization of β-Na2Te4O9 and Na2Te2O6·1.5H2O. Inorg. Chem. 2014;53:10642–10648. doi: 10.1021/ic501739u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib100] 113.Huai X., Acheampong E., Delles E., Winiarski M.J., Sorolla M., Nassar L., Liang M., Ramette C., Ji H., Scheie A., et al. Noncentrosymmetric triangular magnet CaMnTeO6: Strong quantum fluctuations and role of s0 versus s2 electronic states in competing exchange interactions. Adv. Mater. 2024;36 doi: 10.1002/adma.202313763. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib101] 114.Nalbandyan V.B., Shukaev I.L., Raganyan G.V., Svyazhin A., Vasiliev A.N., Zvereva E.A. Preparation, crystal chemistry, and hidden magnetic order in the family of trigonal layered tellurates A2Mn(4+)TeO6 (A= Li, Na, Ag, or Tl) Inorg. Chem. 2019;58:5524–5532. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03445. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib102] 115.Woodward P.M., Sleight A.W., Duw L.S., Grey C.P. MRS Online Proceedings Library. Vol. 547. 1998. Structural Studies and Order-Disorder Phenomenon in a Series of New Quaternary Tellurates of the Type A2+M4+Te6+O6; pp. 233–238. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib103] 116.Shan Y.J., Yoshioka Y., Wakeshima M., Tezuka K., Imoto H. Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of the novel sodium cobalt tellurate Na5Co15.5Te6O36. J. Solid State Chem. 2014;211:63–68. doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.12.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib104] 117.Heymann G., Selb E., Kogler M., Götsch T., Köck E.M., Penner S., Tribus M., Janka O. Li3Co1.06(1)TeO6: synthesis, single-crystal structure and physical properties of a new tellurate compound with CoII/CoIII mixed valence and orthogonally oriented Li-ion channels. Dalton Trans. 2017;46:12663–12674. doi: 10.1039/C7DT02663C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib105] 118.Mishra R., Phapale S., Samui P., Nagaraj A., Dharwadkar S.R. Partial phase diagram of BaO-TeO2 system. J. Phase Equilibria Diffus. 2014;35:127–136. doi: 10.1007/s11669-014-0281-2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib106] 119.Liu W., Oh P., Liu X., Lee M.J., Cho W., Chae S., Kim Y., Cho J. Nickel-rich layered lithium transition-metal oxide for high-energy lithium-ion batteries. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2015;54:4440–4457. doi: 10.1002/anie.201409262. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib107] 120.Manthiram A., Knight J.C., Myung S.T., Oh S.M., Sun Y.K. Nickel-rich and lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes: progress and perspectives. Adv. Energy Mater. 2016;6 doi: 10.1002/aenm.201501010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib108] 121.Bianchini M., Schiele A., Schweidler S., Sicolo S., Fauth F., Suard E., Indris S., Mazilkin A., Nagel P., Schuppler S., et al. From LiNiO2 to Li2NiO3: synthesis, structures and electrochemical mechanisms in Li-rich nickel oxides. Chem. Mater. 2020;32:9211–9227. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c02880. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib109] 122.Komaba S., Croguennec L., Tournadre F., Willmann P., Delmas C. Thermal behavior of the layered oxide Li2/3Co2/3Mn1/3O2 obtained by ion exchange from the P2-type Na2/3Co2/3Mn1/3O2 phase. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2013;117:3264–3271. doi: 10.1021/jp310417q. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib110] 123.Miyoshi K., Iwai C., Kondo H., Miura M., Nishigori S., Takeuchi J. Magnetic and electronic properties of LixCoO2 single crystals. Phys. Rev. B. 2010;82 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.82.075113. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib111] 124.Miyoshi K., Manami K., Sasai R., Nishigori S., Takeuchi J. Electronic states realized by the interplay between Li diffusion and Co 3+/Co 4+ charge ordering in LixCoO2. Phys. Rev. B. 2018;98 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.98.195106. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib112] 125.Sugiyama J., Mukai K., Ikedo Y., Russo P.L., Nozaki H., Andreica D., Amato A., Ariyoshi K., Ohzuku T. Static magnetic order in the triangular lattice of LixNiO2 (x≤1): Muon-spin spectroscopy measurements. Phys. Rev. B. 2008;78 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.78.144412. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib114] 126.Zvereva E.A., Savelieva O.A., Titov Y.D., Evstigneeva M.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Kao C.N., Lin J.-Y., Presniakov I.A., Sobolev A.V., Ibragimov S.A., et al. A new layered triangular antiferromagnet Li4FeSbO6: Spin order, field-induced transitions and anomalous critical behavior. Dalton Trans. 2013;42:1550–1566. doi: 10.1039/C2DT31938A. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib115] 127.Mandujano H.C., Gonzalez S.L., Episcopo N., Sitharaman U., Poudel N., Gofryk K., Garay Y.E., Lopez J.A., Zhang Q., Calder S., Nair H.S. Absence of long-range magnetic order in lithium-containing honeycombs in the Li–Cr–Sb (Te)–O phases. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2021;33 doi: 10.1088/1361-648X/abff90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib116] 128.Martínez de Irujo Labalde X., Lee M.Y., Grievson H., Mortimer J.M., Booth S.G., Suard E., Cussen S.A., Hayward M.A. Influence of Cation Substitution on Cycling Stability and Fe-Cation Migration in Li3Fe3–xMxTe2O12 (M= Al, In) Cathode Materials. Inorg. Chem. 2024;63:1395–1403. doi: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03929. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib117] 129.Edstrand M., Ingri N., Bonnichsen R., Rastrup Andersen J. The Crystal Structure of the Double Lithium Antimony (V) oxide LiSbO3. Acta Chem. Scand. 1954;8:1021–1031. [Google Scholar]

