1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655 Japan
2Department of Orthopaedics, Tokyo Teishin Hospital, 2-14-23 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8798 Japan
3Faculty of Informatics, Shonan Institute of Technology, 1-1-25 Tsujido-Nishikaigan, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8511 Japan
4Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
5Department of Orthopaedic Biomaterial Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
6Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-cho, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495 Japan
7Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Kamoda, Kawagoe, Saitama, 350-8550 Japan
8Department of Molecular Medicine Arthritis Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
9Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research & Education at Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, CA 92121 USA
10Master Course of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, 1-26-16, Nankokita, Suminoe, Osaka, 559-8611 Japan
© The Author(s) 2026
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