Visual Field Stability After Trifocal Intraocular Lens Implantation: A Longitudinal Standard Automated Perimetry Study

Abstract

Purpose

To investigate whether implantation of a diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) is followed by systematic changes in standard automated perimetry (SAP) global indices and test reliability in a paired pre–post design.

Methods

Patients who underwent uncomplicated cataract surgery with PanOptix trifocal IOL implantation and completed SAP before and after surgery under the same institutional protocol were analyzed. Baseline SAP was obtained within 6 months preoperatively, and follow-up SAP was obtained within 12 months postoperatively. Unreliable examinations were excluded, and right and left eyes were analyzed separately. Outcomes included mean deviation (MD), pattern standard deviation (PSD), visual field index (VFI), foveal threshold, and reliability indices. Pre- and postoperative values were compared using paired tests.

Results

Reliability remained comparable to baseline. False-positive rates were 1.7% ± 2.6% preoperatively versus 1.6% ± 1.6% postoperatively in right eyes (p = 0.88) and 1.5% ± 2.1% versus 1.3% ± 1.9% in left eyes (p = 0.73). False-negative rates were 0.9% ± 1.5% versus 1.7% ± 2.1% in right eyes (p = 0.24) and 1.5% ± 2.2% versus 1.9% ± 2.5% in left eyes (p = 0.62). Global indices showed no significant pre–post differences: MD was −1.3 ± 1.2 dB versus −1.2 ± 0.9 dB in right eyes (p = 0.54) and −1.7 ± 1.6 dB versus −1.5 ± 1.6 dB in left eyes (p = 0.65). VFI was 99.0% ± 0.4% versus 98.9% ± 0.9% in right eyes (p = 0.77) and 98.2% ± 0.8% versus 97.8% ± 1.8% in left eyes (p = 0.45). PSD was unchanged (right p = 0.34; left p = 0.08). Foveal threshold decreased slightly in right eyes (35.9 ± 1.3 to 35.0 ± 1.1 dB, p = 0.06).

Conclusion

Trifocal IOL implantation was not associated with clinically meaningful deterioration in SAP global indices or reliability measures during follow-up.

Introduction

Standard automated perimetry (SAP) is a cornerstone functional test for glaucoma and other optic neuropathies, and its interpretation depends on understanding both measurement variability and optical factors that can influence threshold detection. In cataract-age populations, SAP is frequently needed for diagnosis or surveillance, yet the optical status of the eye changes substantially after lens extraction and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. As presbyopia-correcting IOLs are increasingly selected to reduce spectacle dependence, it becomes clinically relevant to clarify whether postoperative SAP results can be interpreted using the usual framework in patients implanted with these lenses.^1–4

Diffractive trifocal IOLs are designed to provide functional vision across distance, intermediate, and near ranges by distributing incident light into multiple focal planes. While postoperative evaluation typically focuses on visual acuity at various distances and patient-reported visual quality, trifocal optics can, in principle, affect contrast under specific conditions, raising the question of whether threshold-based functional testing may be affected. In this context, prior perimetry-oriented work in eyes implanted with presbyopia-correcting lenses, as well as earlier observations with multifocal optics, support the rationale for evaluating SAP behavior after trifocal implantation.^1–4

Beyond perimetry-specific studies, a large body of comparative clinical literature and evidence syntheses has examined outcomes with presbyopia-correcting IOLs, including visual performance across distances, contrast-related measures, dysphotopsia profiles, and patient satisfaction. Optical and conceptual reviews have further discussed how design features such as light allocation and image quality metrics may translate into real-world performance, particularly in tasks that depend on contrast and spatial resolution. These data provide important context for interpreting functional endpoints in trifocal pseudophakia.^5–22

Longitudinal interpretation of SAP also requires attention to test–retest variability, learning effects, fatigue, and measurement noise, which can produce modest fluctuations even in stable eyes. Media opacity is an additional consideration: cataract can depress sensitivity measures, and cataract extraction may alter SAP indices as optical clarity improves. Therefore, in before–and–after cataract surgery designs, any observed SAP differences must be considered in light of both expected variability and the effect of cataract removal, rather than attributed to the IOL alone.^23–26 Related work from our group and others has examined objective and subjective outcomes with contemporary presbyopia-correcting strategies, supporting continued investigation of functional endpoints beyond visual acuity.^23–30