[bib118] 130.Shi Y., Hu E., Sumboja A., Anggraningrum I.T., Syahrial A.Z., Yan Q. Layered 3d Transition Metal-Based Oxides for Sodium-Ion and Lithium-Ion Batteries: Differences, Links and Beyond. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2025;35 doi: 10.1002/adfm.202413078. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib119] 131.Liu Q., Hu Z., Chen M., Zou C., Jin H., Wang S., Chou S.-L., Dou S.X. Recent progress of layered transition metal oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries. Small. 2019;15 doi: 10.1002/smll.201805381. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib121] 132.Steele J.M.A., Genreith-Schriever A.R., Bocarsly J.D., Nagle-Cocco L.A.V., Sayed F.N., Juramy M., O’Keefe C.A., Orlandi F., Manuel P., Dutton S.E., Grey C.P. Structural Elucidation of Na2/3NiO2, a Dynamically Stabilized Cathode Phase with Nickel Charge and Sodium Vacancy Ordering. Chem. Mater. 2025;37:2581–2591. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c00084. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib123] 133.Kanyolo, G. M., and Masese, T. (2023). Partition function for quantum gravity in 4 dimensions as a 1/N expansion and related applications. https://hal.science/hal-03335930/.

[bib124] 134.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. On local conservation of information content in Schwarzschild black holes. J. Phys. Commun. 2022;6 doi: 10.1088/2399-6528/ac6136. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib125] 135.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Reproducing the asymptotic behaviour of galaxy rotation curves by a novel constraint in general relativity. arXiv. 2021 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2101.07763. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib126] 136.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Advancements in cathode materials for potassium-ion batteries: current landscape, obstacles, and prospects. Energy Adv. 2024;3:60–107. doi: 10.1039/D3YA00406F. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib127] 137.Rex A. Maxwell’s demon—a historical review. Entropy. 2017;19:240. doi: 10.3390/e19060240. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib128] 138.Daub E.E. Maxwell's demon. Stud. Hist. Philos. Sci. 1970;1:213–227. doi: 10.1016/0039-3681(70)90010-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib129] 139.Ehrenberg W. Maxwell's demon. Sci. Am. 1967;217:103–110. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24926178 [Google Scholar]

