Skip to main content
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis logoLink to Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis
. 1994 Summer;27(2):385–392. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-385

The significance and future of functional analysis methodologies

F Charles Mace 1
PMCID: PMC1297814  PMID: 16795830

Abstract

Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982) presented the first comprehensive and standardized methodology for identifying operant functions of aberrant behavior. This essay discusses the significance functional analysis has had for applied behavior analysis. The methodology has lessened the field's reliance on default technologies and promoted analysis of environment—behavior interactions maintaining target responses as the basis for selecting treatments. It has also contributed to the integration of basic and applied research. Future directions for this research are suggested.

Keywords: functional analysis, behavior modification, behavior analysis

Full text

PDF
385

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AYLLON T., MICHAEL J. The psychiatric nurse as a behavioral engineer. J Exp Anal Behav. 1959 Oct;2:323–334. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1959.2-323. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Axelrod S. Functional and structural analyses of behavior: approaches leading to reduced use of punishment procedures? Res Dev Disabil. 1987;8(2):165–178. doi: 10.1016/0891-4222(87)90001-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Baer D. M., Wolf M. M., Risley T. R. Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):91–97. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-91. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bijou S. W., Peterson R. F., Ault M. H. A method to integrate descriptive and experimental field studies at the level of data and empirical concepts. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Summer;1(2):175–191. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Carr E. G., Newsom C. Demand-related tantrums. Conceptualization and treatment. Behav Modif. 1985 Oct;9(4):403–426. doi: 10.1177/01454455850094001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Carr E. G. The motivation of self-injurious behavior: a review of some hypotheses. Psychol Bull. 1977 Jul;84(4):800–816. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Cohen S. L., Riley D. S., Weigle P. A. Tests of behavior momentum in simple and multiple schedules with rats and pigeons. J Exp Anal Behav. 1993 Sep;60(2):255–291. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1993.60-255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Cooper L. J., Wacker D. P., Sasso G. M., Reimers T. M., Donn L. K. Using parents as therapists to evaluate appropriate behavior of their children: application to a tertiary diagnostic clinic. J Appl Behav Anal. 1990 Fall;23(3):285–296. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-285. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Davis C. A., Brady M. P., Williams R. E., Hamilton R. Effects of high-probability requests on the acquisition and generalization of responses to requests in young children with behavior disorders. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Winter;25(4):905–916. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-905. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Derby K. M., Wacker D. P., Sasso G., Steege M., Northup J., Cigrand K., Asmus J. Brief functional assessment techniques to evaluate aberrant behavior in an outpatient setting: a summary of 79 cases. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Fall;25(3):713–721. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-713. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Durand V. M., Carr E. G. Social influences on "self-stimulatory" behavior: analysis and treatment application. J Appl Behav Anal. 1987 Summer;20(2):119–132. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1987.20-119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Durand V. M., Crimmins D. B. Identifying the variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. J Autism Dev Disord. 1988 Mar;18(1):99–117. doi: 10.1007/BF02211821. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. HERRNSTEIN R. J. Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. J Exp Anal Behav. 1961 Jul;4:267–272. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1961.4-267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hayes S. C., Hayes L. J. Applied implications of current JEAB research on derived relations and delayed reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal. 1993 Winter;26(4):507–511. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-507. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Hayes S. C., Rincover A., Solnick J. V. The technical drift of applied behavior analysis. J Appl Behav Anal. 1980 Summer;13(2):275–285. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1980.13-275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Herrnstein R. J. On the law of effect. J Exp Anal Behav. 1970 Mar;13(2):243–266. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1970.13-243. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Hineline P. N. JEAB, November '92: What's in it for the JABA reader? J Appl Behav Anal. 1993 Summer;26(2):269–274. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-269. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Iwata B. A. Applied behavior analysis as technological science. J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Fall;24(3):421–424. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Iwata B. A. Applied implications of theory and research on the nature of reinforcement. J Appl Behav Anal. 1994 Spring;27(1):183–193. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-183. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Iwata B. A., Pace G. M., Cowdery G. E., Miltenberger R. G. What makes extinction work: an analysis of procedural form and function. J Appl Behav Anal. 1994 Spring;27(1):131–144. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Iwata B. A., Pace G. M., Kalsher M. J., Cowdery G. E., Cataldo M. F. Experimental analysis and extinction of self-injurious escape behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 1990 Spring;23(1):11–27. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Lalli J. S., Browder D. M., Mace F. C., Brown D. K. Teacher use of descriptive analysis data to implement interventions to decrease students' problem behaviors. J Appl Behav Anal. 1993 Summer;26(2):227–238. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-227. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Lerman D. C., Iwata B. A. Descriptive and experimental analyses of variables maintaining self-injurious behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 1993 Fall;26(3):293–319. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Lerman D. C., Iwata B. A., Smith R. G., Zarcone J. R., Vollmer T. R. Transfer of behavioral function as a contributing factor in treatment relapse. J Appl Behav Anal. 1994 Summer;27(2):357–370. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1994.27-357. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Mace F. C. Basic research needed for stimulating the development of behavioral technologies. J Exp Anal Behav. 1994 May;61(3):529–550. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1994.61-529. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Mace F. C., Browder D. M., Lin Y. Analysis of demand conditions associated with stereotypy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1987 Mar;18(1):25–31. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(87)90068-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Mace F. C., Hock M. L., Lalli J. S., West B. J., Belfiore P., Pinter E., Brown D. K. Behavioral momentum in the treatment of noncompliance. J Appl Behav Anal. 1988 Summer;21(2):123–141. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Mace F. C., Knight D. Functional analysis and treatment of severe pica. J Appl Behav Anal. 1986 Winter;19(4):411–416. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1986.19-411. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Mace F. C., Lalli J. S. Behavioral momentum in college basketball. J Appl Behav Anal. 1992 Fall;25(3):657–663. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1992.25-657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Mace F. C., Lalli J. S., Lalli E. P. Functional analysis and treatment of aberrant behavior. Res Dev Disabil. 1991;12(2):155–180. doi: 10.1016/0891-4222(91)90004-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Mace F. C., Lalli J. S. Linking descriptive and experimental analyses in the treatment of bizarre speech. J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Fall;24(3):553–562. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-553. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mace F. C., Page T. J., Ivancic M. T., O'Brien S. Analysis of environmental determinants of aggression and disruption in mentally retarded children. Appl Res Ment Retard. 1986;7(2):203–221. doi: 10.1016/0270-3092(86)90006-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Mace F. C., Webb M. E., Sharkey R. W., Mattson D. M., Rosen H. S. Functional analysis and treatment of bizarre speech. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1988 Dec;19(4):289–296. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(88)90060-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Mace F. C., West B. J. Analysis of demand conditions associated with reluctant speech. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1986 Dec;17(4):285–294. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(86)90065-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Michael J. Distinguishing between discriminative and motivational functions of stimuli. J Exp Anal Behav. 1982 Jan;37(1):149–155. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1982.37-149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Morris E. K. Deconstructing "technological to a fault". J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Fall;24(3):411–416. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-411. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Myerson J., Hale S. Practical implications of the matching law. J Appl Behav Anal. 1984 Fall;17(3):367–380. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1984.17-367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Nevin J. A., Mandell C., Atak J. R. The analysis of behavioral momentum. J Exp Anal Behav. 1983 Jan;39(1):49–59. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1983.39-49. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Nevin J. A., Tota M. E., Torquato R. D., Shull R. L. Alternative reinforcement increases resistance to change: Pavlovian or operant contingencies? J Exp Anal Behav. 1990 May;53(3):359–379. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1990.53-359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Northup J., Wacker D., Sasso G., Steege M., Cigrand K., Cook J., DeRaad A. A brief functional analysis of aggressive and alternative behavior in an outclinic setting. J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Fall;24(3):509–522. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-509. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Repp A. C., Felce D., Barton L. E. Basing the treatment of stereotypic and self-injurious behaviors on hypotheses of their causes. J Appl Behav Anal. 1988 Fall;21(3):281–289. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1988.21-281. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Shull R. L. The collateral effects of behavioral interventions: Applied implications from JEAB, January 1993. J Appl Behav Anal. 1993 Fall;26(3):409–415. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1993.26-409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Slifer K. J., Ivancic M. T., Parrish J. M., Page T. J., Burgio L. D. Assessment and treatment of multiple behavior problems exhibited by a profoundly retarded adolescent. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;17(3):203–213. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(86)90029-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Vollmer T. R., Iwata B. A. Establishing operations and reinforcement effects. J Appl Behav Anal. 1991 Summer;24(2):279–291. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1991.24-279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Wacker D. P., Steege M. W., Northup J., Sasso G., Berg W., Reimers T., Cooper L., Cigrand K., Donn L. A component analysis of functional communication training across three topographies of severe behavior problems. J Appl Behav Anal. 1990 Winter;23(4):417–429. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1990.23-417. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Zarcone J. R., Rodgers T. A., Iwata B. A., Rourke D. A., Dorsey M. F. Reliability analysis of the Motivation Assessment Scale: a failure to replicate. Res Dev Disabil. 1991;12(4):349–360. doi: 10.1016/0891-4222(91)90031-m. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis are provided here courtesy of Society for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior

RESOURCES