From a practical standpoint, many patients seeking presbyopia correction are within the age range at which glaucoma risk increases. If trifocal implantation were to systematically shift SAP global indices or compromise test reliability, postoperative fields could be more difficult to interpret and might confound longitudinal follow-up. Conversely, demonstrating stability of SAP indices and preserved reliability would support confidence in SAP interpretation in trifocal pseudophakia when perimetry becomes clinically indicated.^1–4

Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate SAP parameters before and after diffractive trifocal IOL implantation using a longitudinal paired design, focusing on global indices, foveal thresholds, and test-reliability measures. By characterizing postoperative SAP behavior in eyes without ocular comorbidity expected to affect visual fields, we aim to inform clinical interpretation of perimetry in patients with trifocal IOLs.^1–4

Methods

Study Design and Ethics

This single-center study used a longitudinal paired (pre–post) design. The protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Oftalmológico de Brasília (HOB), Brasília, DF, Brazil (CAAE: 36566520.3.0000.5667). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All procedures followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Participants

Consecutive adults scheduled for bilateral cataract surgery with diffractive trifocal IOL implantation were screened. Eyes were eligible when no ocular, neurologic, or systemic condition was present that could reasonably affect visual field testing. Exclusion criteria included known or suspected glaucoma, other optic neuropathies, retinal disease, uveitis, prior intraocular surgery, and neurologic disorders associated with visual field defects. Cataract extraction (not clear lens exchange) was the surgical indication in included cases. Cataract grading (eg, LOCS III) and postoperative manifest refraction were not collected as standardized study variables.

Intraocular Lens and Surgery

All eyes received the AcrySof IQ PanOptix diffractive trifocal IOL (Alcon Inc, Fort Worth, TX, USA), non-toric model, implanted in the capsular bag. Phacoemulsification was performed by the same surgeon using a routine technique. Postoperative topical medications were prescribed according to standard practice (antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drops), with additional therapy when clinically indicated. No intraoperative complications were recorded.

Standard Automated Perimetry Protocol

SAP was carried out on a Humphrey Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA). The identical test algorithm and stimulus parameters were used for the preoperative and postoperative examinations, which were conducted by trained technicians following a uniform set of instructions. Test quality criteria were prespecified: fixation losses <20%, false-positive responses <15%, and false-negative responses <15%; any field not meeting these thresholds at either visit was excluded from analysis. Trial lenses were used to provide the appropriate test-distance refraction, and the same approach to refractive correction was applied at both time points. The baseline SAP examination was performed within 6 months prior to surgery, and follow-up testing was performed within 12 months after surgery, consistent with the institutional follow-up schedule. Given the known test–retest variability of SAP, longitudinal comparisons were interpreted in light of established recommendations for assessing visual field change.^23,24 Because media opacity and cataract extraction can influence perimetric sensitivity, pre–post differences were also considered in that context.^25,26 To reduce inter-eye dependence, right and left eyes were evaluated separately.

Outcomes

Primary outcomes were within-eye pre- to postoperative differences in SAP parameters, including global indices and foveal threshold, evaluated separately for right and left eyes. Secondary outcomes included reliability indices (fixation losses and false-positive/false-negative rates), acknowledging that cataract and cataract extraction can influence automated perimetry in cataract populations.^25,26 The right and left eyes were analyzed separately to minimize inter-eye correlation.

Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Baseline and postoperative measurements were compared using paired statistical tests (parametric or nonparametric, as appropriate). Analyses were performed separately for right and left eyes, using two-sided tests with p <0.05 considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed in R (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria) or equivalent software. No a priori sample-size calculation was performed; therefore, the study may be underpowered to detect very small effects.

Results

Perimetry Reliability Indices

Test reliability was comparable at baseline and follow-up (Table 1). False-positive rates remained low and did not differ significantly after surgery (right eyes: 1.7% ± 2.6% vs 1.6% ± 1.6%, p = 0.88; left eyes: 1.5% ± 2.1% vs 1.3% ± 1.9%, p = 0.73). False-negative rates were also similar between visits (right eyes: 0.9% ± 1.5% vs 1.7% ± 2.1%, p = 0.24; left eyes: 1.5% ± 2.2% vs 1.9% ± 2.5%, p = 0.62) (Table 1).

Table 1.

Standard Automated Perimetry Reliability Indices Before and After Trifocal IOL Implantation (PanOptix)

Reliability Index (%)	Eye	Preoperative (Mean ± SD)	Postoperative (Mean ± SD)	Δ (Post–Pre)	p-value
False positives	Right	1.7 ± 2.6	1.6 ± 1.6	−0.1	0.88
False positives	Left	1.5 ± 2.1	1.3 ± 1.9	−0.2	0.73
False negatives	Right	0.9 ± 1.5	1.7 ± 2.1	+0.8	0.24
False negatives	Left	1.5 ± 2.2	1.9 ± 2.5	+0.4	0.62

Notes: Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation (percentages). Pre- vs post-operative comparisons.

Global Indices (MD and VFI)

Global SAP indices showed no significant pre–post differences (Table 2). Mean deviation was stable in both eyes (right: −1.3 ± 1.2 dB vs −1.2 ± 0.9 dB, p = 0.54; left: −1.7 ± 1.6 dB vs −1.5 ± 1.6 dB, p = 0.65) (Figure 1A and Table 2). Visual field index values also remained essentially unchanged (right: 99.0% ± 0.4% vs 98.9% ± 0.9%, p = 0.77; left: 98.2% ± 0.8% vs 97.8% ± 1.8%, p = 0.45) (Figure 1B and Table 2).

Table 2.

Visual Field Outcomes Before and After Trifocal IOL Implantation (PanOptix)

SAP Outcome	Eye	Preoperative (Mean ± SD)	Postoperative (Mean ± SD)	Δ (Post–Pre)	p-value
Foveal threshold (dB)	Right	35.9 ± 1.3	35.0 ± 1.1	−0.9	0.06
Foveal threshold (dB)	Left	32.0 ± 9.2	34.7 ± 1.3	+2.7	0.36
Visual field index (VFI, %)	Right	99.0 ± 0.4	98.9 ± 0.9	−0.1	0.77
Visual field index (VFI, %)	Left	98.2 ± 0.8	97.8 ± 1.8	−0.4	0.45
Mean deviation (MD, dB)	Right	−1.3 ± 1.2	−1.2 ± 0.9	+0.1	0.54
Mean deviation (MD, dB)	Left	−1.7 ± 1.6	−1.5 ± 1.6	+0.2	0.65
Pattern standard deviation (PSD, dB)	Right	1.9 ± 0.9	1.7 ± 0.4	−0.2	0.34
Pattern standard deviation (PSD, dB)	Left	1.7 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 0.8	+0.5	0.08

Notes: Values are reported as mean ± standard deviation. Pre- vs post-operative comparisons were performed separately for right and left eyes.

Abbreviations: SAP, standard automated perimetry; VFI, visual field index; MD, mean deviation; PSD, pattern standard deviation; dB, decibels; SD, standard deviation; IOL, intraocular lens; Δ, change from preoperative to postoperative values (Post–Pre).

Figure 1.

(A) Mean deviation (MD) measured by standard automated perimetry (SAP) before and after diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (PanOptix). The right and left eyes are shown separately; (B) Visual field index(VFI) measured by standard automated perimetry (SAP) before and after diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (PanOptix). The right and left eyes are shown separately.

Pattern Standard Deviation (PSD)

Pattern standard deviation did not differ significantly between baseline and follow-up (Figure 2 and Table 2). In the right eyes, PSD decreased from 1.9 ± 0.9 dB to 1.7 ± 0.4 dB (p = 0.34). In the left eyes, PSD increased from 1.7 ± 0.4 dB to 2.2 ± 0.8 dB (p = 0.08). The direction of change was inconsistent across eyes and did not reach statistical significance.

Figure 2.

Pattern standard deviation (PSD) measured by standard automated perimetry (SAP) before and after diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (PanOptix). The right and left eyes are shown separately.

Foveal Threshold

Foveal threshold measurements were largely preserved after surgery (Figure 3 and Table 2). In the right eyes, the mean foveal threshold decreased from 35.9 ± 1.3 dB to 35.0 ± 1.1 dB, approaching but not reaching statistical significance (p = 0.06). In the left eyes, there was no significant change (32.0 ± 9.2 dB to 34.7 ± 1.3 dB, p = 0.36) (Figure 3 and Table 2).

Figure 3.

Foveal threshold (dB) measured by standard automated perimetry (SAP) before and after diffractive trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation (PanOptix). The right and left eyes are shown separately.