[bib130] 140.Uma S., Gupta A. Synthesis and characterization of new rocksalt superstructure type layered oxides Li4.5M0.5TeO6 (M(III)= Cr, Mn, Al, Ga) Mater. Res. Bull. 2016;76:118–123. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2015.12.011. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib131] 141.Pospelov A.A., Nalbandyan V.B., Serikova E.I., Medvedev B.S., Evstigneeva M.A., Ni E.V., Lukov V.V. Crystal structure and properties of a new mixed-valence compound LiMn2TeO6 and the survey of the LiMM′XO6 family (X= Sb or Te) Solid State Sci. 2011;13:1931–1937. doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2011.08.019. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib132] 142.Guje R., Ravi G., Palla S., Rao K.N., Vithal M. Synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic and conductivity studies of defect pyrochlore KM0.33Te1.67O6 (M= Al, Cr and Fe) Mater. Sci. Eng., B. 2015;198:1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.mseb.2015.03.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib138] 143.Shinde S.S., Wagh N.K., Kim S.H., Lee J.H. Li, Na, K, Mg, Zn, Al, and Ca Anode Interface Chemistries Developed by Solid-State Electrolytes. Adv. Sci. 2023;10 doi: 10.1002/advs.202304235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib139] 144.Jaschin P.W., Gao Y., Li Y., Bo S.H. A materials perspective on magnesium-ion-based solid-state electrolytes. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2020;8:2875–2897. doi: 10.1039/C9TA11729F. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib140] 145.Guo M., Yuan C., Zhang T., Yu X. Solid-state electrolytes for rechargeable magnesium-ion batteries: from structure to mechanism. Small. 2022;18 doi: 10.1002/smll.202106981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib133] 146.Aurbach D., Lu Z., Schechter A., Gofer Y., Gizbar H., Turgeman R., Cohen Y., Moshkovich M., Levi E. Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries. Nature. 2000;407:724–727. doi: 10.1038/35037553. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib134] 147.Arroyo-de Dompablo M.E., Ponrouch A., Johansson P., Palacín M.R. Achievements, challenges, and prospects of calcium batteries. Chem. Rev. 2019;120:6331–6357. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00339. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib135] 148.Orikasa Y., Masese T., Koyama Y., Mori T., Hattori M., Yamamoto K., Okado T., Huang Z.-D., Minato T., Tassel C., et al. High energy density rechargeable magnesium battery using earth-abundant and non-toxic elements. Sci. Rep. 2014;4 doi: 10.1038/srep05622. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib136] 149.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Electrode materials for calcium batteries: Future directions and perspectives. EcoEnergy. 2024;2:339–368. doi: 10.1002/ece2.53. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib137] 150.Mohtadi R., Mizuno F. Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives. Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014;5:1291–1311. doi: 10.3762/bjnano.5.143. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib142] 151.Bhim A., Gopalakrishnan J., Natarajan S. Exploring the Corundum Structure as a Host for Colored Compounds–Synthesis, Structures, and Optical Studies of (MM′)3TeO6 (M= Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn; M′= Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu) Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2018;2018:2277–2284. doi: 10.1002/ejic.201800102. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib144] 152.Glück H., Morscher A., Hallweger S.A., Kieslich G., Zeier W.G. On the High-Temperature Ca2+ Conduction in NASICON-Type Ca(1+x)/2InxZr2–x(PO4)3. Chem. Mater. 2025;20:8392–8402. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.5c02108. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib145] 153.Fukuda K., Miyasawa A., Urushihara D., Asaka T. Ca2+ conduction in melilite structure type compound Ca2Ga2SiO7. Solid State Ionics. 2025;431 doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2025.117028. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib146] 154.Rambabu G., Koteswara Rao K., Anantharamulu N., Raghavender M., Prasad G., Kumar V.P., Reddy C.V., Vithal M. Preparation, characterization, conductivity and thermal expansion studies of Ca0.5SbMP3O12 (M= Al, Fe, Cr) J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:3613–3620. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-0400-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib214] 155.Fukuda K., Harada R., Banno H., Urushihara D., Asaka T. Discovery of Fast Calcium-Ion Conduction in Grossite-Type Compounds CaAl4O7 and CaGa4O7 by Bond Valence Screening Method. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2022;5:3227–3234. doi: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03834. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib215] 156.Lee W., Tamura S., Imanaka N. New calcium ion conducting solid electrolyte with NASICON-type structure. Chem. Lett. 2017;46:1486–1489. doi: 10.1246/cl.170634. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib216] 157.Lee W., Tamura S., Imanaka N. Synthesis and characterization of divalent ion conductors with NASICON-type structures. J. Asian Ceramic Societies. 2019;7:221–227. doi: 10.1080/21870764.2019.1606141. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib147] 158.Imanaka N., Ando K., Tamura S. An extraordinarily high Ba2+ conducting solid. J. Mater. Chem. 2007;17:4230–4232. doi: 10.1039/B707609F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib148] 159.Yamaguchi S., Iguchi Y., Imai A. Ionic conduction in divalent hexa-aluminates and gallates with β-alumina structure. Solid State Ionics. 1990;40–41:87–90. doi: 10.1016/0167-2738(90)90293-Z. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib149] 160.Nomura K., Ikeda S., Ito K., Einaga H. Framework Structure, Phase Transition, and Transport Properties in MIIZr4(PO4)6 Compounds (MII= Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, Co, Ni, Zn, Cd, and Pb) Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1992;65:3221–3227. doi: 10.1246/bcsj.65.3221. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib150] 161.Rabbi M.M., Khatun M.A. Unlocking the optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of Ba2ZnTeO6: a promising double perovskite for sustainable energy harvesting technologies. Opt. Quantum Electron. 2025;57:554. doi: 10.1007/s11082-025-08471-y. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib151] 162.Suraja N.J., Bindhu A., Solaman S.K., Ganesanpotti S. Harnessing the inherent photoluminescence of Ba2MgTeO6 double perovskite phosphor for visible to near infrared pc-LED applications. J. Lumin. 2025;277 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2024.120889. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib152] 163.Zavodyannyy V. Analysis of the crystal structure of the Ba3TeO6 compound. EUREKA: Physics and Engineering. 2022;2:111–115. doi: 10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002337. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib153] 164.Wang Y., Wang L., Yan X., Xu Y., Wang X., Zhu X., Wu Y., Han X., Zhao C., Fang C., et al. An All-Solid-State Li–Cu Battery via Cuprous/Lithium-Ion Halide Solid Electrolyte. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2026;65 doi: 10.1002/anie.202518966. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib209] 165.Takahashi T. Solid copper (I) ion conductors. J. Electroanal. Chem. Interfacial Electrochem. 1984;180:231–239. doi: 10.1016/0368-1874(84)83582-0Getrightsandcontent. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib154] 166.Hull S., Keen D.A. Structural characterization of the superionic transition in Ag2HgI4 and Cu2HgI4. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2000;12:3751–3765. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/12/16/302. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib155] 167.Hull S., Keen D.A. Structural characterization of further high temperaturesuperionic phases of Ag2HgI4 and Cu2HgI4. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2001;13:5597–5610. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/13/24/305. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib157] 168.Tachibana S., Ide K., Tojigamori T., Yamamoto Y., Miki H., Yamasaki H., Kotani Y., Orikasa Y. Fluoride-ion conductivity analysis of Yb-FS multiple-anion compounds. Chem. Lett. 2021;50:120–123. doi: 10.1246/cl.200659. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib158] 169.Nauer M., Ftikos C., Steele B.C.H. An evaluation of Ce-Pr oxides and Ce-Pr-Nb oxides mixed conductors for cathodes of solid oxide fuel cells: structure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 1994;14:493–499. doi: 10.1016/0955-2219(94)90118-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib159] 170.Matsui N. Equivalent circuit analysis of mixed-conductor/electrode system by impedance spectroscopy. Solid State Ionics. 1992;57:121–124. doi: 10.1016/0167-2738(92)90073-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib166] 171.Hull S., Keen D.A., Sivia D.S., Berastegui P. Crystal structures and ionic conductivities of ternary derivatives of the silver and copper monohalides: I. Superionic phases of stoichiometry MA4I5: RbAg4I5, KAg4I5, and KCu4I5. J. Solid State Chem. 2002;165:363–371. doi: 10.1006/jssc.2002.9552. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib167] 172.Hull S., Keen D.A., Berastegui P. Structural description of the superionic behaviour in the system (AgI)x–(PbI2)1−x, 2/3≤ x ≤ 4/5. Solid State Ionics. 2002;147:97–106. doi: 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00008-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib168] 173.Nilges T., Nilges S., Pfitzner A., Doert T., Böttcher P. Structure− Property Relations and Diffusion Pathways of the Silver Ion Conductor Ag5Te2Cl. Chem. Mater. 2004;16:806–812. doi: 10.1021/cm031131c. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib169] 174.Nilges T., Dreher C., Hezinger A. Structures, phase transitions and electrical properties of Ag5Te2−ySeyCl (y= 0–0.7) Solid State Sci. 2005;7:79–88. doi: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.10.012. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib170] 175.Matsunaga S., Madden P.A. Structural and transport properties in the Ag3SI system: a molecular dynamics study of alpha, beta and molten phases. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2004;16:181–194. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/16/3/001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib171] 176.Hull S., Berastegui P., Grippa A. Ag+ diffusion within the rock-salt structured superionic conductor Ag4Sn3S8. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2005;17:1067–1084. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/17/7/002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib172] 177.Lange S., Nilges T. Ag10Te4Br3: A new silver (I)(poly) chalcogenide halide solid electrolyte. Chem. Mater. 2006;18:2538–2544. doi: 10.1021/cm060226m. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib173] 178.Lange S., Bawohl M., Wilmer D., Meyer H.W., Wiemhöfer H.D., Nilges T. Polymorphism, structural frustration, and electrical properties of the mixed conductor Ag10Te4Br3. Chem. Mater. 2007;19:1401–1410. doi: 10.1021/cm062731p. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib174] 179.Angenault J., Couturier J.C., Quarton M. Conductivite ionique des solutions solides Ag1+xZr2−xMx(PO4)3 AVEC MIII= Sc, Fe. Mater. Res. Bull. 1989;24:789–794. doi: 10.1016/0025-5408(89)90040-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib175] 180.Rao K.K., Rambabu G., Raghavender M., Prasad G., Kumar G.S., Vithal M. Preparation, characterization and impedance study of AgTaMP3O12 (M= Al, Ga, In, Cr, Fe and Y) Solid State Ionics. 2005;176:2701–2710. doi: 10.1016/j.ssi.2005.07.016. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib176] 181.Daidouh A., Durio C., Pico C., Veiga M.L., Chouaibi N., Ouassini A. Structural and electrical study of the alluaudites (Ag1−xNax)2FeMn2(PO4)3 (x= 0, 0.5 and 1) Solid State Sci. 2002;4:541–548. doi: 10.1016/S1293-2558(02)01289-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib177] 182.Daidouh A., Veiga M.L., Pico C. Structure characterization and ionic conductivity of Ag2VP2O8. J. Solid State Chem. 1997;130:28–34. doi: 10.1006/jssc.1996.7266. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib178] 183.Fukuoka H., Matsunaga H., Yamanaka S. Crystal structure and ionic conductivity of ruthenium diphosphate ARu2(P2O7)2, A= Li, Na, and Ag, with a tunnel structure. Mater. Res. Bull. 2003;38:991–1001. doi: 10.1016/S0025-5408(03)00067-9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib179] 184.Quarez E., Mentré O., Oumellal Y., Masquelier C. Crystal structures of new silver ion conductors Ag7Fe3(X2O7)4 (X= P, As) New J. Chem. 2009;33:998–1005. doi: 10.1039/B819846B. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib217] 185.Hull S., Keen D.A., Berastegui P. Structural and superionic properties of Ag+-rich ternary phases within the AgI–MI2 systems. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2002;14:13579–13596. doi: 10.1088/0953-8984/14/49/313. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib218] 186.Nilges T., Messel J., Bawohl M., Lange S. Silver (I) Chalcogenide Halides Ag19Te6Br7, Ag19Te6Br5.4I1.6, and Ag19Te5SeBr7. Chem. Mater. 2008;20:4080–4091. doi: 10.1021/cm800425u. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib219] 187.Saleck A.O., Mercier C., Follet-Houttemane C., Assani A., Saadi M., Capoen E., El Ammari L. Two novel phosphates Na2Mg2Fe(PO4)3 and Ag2Mg2Fe(PO4)3 with alluaudite structure: Synthesis, crystal structure and electrical properties. J. Solid State Chem. 2022;312 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123139. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib160] 188.Hull S. Superionics: crystal structures and conduction processes. Rep. Prog. Phys. 2004;67:1233–1314. doi: 10.1088/0034-4885/67/7/R05. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib161] 189.Boyce J.B., Huberman B.A. Superionic conductors: Transitions, structures, dynamics. Phys. Rep. 1979;51:189–265. doi: 10.1016/0370-1573(79)90067-X. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib162] 190.Schmidbaur H., Schier A. Argentophilic interactions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2015;54:746–784. doi: 10.1002/anie.201405936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib163] 191.Weinberg S. A model of leptons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1967;19:1264–1266. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib164] 192.Kanyolo G.M., Masese T. Hilbert-Polya conjecture via critical pseudo-magnetic degrees of freedom. arXiv. 2024 doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2411.04439. Preprint at. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib165] 193.Kanyolo, G. M., and Masese, T. (2025). Deterministic randomness in supersymmetry ground states. https://hal.science/hal-05323305v1.

