Skip to main content
PMC home page
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society logoLink to Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
. 1998;96:635–689.

"Oxidative protector" enzymes in the macular retinal pigment epithelium of aging eyes and eyes with age-related macular degeneration.

R N Frank 1
PMCID: PMC1298411  PMID: 10360305

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

658FIGURE 3
on p.658
660FIGURE 5
on p.660
662FIGURE 7
on p.662
664FIGURE 9
on p.664
665FIGURE 10
on p.665
666FIGURE 12
on p.666

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abraham N. G., Lin J. H., Dunn M. W., Schwartzman M. L. Presence of heme oxygenase and NADPH cytochrome P-450 (c) reductase in human corneal epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1987 Sep;28(9):1464–1472. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allikmets R., Shroyer N. F., Singh N., Seddon J. M., Lewis R. A., Bernstein P. S., Peiffer A., Zabriskie N. A., Li Y., Hutchinson A. Mutation of the Stargardt disease gene (ABCR) in age-related macular degeneration. Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1805–1807. doi: 10.1126/science.277.5333.1805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allikmets R., Singh N., Sun H., Shroyer N. F., Hutchinson A., Chidambaram A., Gerrard B., Baird L., Stauffer D., Peiffer A. A photoreceptor cell-specific ATP-binding transporter gene (ABCR) is mutated in recessive Stargardt macular dystrophy. Nat Genet. 1997 Mar;15(3):236–246. doi: 10.1038/ng0397-236. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Amin R., Puklin J. E., Frank R. N. Growth factor localization in choroidal neovascular membranes of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994 Jul;35(8):3178–3188. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Armstrong D., Santangelo G., Connole E. The distribution of peroxide regulating enzymes in the canine eye. Curr Eye Res. 1981;1(4):225–242. doi: 10.3109/02713688109001853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Atalla L. R., Sevanian A., Rao N. A. Immunohistochemical localization of glutathione peroxidase in ocular tissue. Curr Eye Res. 1988 Oct;7(10):1023–1027. doi: 10.3109/02713688809015149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Atalla L., Fernandez M. A., Rao N. A. Immunohistochemical localization of catalase in ocular tissue. Curr Eye Res. 1987 Oct;6(10):1181–1187. doi: 10.3109/02713688709025227. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Azarian S. M., Travis G. H. The photoreceptor rim protein is an ABC transporter encoded by the gene for recessive Stargardt's disease (ABCR). FEBS Lett. 1997 Jun 9;409(2):247–252. doi: 10.1016/s0014-5793(97)00517-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. BEERS R. F., Jr, SIZER I. W. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J Biol Chem. 1952 Mar;195(1):133–140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Baudouin C., Ettaiche M., Imbert F., Droy-Lefaix M. T., Gastaud P., Lapalus P. Inhibition of preretinal proliferation by free radical scavengers in an experimental model of tractional retinal detachment. Exp Eye Res. 1994 Dec;59(6):697–706. doi: 10.1006/exer.1994.1155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Belpoliti M., Maraini G., Alberti G., Corona R., Crateri S. Enzyme activities in human lens epithelium of age-related cataract. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Sep;34(10):2843–2847. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Berger A. S., Kaplan H. J. Clinical experience with the surgical removal of subfoveal neovascular membranes. Short-term postoperative results. Ophthalmology. 1992 Jun;99(6):969–976. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31869-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bhuyan K. C., Bhuyan D. K. Regulation of hydrogen peroxide in eye humors. Effect of 3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole on catalase and glutathione peroxidase of rabbit eye. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1977 May 26;497(3):641–651. doi: 10.1016/0304-4165(77)90284-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Bird A. C., Marshall J. Retinal pigment epithelial detachments in the elderly. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K. 1986;105(Pt 6):674–682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Bird A. Age-related macular disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 Jan;80(1):2–3. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.1.2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Bok D. Processing and transport of retinoids by the retinal pigment epithelium. Eye (Lond) 1990;4(Pt 2):326–332. doi: 10.1038/eye.1990.44. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Bok D. Retinal photoreceptor-pigment epithelium interactions. Friedenwald lecture. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Dec;26(12):1659–1694. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Boulton M., Moriarty P., Jarvis-Evans J., Marcyniuk B. Regional variation and age-related changes of lysosomal enzymes in the human retinal pigment epithelium. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 Feb;78(2):125–129. doi: 10.1136/bjo.78.2.125. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Bressler N. M., Bressler S. B., Fine S. L. Age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988 May-Jun;32(6):375–413. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(88)90052-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Bressler N. M., Bressler S. B., West S. K., Fine S. L., Taylor H. R. The grading and prevalence of macular degeneration in Chesapeake Bay watermen. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Jun;107(6):847–852. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010869032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Bunt-Milam A. H., Saari J. C. Immunocytochemical localization of two retinoid-binding proteins in vertebrate retina. J Cell Biol. 1983 Sep;97(3):703–712. doi: 10.1083/jcb.97.3.703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Buring J. E., Hennekens C. H. beta-carotene and cancer chemoprevention. J Cell Biochem Suppl. 1995;22:226–230. doi: 10.1002/jcb.240590828. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Burke J. M. Cytochrome oxidase activity in bovine and human retinal pigment epithelium: topographical and age-related differences. Curr Eye Res. 1993 Dec;12(12):1073–1079. doi: 10.3109/02713689309033505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Campochiaro P. A., Hackett S. F. Corneal endothelial cell matrix promotes expression of differentiated features of retinal pigmented epithelial cells: implication of laminin and basic fibroblast growth factor as active components. Exp Eye Res. 1993 Nov;57(5):539–547. doi: 10.1006/exer.1993.1158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Christen W. G., Glynn R. J., Manson J. E., Ajani U. A., Buring J. E. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of age-related macular degeneration in men. JAMA. 1996 Oct 9;276(14):1147–1151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Cohen S. M., Olin K. L., Feuer W. J., Hjelmeland L., Keen C. L., Morse L. S. Low glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994 Oct;78(10):791–794. doi: 10.1136/bjo.78.10.791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Cruickshanks K. J., Klein R., Klein B. E. Sunlight and age-related macular degeneration. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Apr;111(4):514–518. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090040106042. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Darzins P., Mitchell P., Heller R. F. Sun exposure and age-related macular degeneration. An Australian case-control study. Ophthalmology. 1997 May;104(5):770–776. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(97)30235-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Das A., Frank R. N., Zhang N. L., Samadani E. Increases in collagen type IV and laminin in galactose-induced retinal capillary basement membrane thickening--prevention by an aldose reductase inhibitor. Exp Eye Res. 1990 Mar;50(3):269–280. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(90)90211-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. De La Paz M. A., Anderson R. E. Lipid peroxidation in rod outer segments. Role of hydroxyl radical and lipid hydroperoxides. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 Jun;33(7):2091–2096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. De La Paz M. A., Epstein D. L. Effect of age on superoxide dismutase activity of human trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1996 Aug;37(9):1849–1853. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. De La Paz M. A., Zhang J., Fridovich I. Antioxidant enzymes of the human retina: effect of age on enzyme activity of macula and periphery. Curr Eye Res. 1996 Mar;15(3):273–278. doi: 10.3109/02713689609007621. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. De La Paz M. A., Zhang J., Fridovich I. Red blood cell antioxidant enzymes in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996 May;80(5):445–450. doi: 10.1136/bjo.80.5.445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Deutman A. F., Jansen L. M. Dominantly inherited drusen of Bruch's membrane. Br J Ophthalmol. 1970 Jun;54(6):373–382. doi: 10.1136/bjo.54.6.373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Diaz M. N., Frei B., Vita J. A., Keaney J. F., Jr Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 7;337(6):408–416. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708073370607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. FORNI S., BABEL J. [Clinical and histological study of the disease of Leventina. Disease belonging to the group of hyaline degenerescences of the posterior pole]. Ophthalmologica. 1962;143:313–322. doi: 10.1159/000304248. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Farkas T. G., Sylvester V., Archer D. The ultrastructure of drusen. Am J Ophthalmol. 1971 Jun;71(6):1196–1205. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(71)90963-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Fecondo J. V., Augusteyn R. C. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the human cataractous lens. Exp Eye Res. 1983 Jan;36(1):15–23. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(83)90085-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Feeney L., Berman E. R. Oxygen toxicity: membrane damage by free radicals. Invest Ophthalmol. 1976 Oct;15(10):789–792. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Ferris F. L., 3rd Senile macular degeneration: review of epidemiologic features. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 Aug;118(2):132–151. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113624. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Fisher R. F. The influence of age on some ocular basement membranes. Eye (Lond) 1987;1(Pt 2):184–189. doi: 10.1038/eye.1987.35. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Freedman S. F., Anderson P. J., Epstein D. L. Superoxide dismutase and catalase of calf trabecular meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Oct;26(10):1330–1335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. GERSCHMAN R., GILBERT D. L., NYE S. W., DWYER P., FENN W. O. Oxygen poisoning and x-irradiation: a mechanism in common. Science. 1954 May 7;119(3097):623–626. doi: 10.1126/science.119.3097.623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Gass J. D. Drusen and disciform macular detachment and degeneration. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1972;70:409–436. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gupta L. Y., Marmor M. F. Mannitol, dextromethorphan, and catalase minimize ischemic damage to retinal pigment epithelium and retina. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993 Mar;111(3):384–388. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1993.01090030104049. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. HARMAN D. Aging: a theory based on free radical and radiation chemistry. J Gerontol. 1956 Jul;11(3):298–300. doi: 10.1093/geronj/11.3.298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hanneken A., Baird A. Immunolocalization of basic fibroblast growth factor: dependence on antibody type and tissue fixation. Exp Eye Res. 1992 Jun;54(6):1011–1014. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90166-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Healy A. M., Herman I. M. Preparation of fluorescent basic fibroblast growth factor: localization in living retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Exp Eye Res. 1992 Nov;55(5):663–669. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(92)90171-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hittner H. M., Rudolph A. J., Kretzer F. L. Suppression of severe retinopathy of prematurity with vitamin E supplementation. Ultrastructural mechanism of clinical efficacy. Ophthalmology. 1984 Dec;91(12):1512–1523. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(84)34106-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Holleschau A. M., Rathbun W. B. The effects of age on glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities in lenses of Old World simians and prosimians. Curr Eye Res. 1994 May;13(5):331–336. doi: 10.3109/02713689409167296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Holz F. G., Piguet B., Minassian D. C., Bird A. C., Weale R. A. Decreasing stromal iris pigmentation as a risk factor for age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1994 Jan 15;117(1):19–23. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)73010-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Hyman L. G., Lilienfeld A. M., Ferris F. L., 3rd, Fine S. L. Senile macular degeneration: a case-control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 Aug;118(2):213–227. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113629. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Johnson L., Quinn G. E., Abbasi S., Otis C., Goldstein D., Sacks L., Porat R., Fong E., Delivoria-Papadopoulos M., Peckham G. Effect of sustained pharmacologic vitamin E levels on incidence and severity of retinopathy of prematurity: a controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr. 1989 May;114(5):827–838. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(89)80149-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. KLIEN B. A. Macular lesions of vascular origin. Am J Ophthalmol. 1951 Sep;34(9):1279–1289. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(51)91864-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kahn H. A., Leibowitz H. M., Ganley J. P., Kini M. M., Colton T., Nickerson R. S., Dawber T. R. The Framingham Eye Study. I. Outline and major prevalence findings. Am J Epidemiol. 1977 Jul;106(1):17–32. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112428. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Klein B. E., Klein R., Jensen S. C., Ritter L. L. Are sex hormones associated with age-related maculopathy in women? The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1994;92:289–297. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Klein R., Klein B. E., Linton K. L. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1992 Jun;99(6):933–943. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(92)31871-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kretzer F. L., Mehta R. S., Johnson A. T., Hunter D. G., Brown E. S., Hittner H. M. Vitamin E protects against retinopathy of prematurity through action on spindle cells. 1984 Jun 28-Jul 4Nature. 309(5971):793–795. doi: 10.1038/309793a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Kuthan H., Haussmann H. J., Werringloer J. A spectrophotometric assay for superoxide dismutase activities in crude tissue fractions. Biochem J. 1986 Jul 1;237(1):175–180. doi: 10.1042/bj2370175. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kutty R. K., Kutty G., Nagineni C. N., Hooks J. J., Chader G. J., Wiggert B. RT-PCR assay for heme oxygenase-1 and heme oxygenase-2: a sensitive method to estimate cellular oxidative damage. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1994 Nov 17;738:427–430. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21833.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kutty R. K., Kutty G., Wiggert B., Chader G. J., Darrow R. M., Organisciak D. T. Induction of heme oxygenase 1 in the retina by intense visible light: suppression by the antioxidant dimethylthiourea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995 Feb 14;92(4):1177–1181. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1177. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kutty R. K., Nagineni C. N., Kutty G., Hooks J. J., Chader G. J., Wiggert B. Increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human retinal pigment epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-beta. J Cell Physiol. 1994 May;159(2):371–378. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1041590221. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lambert H. M., Capone A., Jr, Aaberg T. M., Sternberg P., Jr, Mandell B. A., Lopez P. F. Surgical excision of subfoveal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992 Mar 15;113(3):257–262. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71576-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Larsen P. L. Aging and resistance to oxidative damage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Oct 1;90(19):8905–8909. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.19.8905. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Liles M. R., Newsome D. A., Oliver P. D. Antioxidant enzymes in the aging human retinal pigment epithelium. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991 Sep;109(9):1285–1288. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1991.01080090111033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lincoln B. C., Mayer A., Bonkovsky H. L. Microassay of heme oxygenase by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to assay of needle biopsies of human liver. Anal Biochem. 1988 May 1;170(2):485–490. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(88)90662-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Marmor M. F. Control of subretinal fluid: experimental and clinical studies. Eye (Lond) 1990;4(Pt 2):340–344. doi: 10.1038/eye.1990.46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Marshall G. E. Antioxidant enzymes in the human iris: an immunogold study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997 Apr;81(4):314–318. doi: 10.1136/bjo.81.4.314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Marshall J. The ageing retina: physiology or pathology. Eye (Lond) 1987;1(Pt 2):282–295. doi: 10.1038/eye.1987.47. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Miceli M. V., Liles M. R., Newsome D. A. Evaluation of oxidative processes in human pigment epithelial cells associated with retinal outer segment phagocytosis. Exp Cell Res. 1994 Sep;214(1):242–249. doi: 10.1006/excr.1994.1254. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Naash M. I., Anderson R. E. Glutathione-dependent enzymes in intact rod outer segments. Exp Eye Res. 1989 Feb;48(2):309–318. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4835(89)80080-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Newsome D. A., Dobard E. P., Liles M. R., Oliver P. D. Human retinal pigment epithelium contains two distinct species of superoxide dismutase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990 Dec;31(12):2508–2513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Nicolas M. G., Fujiki K., Murayama K., Suzuki M. T., Mineki R., Hayakawa M., Yoshikawa Y., Cho F., Kanai A. Studies on the mechanism of early onset macular degeneration in cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) monkeys. I. Abnormal concentrations of two proteins in the retina. Exp Eye Res. 1996 Mar;62(3):211–219. doi: 10.1006/exer.1996.0026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Nishimura R. N., Dwyer B. E., Lu S. Y. Localization of heme oxygenase in rat retina: effect of light adaptation. Neurosci Lett. 1996 Feb 16;205(1):13–16. doi: 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12366-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Oliver P. D., Newsome D. A. Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase in mature and developing human retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992 May;33(6):1909–1918. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Omenn G. S., Goodman G., Thornquist M., Grizzle J., Rosenstock L., Barnhart S., Balmes J., Cherniack M. G., Cullen M. R., Glass A. The beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET) for chemoprevention of lung cancer in high risk populations: smokers and asbestos-exposed workers. Cancer Res. 1994 Apr 1;54(7 Suppl):2038s–2043s. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Ormerod L. D., Puklin J. E., Frank R. N. Long-term outcomes after the surgical removal of advanced subfoveal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology. 1994 Jul;101(7):1201–1210. doi: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31200-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Pauleikhoff D., Harper C. A., Marshall J., Bird A. C. Aging changes in Bruch's membrane. A histochemical and morphologic study. Ophthalmology. 1990 Feb;97(2):171–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Phelps D. L., Rosenbaum A. L., Isenberg S. J., Leake R. D., Dorey F. J. Tocopherol efficacy and safety for preventing retinopathy of prematurity: a randomized, controlled, double-masked trial. Pediatrics. 1987 Apr;79(4):489–500. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Pieper G. M., Siebeneich W., Roza A. M., Jordan M., Adams M. B. Chronic treatment in vivo with dimethylthiourea, a hydroxyl radical scavenger, prevents diabetes-induced endothelial dysfunction. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1996 Dec;28(6):741–745. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199612000-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Rao N. A., Thaete L. G., Delmage J. M., Sevanian A. Superoxide dismutase in ocular structures. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1985 Dec;26(12):1778–1781. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Reddy V. N., Lin L. R., Ho Y. S., Magnenat J. L., Ibaraki N., Giblin F. J., Dang L. Peroxide-induced damage in lenses of transgenic mice with deficient and elevated levels of glutathione peroxidase. Ophthalmologica. 1997;211(3):192–200. doi: 10.1159/000310788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Redmond T. M., Duke E. J., Coles W. H., Simson J. A., Crouch R. K. Localization of corneal superoxide dismutase by biochemical and histocytochemical techniques. Exp Eye Res. 1984 Apr;38(4):369–378. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(84)90192-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Riley M. V. Physiologic neutralization mechanisms and the response of the corneal endothelium to hydrogen peroxide. CLAO J. 1990 Jan-Mar;16(1 Suppl):S16–S22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Rosen D. R., Siddique T., Patterson D., Figlewicz D. A., Sapp P., Hentati A., Donaldson D., Goto J., O'Regan J. P., Deng H. X. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 1993 Mar 4;362(6415):59–62. doi: 10.1038/362059a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Ryan S. J., Mittl R. N., Maumenee A. E. The disciform response: an historical perspective. Albrecht Von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1980;215(1):1–20. doi: 10.1007/BF00413392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Schachat A. P., Hyman L., Leske M. C., Connell A. M., Wu S. Y. Features of age-related macular degeneration in a black population. The Barbados Eye Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995 Jun;113(6):728–735. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1995.01100060054032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Scharf J., Dovrat A., Gershon D. Defective superoxide-dismutase molecules accumulate with age in human lenses. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225(2):133–136. doi: 10.1007/BF02160345. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Schwartzman M. L., Masferrer J., Dunn M. W., McGiff J. C., Abraham N. G. Cytochrome P450, drug metabolizing enzymes and arachidonic acid metabolism in bovine ocular tissues. Curr Eye Res. 1987 Apr;6(4):623–630. doi: 10.3109/02713688709025223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Seddon J. M., Ajani U. A., Sperduto R. D., Hiller R., Blair N., Burton T. C., Farber M. D., Gragoudas E. S., Haller J., Miller D. T. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA. 1994 Nov 9;272(18):1413–1420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Seddon J. M., Willett W. C., Speizer F. E., Hankinson S. E. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and age-related macular degeneration in women. JAMA. 1996 Oct 9;276(14):1141–1146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Slot J. W., Posthuma G., Chang L. Y., Crapo J. D., Geuze H. J. Quantitative aspects of immunogold labeling in embedded and in nonembedded sections. Am J Anat. 1989 Jun-Jul;185(2-3):271–281. doi: 10.1002/aja.1001850220. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Smith P. K., Krohn R. I., Hermanson G. T., Mallia A. K., Gartner F. H., Provenzano M. D., Fujimoto E. K., Goeke N. M., Olson B. J., Klenk D. C. Measurement of protein using bicinchoninic acid. Anal Biochem. 1985 Oct;150(1):76–85. doi: 10.1016/0003-2697(85)90442-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Sohal R. S., Agarwal S., Dubey A., Orr W. C. Protein oxidative damage is associated with life expectancy of houseflies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Aug 1;90(15):7255–7259. doi: 10.1073/pnas.90.15.7255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Sohal R. S. The free radical hypothesis of aging: an appraisal of the current status. Aging (Milano) 1993 Feb;5(1):3–17. doi: 10.1007/BF03324120. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Sommer A., Tielsch J. M., Katz J., Quigley H. A., Gottsch J. D., Javitt J. C., Martone J. F., Royall R. M., Witt K. A., Ezrine S. Racial differences in the cause-specific prevalence of blindness in east Baltimore. N Engl J Med. 1991 Nov 14;325(20):1412–1417. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199111143252004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Sorsby A. CHOROIDAL ANGIO-SCLEROSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS HEREDITARY CHARACTER. Br J Ophthalmol. 1939 Jul;23(7):433–444. doi: 10.1136/bjo.23.7.433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Stone W. L., Dratz E. A. Selenium and non-selenium glutathione peroxidase activities in selected ocular and non-ocular rat tissues. Exp Eye Res. 1982 Nov;35(5):405–412. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(82)90039-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Tardif J. C., Cöté G., Lespérance J., Bourassa M., Lambert J., Doucet S., Bilodeau L., Nattel S., de Guise P. Probucol and multivitamins in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Multivitamins and Probucol Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 7;337(6):365–372. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708073370601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Taylor H. R., Muñoz B., West S., Bressler N. M., Bressler S. B., Rosenthal F. S. Visible light and risk of age-related macular degeneration. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 1990;88:163–178. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Tesfamariam B. Free radicals in diabetic endothelial cell dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med. 1994 Mar;16(3):383–391. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90040-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Vingerling J. R., Klaver C. C., Hofman A., de Jong P. T. Epidemiology of age-related maculopathy. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17(2):347–360. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Weiter J. J., Delori F. C., Wing G. L., Fitch K. A. Relationship of senile macular degeneration to ocular pigmentation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1985 Feb 15;99(2):185–187. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(85)90230-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. West S. K., Rosenthal F. S., Bressler N. M., Bressler S. B., Munoz B., Fine S. L., Taylor H. R. Exposure to sunlight and other risk factors for age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989 Jun;107(6):875–879. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1989.01070010897038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Wyszynski R. E., Bruner W. E., Cano D. B., Morgan K. M., Davis C. B., Sternberg P. A donor-age-dependent change in the activity of alpha-mannosidase in human cultured RPE cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989 Nov;30(11):2341–2347. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Yamamoto F., Hiroi K., Honda Y. Effects of intravenous superoxide dismutase and catalase on electroretinogram in the cat postischemic retina. Ophthalmic Res. 1994;26(3):163–168. doi: 10.1159/000267408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Young R. W. Solar radiation and age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol. 1988 Jan-Feb;32(4):252–269. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(88)90174-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Zhang N. L., Samadani E. E., Frank R. N. Mitogenesis and retinal pigment epithelial cell antigen expression in the rat after krypton laser photocoagulation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993 Jul;34(8):2412–2424. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. van der Schaft T. L., de Bruijn W. C., Mooy C. M., Ketelaars D. A., de Jong P. T. Is basal laminar deposit unique for age-related macular degeneration? Arch Ophthalmol. 1991 Mar;109(3):420–425. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1991.01080030122052. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society are provided here courtesy of American Ophthalmological Society

RESOURCES