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Chinese Journal of Hematology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hematology
. 2026 Feb;47(2):173–176. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn121090-20250312-00133

含维奈克拉、阿糖胞苷和高三尖杉酯碱减瘤预处理allo-HSCT治疗伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因的复发难治急性髓系白血病疗效及安全性分析

Efficacy and safety of venetoclax-cytarabine-homoharringtonine-based cytoreductive therapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia with RUNX1::RUNX1T1: a retrospective study

Zilu Zhang 1, Chengwei Jin 1,2, Su Li 1,2, Luxiang Wang 1, Jiayu Huang 1, Chuanhe Jiang 1, Haiyang Lu 1, Xiaoxia Hu 1,
Editor: 王 叶青
PMCID: PMC13008556  PMID: 41839632

Abstract

Clinical data from five patients with refractory/relapsed acute myeloid leukemia(AML)and RUNX1::RUNX1T1 fusion gene, treated with venetoclax, cytarabine, and homoharringtonine-based cytoreductive therapy before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation(allo-HSCT)at Ruijin Hospital between March 2023 and December 2024, were retrospectively reviewed. The median time from diagnosis to allo-HSCT was 315 days(range: 217–560). All patients achieved full donor chimerism by day 30 post-allo-HSCT. Within 6 months after transplant, the RUNX1::RUNX1T1 fusion gene was undetectable in all patients, with a median time to negative conversion of 2 months(range: 1–6 months). The median follow-up time was 625 days(range: 372–1 010). All patients remained disease-free, with no events of measurable residual disease(MRD)positivity by flow cytometry or molecular analysis documented. These findings preliminarily confirm that venetoclax, cytarabine, and homoharringtonine-based cytoreductive therapy is a safe and effective bridging therapy for allo-HSCT in patients with refractory/relapsed AML and RUNX1::RUNX1T1 fusion gene.


伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因急性髓系白血病(AML)占初发白血病的5%~10%[1],对中大剂量阿糖胞苷治疗敏感,诱导缓解率高,分别被欧洲白血病网(ELN)2017和2022分类归入预后良好组[2][3]。但该亚型异质性强,强化疗复发率30%~50%,复发后再缓解率33%[4],中位生存期仅9(3.68~14.32)个月[5]。我国异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)专家共识推荐第二次巩固治疗后RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因定量下降<3 log的患者接受allo-HSCT[6]。但移植前RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因定量下降<1 log的患者移植后复发率显著增高[7]。如何进一步优化移植前RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因阳性AML患者的预处理方案是亟待解决的临床难题。基于维奈克拉的方案是复发难治AML移植前有效的桥接方案,在维奈克拉基础上联合高三尖杉酯碱(HHT)能显著提高伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因的复发难治AML再缓解率[8]。进一步研究发现,维奈克拉联合HHT作为复发难治AML的移植前桥接方案,有效降低移植前白血病负荷,提高移植后生存率[9]。本研究对我中心应用含维奈克拉、阿糖胞苷和HHT减瘤方案预处理allo-HSCT的5例伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因复发难治AML患者进行回顾性分析,探讨其临床安全性和疗效。

病例与方法

1. 病例:回顾性分析2023年3月至2024年12月上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院血液科采用含维奈克拉、阿糖胞苷和HHT方案桥接allo-HSCT的5例伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因复发难治AML患者的临床资料,结合骨髓细胞形态学、白血病免疫分型、细胞遗传学及分子生物学,依据2022年第五版《WHO造血和淋巴组织肿瘤分型标准》[10]和2023年中国复发难治性AML诊疗指南[11]诊断。5例患者均经“7+3”方案诱导缓解,后以中剂量阿糖胞苷巩固治疗,完成巩固治疗中位4(3~5)个疗程。3例患者巩固治疗中复发,2例流式细胞术检测的可测量残留病(MRD)由阴性转为阳性。

2. 预处理方案:维奈克拉100 mg −15 d,200 mg −14 d,400 mg −13 d~−7 d;阿糖胞苷100 mg/m2,−13 d~−7 d;HHT 1 mg/m2,−13 d~−7 d;氟达拉滨30 mg/m2,−6 d~−2 d;马法兰50 mg/m2,−6 d~−5 d;白消安3.2 mg/kg,−4 d~−3 d。

3. 移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)预防:急性GVHD(aGVHD)预防以环孢素+霉酚酸酯+短程甲氨蝶呤为主,亲缘单倍体(HID)和无关全相合(MUD)移植加用7.5~10 mg/kg抗人胸腺细胞球蛋白。