[bib181] 194.Masese T., Kanyolo G.M. Inorganic Solid-State Electrolytes in Potassium Batteries: Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Chemelectrochem. 2025;12 doi: 10.1002/celc.202400598. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib180] 195.Bianchini F., Fjellvåg H., Vajeeston P. Nonhexagonal Na Sublattice Reconstruction in the Super-Ionic Conductor Na2Zn2TeO6: Insights from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2019;123:4654–4663. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10362. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib182] 196.Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M. Temperature-dependent Na-ion conduction and its pathways in the crystal structure of the layered battery material Na2Ni2TeO6. J. Phys. Chem. C. 2020;124:4421–4429. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11191. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib183] 197.Hempel F.S., Sławiński W.A., Arstad B., Fjellvåg H. Superstructure of Locally Disordered Na2Zn2TeO6. Chem. Mater. 2024;36:11084–11094. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c01953. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib184] 198.Saha B.C., Chikara K.S., Bera A.K., Yusuf S.M. Crystal Structure Driven Electrical Properties and Mobile Ion-Dynamics of the Layered Compounds A2M2TeO6 (A= Li/Na, and M= Cu/Ni) Family. J. Mater. Chem. A Mater. 2026 doi: 10.1039/D5TA08408C. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib206] 199.Brown A.J., Liu J., Marlton F.P., Avdeev M., Kennedy B.J., Ling C.D. Synthesis and crystal structures of two polymorphs of Li4–2xMg1+xTeO6. J. Solid State Chem. 2020;287 doi: 10.1016/j.jssc.2020.121385. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib220] 200.Huang X., Ma P., Huo M., Huang C., Sun H., Chen X., Deng S., He L., Xie T., He Z., Wang M. Ground state and magnetic transitions of the orthorhombic antiferromagnet CaCo2TeO6. Phys. Rev. B. 2025;111 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.111.094434. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib221] 201.Haraguchi Y., Yoshida Y., Matsuo A., Kindo K., Katori H.A. CaCo2TeO6: A topochemically prepared 3d7 honeycomb Kitaev magnet. Phys. Rev. B. 2024;110 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.110.184411. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib185] 202.Chivers T., Laitinen R.S. Tellurium: a maverick among the chalcogens. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015;44:1725–1739. doi: 10.1039/C4CS00434E. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib186] 203.Chivers T. Tellurium compounds of the main-group elements: progress and prospects. J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 1996;7:1185–1194. doi: 10.1039/DT9960001185. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib187] 204.Karati A., Parida T., Gupta J., Adigilli H.K., Borse P.H., Joardar J. Band-gap engineering in novel delafossite-type multicomponent oxides for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. Mater. Res. Bull. 2021;137 doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2020.111181. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib188] 205.Fan F., Zhao L., Shang Y., Liu J., Chen W., Li Y. Thermally stable double-perovskite Ca3TeO6: Eu3+ red-emitting phosphors with high color purity. J. Lumin. 2019;211:14–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2019.03.001. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib189] 206.Zhang G., Zhao L., Fan F., Bai Y., Ouyang B., Chen W., Li Y., Huang L. Near UV-pumped yellow-emitting Ca3TeO6: Dy3+ phosphor for white light-emitting diodes. Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2019;223 doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib190] 207.Zhang L., Xie Y., Geng X., Deng B., Geng H., Yu R. Double perovskite Ca2MgTeO6: Eu3+ red-emitting phosphors with high thermal stability for near UV/blue excited white LEDs. J. Lumin. 2020;225 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2020.117365. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib191] 208.Zhang L., Che J., Ma Y., Wang J., Kang R., Deng B., Yu R., Geng H. Luminescent and thermal properties of novel orange-red emitting Ca2MgTeO6: Sm3+ phosphors for white LEDs. J. Lumin. 2020;225 doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2020.117374. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib193] 209.Liu S., Lv M., Zhou J., Zhu Y., Hu R., Li X., Xu D. Crystal structure and photoluminescence properties of CaLaLiTeO6: Dy3+ phosphors for solid-state lighting. Optik. 2023;281 doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2023.170833. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib194] 210.Zhao L., Xu P., Fan F., Yu J., Shang Y., Li Y., Huang L., Yu R. Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Sm3+ and Dy3+ ions activated double perovskite Sr2MgTeO6 phosphors. J. Lumin. 