Discussion

In this longitudinal paired analysis, SAP outcomes after diffractive trifocal IOL implantation showed no evidence of a consistent postoperative shift in global indices or test reliability. Across both eyes, MD and VFI remained essentially stable, PSD did not change significantly, and reliability indices (false positives/false negatives) were comparable between baseline and follow-up. Taken together, these findings support the clinical interpretation that SAP can remain usable after trifocal implantation in eyes without comorbidities expected to affect the visual field.^1–4

Prior work evaluating perimetry in presbyopia-correcting IOL recipients and earlier observations involving multifocal optics provide a rationale for examining SAP behavior in this setting. Our results fit the general message of this perimetry-focused literature: when test quality criteria are met and patients are appropriately selected, SAP indices do not necessarily show systematic postoperative deterioration attributable to the lens.^1–4

The broader evidence base on presbyopia-correcting IOLs helps contextualize these findings. Comparative clinical studies and evidence syntheses have emphasized postoperative visual performance, quality-of-vision outcomes, and contrast-related measures, while acknowledging that optical trade-offs and dysphotopsias can occur depending on design and patient factors. Conceptual and optical reviews likewise stress that functional performance reflects interactions among residual refractive error, pupil characteristics, aberrations, and lens design rather than a single variable. In that framework, the absence of a consistent change in SAP indices in our cohort suggests that any optical effects of trifocality did not translate into a measurable group-level decrement in standard SAP metrics over the follow-up window used here.^5–22

Any pre–post perimetry comparison must also be interpreted with the intrinsic variability of SAP in mind. Learning effects, attention, fatigue, and measurement noise can lead to small fluctuations in threshold testing even when reliability criteria are satisfied. Practical recommendations for assessing longitudinal change emphasize that modest differences in indices may reflect expected test–retest behavior rather than true functional change. The lack of a uniform direction of change across eyes and parameters in our dataset is most compatible with this expected variability.^23,24

In addition, baseline testing is performed in the presence of cataract, whereas follow-up testing occurs after cataract extraction and IOL implantation. Because media opacity can influence perimetric sensitivity and cataract surgery can modify SAP measurements, pre–post differences may reflect changes in optical clarity in addition to any effects related to the implanted lens. In our cohort, the overall pattern was one of stability rather than a consistent increase or decrease in SAP indices, suggesting that the combined influence of cataract removal and trifocal optics did not produce a clinically meaningful shift in standard SAP outputs at the group level.^25,26

Our findings can be compared with those of our recently published longitudinal SAP study in an EDOF-IOL cohort, using the same institutional perimetry approach. In that report, global indices and reliability measures likewise did not show a consistent shift from baseline to follow-up. Although the lens platform and study cohort differ, the similar overall pattern—stable global indices alongside preserved reliability—supports the practical point that SAP results can be interpreted longitudinally in pseudophakic eyes implanted with contemporary presbyopia-correcting optics when test quality is acceptable.³⁰

Clinically, these results are relevant because patients receiving presbyopia-correcting IOLs may later require SAP for evaluation or monitoring as glaucoma risk increases with age. Demonstrating that SAP indices and reliability measures remain interpretable after trifocal implantation can help clinicians avoid over-interpreting minor fluctuations and can support routine application of established interpretive frameworks in this population, provided ocular comorbidities are absent and reliability thresholds are met.^27,28 Optical discussions describing trifocal design characteristics further reinforce the value of integrating multiple functional endpoints when evaluating postoperative performance.²⁹

This study has limitations. Postoperative SAP was obtained within a clinical follow-up window rather than at a single fixed interval, and we did not systematically capture cataract grading or postoperative manifest refraction, limiting our ability to assess how cataract severity and residual refractive error might relate to SAP metrics. Contrast sensitivity was not measured, so potential contrast-related effects could not be correlated directly with perimetric outcomes. As a paired before–after analysis, the design cannot completely separate effects related to cataract removal from those related to IOL optics. Finally, because eyes with glaucoma or other comorbidities were excluded, these findings should not be extrapolated to populations with established visual field loss, where variability and confounding may be greater.^23–26

In summary, diffractive trifocal IOL implantation was not associated with clinically meaningful changes in SAP global indices or test reliability in this longitudinal paired assessment. These findings support clinical interpretation of SAP in trifocal pseudophakia using standard reliability criteria and usual interpretive principles.^1–4

Funding Statement

There is nothing to disclose.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.