4. 疗效和不良反应:移植后1、2、3、6、9、12、18和24个月分别进行疗效评估,包括骨髓细胞形态学、流式细胞术MRD和RUNX1::RUNX1T1定量检测。疗效评估依据2022ELN标准[2],RUNX1::RUNX1T1定量检测采用qPCR法,内参基因为ABL,检测灵敏度为10−5

不良事件参考美国CTCAE第五版,主要评估血液学及非血液学不良反应。

5. 随访:采用门诊就诊方式进行随访,随访截止时间为2025年12月13日。

6. 统计学处理:计数资料以例数表示,计量资料以中位数(范围)表示。

结果

1. 临床特征:5例患者中位年龄35(26~60)岁。诊断时骨髓原始细胞比例中位数为33.0%(27.3%~68.5%),中位RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因定量449%(314%~623%)。患者临床资料详见表1。3例患者合并多种基因突变,其中1例合并c-KIT(D820位点)突变。诊断至allo-HSCT中位时间为315(217~560)d。3例复发患者RUNX1::RUNX1T1定量明显升高,4例移植前出现新分子生物学改变。

表1. 5例伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因的复发难治急性髓系白血病患者移植前临床资料.

例号 初诊基因突变 初诊细胞遗传学 C2评估 移植前评估 移植前基因突变
1 RUNX1::RUNX1T1(345%), KIT-TKD, ASXL3, ASXL2 46, XY 形态学CR,
流式MRD 0.005%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 0.153%
形态学CR,
流式MRD 0.02%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 1.15%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1,
KIT-TKD
2 RUNX1::RUNX1T1(314%), ASXL1, TET2 45, X, −X, t(8;21)(q22;q22) 形态学CR,
流式MRD 0.02%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 0.56%
原始细胞41.5%,
流式MRD 26.62%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 266%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1,
KIT-TKD, ASXL1, TET2
3 RUNX1::RUNX1T1(623%) 44-46, X, del(Xq24),add(8p23), 21ps+ 形态学CR,
流式MRD阴性
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 0.013%
原始细胞31%,
流式MRD 9.39%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 257%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1,
SF3B1, RAD21,
ASXL2, WT1
4 RUNX1::RUNX1T1(465%), FLT3-TKD, SMC3, ETV6, BCORL1, KDM6A, SMC1A 43-45, X, −X, t(8;21)(q22;q22) 形态学CR,
流式MRD阴性
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 0.06%
形态学CR,
流式MRD 0.01%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 0.25%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1, DNMT3A, BCORL1
5 RUNX1::RUNX1T1(449%),CSF3R 44-45, X, −Y, t(8;21)(q22;q22) 形态学CR,
流式MRD阴性
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 0.638%
原始细胞51%,
流式MRD 28.44%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL 366%
RUNX1::RUNX1T1,
CSF3R, DHX15

 C2:第二次巩固治疗后;CR:完全缓解;流式MRD:流式细胞术检测的可测量残留病

2. 疗效分析:4例患者接受HID-HSCT,1例接受MUD-HSCT。CD34+细胞中位输注量为5.9(4.2~9.0)×106/kg;中位中性粒细胞和血小板植入时间分别为12(11~15)d和14(10~25)d,移植后30 d患者均完全供者嵌合。1例合并c-KIT突变患者于移植后2个月启动阿伐替尼维持治疗(100 mg/d)。5例患者RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因均在移植后6个月内转阴,中位转阴时间2(1~6)个月。中位随访时间625(372~1 010)d,所有患者均无病生存,无患者出现流式细胞术或分子学MRD转阳。2例患者合并Ⅱ~Ⅳ度aGVHD,2例患者合并轻中度慢性GVHD,均经一线治疗后好转(表2)。

表2. 5例伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因的复发难治急性髓系白血病患者移植临床资料.