2019;207:520–525. doi: 10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.10.120. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib195] 211.Liang J., Zhao S., Yuan X., Li Z. A novel double perovskite tellurate Eu3+-doped Sr2MgTeO6 red-emitting phosphor with high thermal stability. Opt. Laser Technol. 2018;101:451–456. doi: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.11.046. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib197] 212.Moniruzzaman M., Reddy G.R., Ramachandran T., Kumar Y.A., Bajaber M.A., Alalwiat A.A., Joo S.W. Sodium symphony: Crafting the future of energy storage with sodium-ion capacitors. J. Energy Storage. 2024;95 doi: 10.1016/j.est.2024.112566. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib198] 213.Anil Kumar Y., Vignesh S., Ramachandran T., Fouda A.M., Hegazy H.H., Moniruzzaman M., Hwan Oh T. Advancements in novel electrolyte materials: Pioneering the future of supercapacitive energy storage. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2025;145:191–215. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2024.11.018. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib199] 214.Anil Kumar Y., Roy N., Ramachandran T., Assiri M.A., Srinivasa Rao S., Moniruzzaman M., Joo S.W. Revolutionizing energy storage: exploring the nanoscale frontier of all-solid-state batteries. Dalton Trans. 2024;53:12410–12433. doi: 10.1039/D4DT01133C. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib200] 215.Sun Y., Wu Q., Shi G. Graphene based new energy materials. Energy Environ. Sci. 2011;4:1113–1132. doi: 10.1039/C0EE00683A. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib201] 216.Ziegler R., Purtscher F.R.S., Schwartz H.A., Hofer T.S., Heymann G. First ternary tungsten tellurate (iv) WTe2O7 with unique crystal structure type. Dalton Trans. 2023;52:2243–2254. doi: 10.1039/D2DT03419K. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib202] 217.Hladik M., Penz A., Purtscher F.R.S., Hofer T.S., Heymann G., Weil M. High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure analysis of PbTeO4, a UV transparent material. Dalton Trans. 2024;53:19214–19225. doi: 10.1039/D4DT02697G. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib203] 218.Ziegler R., Tribus M., Hejny C., Heymann G. Single-Crystal Structure of HP-Sc2TeO6 Prepared by High-Pressure/High-Temperature Synthesis. Crystals. 2021;11 doi: 10.3390/cryst11121554. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib204] 219.Selb E., Buttlar T., Janka O., Tribus M., Ebbinghaus S.G., Heymann G. Multianvil high-pressure/high-temperature synthesis and characterization of magnetoelectric HP-Co3TeO6. J. Mater. Chem. C Mater. 2021;9:5486–5496. doi: 10.1039/D0TC05210H. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[bib205] 220.Murayama K., Abulikemu A., Champagne A., Ricci F., Sivakumar P., Andrianjafetra J.R., Murrell J.I., Morisato K., Okada K., Hemker D., et al. Pressure-Induced Stabilization of 3D Hyperhoneycomb Li2(Sn1–xRux)O3. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2025;147:46913–46921. doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c09574. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[bib208] 221.Kadari R., Velchuri R., Sreenu K., Ravi G., Munirathnam N.R., Vithal M. Synthesis, characterization and tin/copper–nitrogen substitutional effect on photocatalytic activity of honeycomb ordered P2-Na2Ni2TeO6. Mater. Res. Express. 2016;3 doi: 10.1002/smll.201805381. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Multinary tellurates as energy storage materials

Titus Masese

Godwill Mbiti Kanyolo

Summary

Graphical abstract

Introduction

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Alkali-metal based multinary tellurates

Lithium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Figure 3.

Sodium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Figure 4.

Potassium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Mixed alkali-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Alkali-metal-based quaternary and ternary tellurates ionic conductors

Figure 5.

Alkali-metal-based multinary tellurates

Figure 6.

Magnesium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Calcium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Figure 7.

Barium-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Coinage metal-based multinary tellurates

Copper-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Figure 8.

Silver-based quaternary and ternary tellurates

Computational approaches

Figure 9.

Prospects

Figure 10.

Table 1.

Doping and high-entropy approach

Nanotechnology

Exploration of new compositions and material functionality

Table 2.

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Author contributions

Declaration of interests

Footnotes

Contributor Information

Supplemental information

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases