Skip to main content
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine logoLink to Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
. 1999 Nov;92(11):556–561. doi: 10.1177/014107689909201105

Shaken baby (shaken impact) syndrome: non-accidental head injury in infancy.

T J David 1
PMCID: PMC1297429  PMID: 10703491

Full text

PDF
556

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Bacon C. J., Sayer G. C., Howe J. W. Extensive retinal haemorrhages in infancy--an innocent cause. Br Med J. 1978 Feb 4;1(6108):281–281. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.6108.281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Baum J. D., Bulpitt C. J. Retinal and conjunctival haemorrhage in the newborn. Arch Dis Child. 1970 Jun;45(241):344–349. doi: 10.1136/adc.45.241.344. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bonnier C., Nassogne M. C., Evrard P. Outcome and prognosis of whiplash shaken infant syndrome; late consequences after a symptom-free interval. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1995 Nov;37(11):943–956. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1995.tb11949.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Buys Y. M., Levin A. V., Enzenauer R. W., Elder J. E., Letourneau M. A., Humphreys R. P., Mian M., Morin J. D. Retinal findings after head trauma in infants and young children. Ophthalmology. 1992 Nov;99(11):1718–1723. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31741-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Caffey J. On the theory and practice of shaking infants. Its potential residual effects of permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Am J Dis Child. 1972 Aug;124(2):161–169. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1972.02110140011001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Caffey J. The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Pediatrics. 1974 Oct;54(4):396–403. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Chiaviello C. T., Christoph R. A., Bond G. R. Stairway-related injuries in children. Pediatrics. 1994 Nov;94(5):679–681. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Child abuse and the eye. The Ophthalmology Child Abuse Working Party. Eye (Lond) 1999;13(Pt 1):3–10. doi: 10.1038/eye.1999.2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Christian C. W., Taylor A. A., Hertle R. W., Duhaime A. C. Retinal hemorrhages caused by accidental household trauma. J Pediatr. 1999 Jul;135(1):125–127. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(99)70343-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Duhaime A. C., Alario A. J., Lewander W. J., Schut L., Sutton L. N., Seidl T. S., Nudelman S., Budenz D., Hertle R., Tsiaras W. Head injury in very young children: mechanisms, injury types, and ophthalmologic findings in 100 hospitalized patients younger than 2 years of age. Pediatrics. 1992 Aug;90(2 Pt 1):179–185. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Duhaime A. C., Christian C. W., Rorke L. B., Zimmerman R. A. Nonaccidental head injury in infants--the "shaken-baby syndrome". N Engl J Med. 1998 Jun 18;338(25):1822–1829. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199806183382507. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Duhaime A. C., Gennarelli T. A., Thibault L. E., Bruce D. A., Margulies S. S., Wiser R. The shaken baby syndrome. A clinical, pathological, and biomechanical study. J Neurosurg. 1987 Mar;66(3):409–415. doi: 10.3171/jns.1987.66.3.0409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Ewing-Cobbs L., Kramer L., Prasad M., Canales D. N., Louis P. T., Fletcher J. M., Vollero H., Landry S. H., Cheung K. Neuroimaging, physical, and developmental findings after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in young children. Pediatrics. 1998 Aug;102(2 Pt 1):300–307. doi: 10.1542/peds.102.2.300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gennarelli T. A., Thibault L. E. Biomechanics of acute subdural hematoma. J Trauma. 1982 Aug;22(8):680–686. doi: 10.1097/00005373-198208000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gentleman S. M., Roberts G. W., Gennarelli T. A., Maxwell W. L., Adams J. H., Kerr S., Graham D. I. Axonal injury: a universal consequence of fatal closed head injury? Acta Neuropathol. 1995;89(6):537–543. doi: 10.1007/BF00571509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Goetting M. G., Sowa B. Retinal hemorrhage after cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children: an etiologic reevaluation. Pediatrics. 1990 Apr;85(4):585–588. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Green M. A., Lieberman G., Milroy C. M., Parsons M. A. Ocular and cerebral trauma in non-accidental injury in infancy: underlying mechanisms and implications for paediatric practice. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Apr;80(4):282–287. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.4.282. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Greenes D. S., Schutzman S. A. Occult intracranial injury in infants. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 Dec;32(6):680–686. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(98)70067-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Guthkelch A. N. Infantile subdural haematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries. Br Med J. 1971 May 22;2(5759):430–431. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5759.430. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hanigan W. C., Peterson R. A., Njus G. Tin ear syndrome: rotational acceleration in pediatric head injuries. Pediatrics. 1987 Nov;80(5):618–622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Kaur B., Taylor D. Retinal haemorrhages. Arch Dis Child. 1990 Dec;65(12):1369–1372. doi: 10.1136/adc.65.12.1369. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Leadbeatter S., James R., Claydon S., Knight B. The shaken infant syndrome. Shaking alone may not be responsible for damage. BMJ. 1995 Jun 17;310(6994):1600–1601. doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6994.1600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Maxwell W. L., Watt C., Graham D. I., Gennarelli T. A. Ultrastructural evidence of axonal shearing as a result of lateral acceleration of the head in non-human primates. Acta Neuropathol. 1993;86(2):136–144. doi: 10.1007/BF00334880. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Morin M. A., Pitts F. W. Delayed apoplexy following head injury ("traumatische spät-apoplexis"). J Neurosurg. 1970 Nov;33(5):542–547. doi: 10.3171/jns.1970.33.5.0542. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Nashelsky M. B., Dix J. D. The time interval between lethal infant shaking and onset of symptoms. A review of the shaken baby syndrome literature. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1995 Jun;16(2):154–157. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199506000-00016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Norton L. E. Child abuse. Clin Lab Med. 1983 Jun;3(2):321–342. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Plunkett J. Shaken baby syndrome and the death of Matthew Eappen: a forensic pathologist's response. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999 Mar;20(1):17–21. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199903000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Shannon P., Smith C. R., Deck J., Ang L. C., Ho M., Becker L. Axonal injury and the neuropathology of shaken baby syndrome. Acta Neuropathol. 1998 Jun;95(6):625–631. doi: 10.1007/s004010050849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Sinal S. H., Ball M. R. Head trauma due to child abuse: serial computerized tomography in diagnosis and management. South Med J. 1987 Dec;80(12):1505–1512. doi: 10.1097/00007611-198712000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Soloniuk D., Pitts L. H., Lovely M., Bartkowski H. Traumatic intracerebral hematomas: timing of appearance and indications for operative removal. J Trauma. 1986 Sep;26(9):787–794. doi: 10.1097/00005373-198609000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Weedn V. W., Mansour A. M., Nichols M. M. Retinal hemorrhage in an infant after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1990 Mar;11(1):79–82. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199003000-00012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Weinstein G. W., Parker R. D., Rothenberg J., Framm D. H. Planning for computer processing of records in an ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Ophthalmologica. 1971;162(1):21–32. doi: 10.1159/000306231. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Wilkinson W. S., Han D. P., Rappley M. D., Owings C. L. Retinal hemorrhage predicts neurologic injury in the shaken baby syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Oct;107(10):1472–1474. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070020546037. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Willman K. Y., Bank D. E., Senac M., Chadwick D. L. Restricting the time of injury in fatal inflicted head injuries. Child Abuse Negl. 1997 Oct;21(10):929–940. doi: 10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00054-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Young H. A., Gleave J. R., Schmidek H. H., Gregory S. Delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma: report of 15 cases operatively treated. Neurosurgery. 1984 Jan;14(1):22–25. doi: 10.1227/00006123-198401000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine are provided here courtesy of Royal Society of Medicine Press

RESOURCES