例号 移植类型 CD34+细胞(×106/kg) 单个核细胞(×108/kg) 粒细胞植入时间(d) 血小板植入时间(d) 嵌合状态 RUNX1::RUNX1T1/ABL转阴时间 随访时间(d) GVHD
1 HID 9.0 7.51 14 25 完全供者嵌合 移植后2个月 372
2 MUD 4.2 11.26 11 14 完全供者嵌合 移植后6个月 625
3 HID 5.5 8.40 15 17 完全供者嵌合 移植后1个月 821 Ⅳ度aGVHD中度cGVHD
4 HID 5.9 10.84 11 10 完全供者嵌合 移植后1个月 585 Ⅱ度aGVHD
5 HID 6.6 5.70 12 13 完全供者嵌合 移植后2个月 1010 轻度cGVHD

 aGVHD:急性移植物抗宿主病;cGVHD:慢性移植物抗宿主病;HID:亲缘单倍体供者;MUD:HLA全相合非血缘供者

3. 安全性分析:5例患者均按计划完成预处理,2例患者出现4级胃肠道不良反应。移植过程中粒细胞缺乏时间18(15~20)d,其中2例发生血流感染(分别检出大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌),抗感染治疗后好转。1例患者出现心肌酶一过性升高,2例患者合并4级口腔黏膜炎。

讨论

尽管AML伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1属于预后良好AML,但临床异质性强,二级分子生物学突变、附加细胞遗传学异常及临床特征等与疾病的异质性密切相关[12][13]。基于蒽环类药物联合阿糖胞苷的治疗方案使87%~89%患者获得完全缓解[14],氟达拉滨、维奈克拉、HHT、去甲基化药物、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、CD33单抗等一定程度提高缓解率[15][16],但不能降低复发率。复发是伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1 AML治疗失败的主要原因,长期随访结果显示复发率在30%~50%,通常在结束化疗1年内发生,从分子学复发至形态学复发中位时间仅0.8个月[17]。因此,allo-HSCT是2个疗程巩固强化后流式细胞术MRD阳性或基因下降不足3 log患者最佳巩固治疗,但仍有20%患者移植后复发[18][19],复发后1年无复发生存率仅53%[20]

缓解深度与移植后复发显著相关[17]。欧洲血液和骨髓移植学会分析第二次完全缓解后接受allo-HSCT的RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因AML患者,流式MRD阳性移植后复发率更高[21]。一项纳入631例接受allo-HSCT的t(8;21)AML回顾性分析进一步证实,移植前RUNX1::RUNX1T1阳性患者累积复发率显著高于RUNX1::RUNX1T1阴性患者(25.8%对13.5%,P<0.001)[22]。因此,如何提高伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因AML移植前缓解深度仍是临床亟待解决的关键问题。

在伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因AML患者中,维奈克拉为基础的治疗方案疗效欠佳。HHT是蛋白质合成抑制剂,通过特异性抑制NF-κB-MYC信号通路下调KIT表达,在伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因AML中具有良好的抗肿瘤活性[23]。HHT与蒽环类/阿糖胞苷联用提高伴t(8;21)AML诱导缓解率[24],与维奈克拉联用通过抑制MCL-1及BCL-2协同促进白血病细胞凋亡[25]。刘启发教授团队发现HHT联合维奈克拉及阿扎胞苷可协同抑制MCL1、BCL-XL及BAX,在复发难治AML中总缓解率达79.1%(68.6%~85.4%)[9]。一项回顾性队列分析表明,维奈克拉联合阿扎胞苷基础上加用HHT可显著提高伴t(8;21)AML缓解率[26]。多中心队列研究证明,在维奈克拉、阿扎胞苷基础上联合HHT可显著提高伴RUNX1::RUNX1T1融合基因AML缓解率(69.2%对10%, P=0.013)[27]

基于联合用药分子生物学基础及临床疗效,本中心采用维奈克拉、阿糖胞苷联合HHT作为移植前预处理方案,5例患者均按计划完成治疗,中性粒细胞、血小板植入时间与非桥接治疗历史队列相当[28]。粒细胞缺乏时间虽有延长,但并未增加严重不良事件发生。在移植后评估中,该方案显著提高移植后RUNX1::RUNX1T1基因转阴率。截至末次随访,5例患者均实现长期分子学缓解。本研究样本量少,是一项探索性研究,随访时间较短,基于维奈克拉、阿糖胞苷和HHT的桥接方案是否能适用于其他复发难治AML,还有待前瞻性临床研究验证。

Funding Statement

基金项目:上海市卫生健康委员会“医苑新星”杰出医学青年培养计划(20224Z0022)

Footnotes

利益冲突 所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明 张子璐:实施研究、分析/解释数据、文章撰写;金承伟、李肃:实施研究、收集病例资料;胡晓霞:研究设计、文章审核;其他作者:参与临床治疗、研究及相关支持工作

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