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. 2026 Feb 23;17:502. doi: 10.1007/s12672-026-04719-5

Bibliometric analysis of bone metastasis from prostate cancer research from 2007 to 2024

Yin He 1, Jing Zhang 1, Kai Gong 2, Zhilin Li 1,✉
PMCID: PMC13031449  PMID: 41729424

Abstract

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancer in men worldwide, while numerous scientific achievements have been made in research on Bone metastasis in prostate cancer (BMPCa) in recent years, a comprehensive and objective bibliometric analysis remains absent. This study aimed to elucidate the overall literature distribution and international frontier research direction of BMPCa.

Methods

A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted on relevant literature on BMPCa extracted from the Web of Science database from 2007 to 2024 by Microsoft Office Excel, Biblioshiny, Scimago Graphica, VOSviewer and CiteSpace. 5512 papers related to BMPCa were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). The number of publications, countries, institutions, global collaborations, authors, journals, keywords, thematic trends, and cited references were then visualized. Finally, the research status and development direction were analyzed.

Results

This study included a total of 5512 papers on BMPCa from 2007 to 2024. There has been a steady increase in global publications ever year, peaking in 2021,and the overall publication shows a linear growth trend. USA had the highest number of publications and collaborative efforts, followed by China, England. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center published the most articles with 173, followed by University of Michigan with 120 and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with 114. Prostate had the highest number of publications. The top three high-frequency keywords of occurrence were “prostate cancer”, “bone metastasis” and “bone metastases”, biblioshiny analysis of keywords shows that “arificial intelligence”, “machine learning”, and “ga-68"may represent the frontiers of this research area.

Conclusion

The results showed that a linear growth trend in the number of publications, and the United States has made significant contributions to BMPCa both in quantity and in collaboration. International cooperation in BMPCa research needs to be further strengthened. We hope that more researchers and organizations can promote academic exchanges and strengthen cooperation to continue addressing the gaps of BMPCa. Further research should focus on the pathogenesis, early prevention, and the integration of individualized treatment with artificial intelligence, in order to improve patient survival and quality of life.

Keywords: Prostate cancer, Bone metastasis, Bibliometric analysis, Visualization, Research trends

Introduction

PCa is one of the most common cancer in men worldwide, with the developments in medicine, the 5-year survival rate of prostate cancer patients has reached over 70% in most countries, and up to 90% in some countries [1, 2]. However, distant metastases, including bone, lymph, lung, and liver metastases, remain the main cause of death in PCa patients [3]. The probability of distant metastasis in advanced PCa is as high as 70%, with bone being the most common site of metastasis [4]. Bone metastasis in prostate cancer (BMPCa) can manifest morphologically as osteoblastic, osteolytic, or mixed types, among which osteoblastic is the most common [5]. BMPCa often causes various Skeletal Related Events(SREs), including bone pain, pathological fractures, spinal cord compression or paraplegia, hypercalcemia [6]. These events severely affect patients’ quality of life and increase the risk of patient mortality, leading to a reduction in the 5-year survival rate of PCa patients to 30% [7]. Active prevention and treatment of bone metastases are crucial for effectively controlling PCa.

In recent years, numerous scientific achievements have been made in research on BMPCa. However, the current literature and data on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of BMPCa are relatively scattered. Although meta-analyses and traditional reviews have conducted relevant studies on BMPCa, they have only focused on specific research directions or indicators, resulting in a narrow scope of study design and limited analysis and discussion. Bibliometrics focuses on the quantification of a complete body of knowledge, by analyzing existing quantitative literature, intuitive charts can be used to predict the future development direction of a research field and systematically analyze the research progress of various countries, institutions, authors, and disciplines [8, 9]. Only a few researchers have evaluated the scientific output of BMPCa manifestations using bibliometric methods [10]. Therefore, this paper aims to conduct a comprehensive and objective analysis of the indicators of BMPCa-related literature using bibliometric methods. It seeks to clarify the trends, hotspots, and directions of research on BMPCa for researchers, and also provides new clues and ideas for future research, diagnosis, and treatment of BMPCa.

Materials and methods

Data source

The literature extracted from the Science Citation Index Expanded in Clarivate Analytics’ Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database compiles comprehensive citation and publication information across various scientific fields.

Search strategy

All published papers were collected from WoSCC on October 15, 2025, and two investigators identified relevant published between January 01, 2007, and December 31, 2024, using the following search strategy: TS=((prostate OR prostatic) and (cancer OR tumor OR oncology OR neoplasm OR carcinoma) AND (“bone metastases” OR “bone metastasis” OR “spine metastases” OR “spinal metastases"OR “spine metastases” OR “spinal metastasis”)) AND Publication Years = (January 1, 2007–December 31, 2024) AND Document Types= (Article & Review Article) AND Languages= (English).

Export all records of publications, including year, title, author names, affiliations, countries/regions, abstract, keywords, and name of journals, as Plain Text files in “Full Record and Cited References” for further bibliometric analysis.

After the preliminary data retrieval, two researchers (Yin He and Jing Zhang) screened all manuscripts separately to ensure they were relevant to the theme of this study, with any discrepancies being resolved by the experienced corresponding author (Zhilin Li). The flowchart of the shudy is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Flowchart of the study

Data collection and bibliometric analysis

All literature searches were completed on October 15, 2025. To ensure data accuracy and research reliability, two researchers independently downloaded and analyzed the data, and the event of disagreements between the two researchers, they resolved the issue through discussion or consult the third author to achieve a final consensus.

All the included records were exported and saved as “Plain text file” with “Full Record and Cited References” for further bibliometric analysis. Duplicate Literature Removal: Precise matching based on DOI for deletion. For records without DOI, a comprehensive comparison of title, first author, publication year, and volume/issue/page information. All suspected duplicates undergo manual verification. Author Name Disambiguation: Initial standardization is performed using the built-in algorithms of the CiteSpace. Subsequently, for high-output authors and core network node authors, manual disambiguation is performed by cross-verifying institutional affiliation, collaborator network continuity, and research topic consistency. Institutional Name Standardization: Institution names are systematically unified. The process involved: extracting all institution names; applying rule-based processing using regular expressions to handle common abbreviations and word order variations; and finally, establishing an authoritative name mapping table for high-output and important institutions by consulting their official websites, then implementing replacements across the entire dataset. The above content has been updated in the revised version.

The study followed a general to detailed path, including an overview of countries/regions, institutions/authors, journal distribution, documents/references, keywords, and trends. Subsequently, the collected data were imported into Microsoft Office Excel Professional 2024 (Redmond WA, USA), Biblioshiny (R version 4.5.1), VOSviewer (version 1.6.20), Scimago Graphica (Version 1.0.41), and CiteSpace (version 6.3.R1) for further analysis.

VOSviewer was used to perform analyses on co-authorship of countries/ regions or institutions or authors and keyword co-occurrence analysis [11]. Each node represents an item, with its size reflecting either the number of publications or the frequency of keyword occurrence, and its color indicating the item’s classification. Additionally, the thickness of the line connecting two nodes signifies the strength of their relationship. Citespace and Biblioshiny were utilized to conduct co-citation analysis of journals, authors, and references, as well as to generate bibliographic record overlays for journals [12]. Excel was utilized to create basic statistical maps and generate fitted curves for future publication projections. eographic distribution maps were created using Scimago Graphica.

Statistical processing

The study presents the current state of research on BMPCa by examining absolute figures, trends, and the distribution of changes. It does not include comparisons between different groups.

Results

Trends of publication outputs

Through screening, 5512 BMPCa publications were acquired from the WOS core collecion database, 4350 articles and 1162 reviews included. The publications came from 27,851 authors in 5,929 institutions across 95 countries, published in 1,011 journals, and cites 130,557 articles from 12,632 journals.

The annual number of published papers serves as a important metric for assessing the advancement of scientific research. Annual publications increased from 192 in 2004 to 322 in 2023 and peaking in 2021 with 408 papers, the cumulative number of publications shows a linear growth trend(R² = 0.9922), it maintained stable at over 300 papers annually. It is expected that more than 300 publications on BMPCa will be published in 2025. This indicates that BMPCa has more focus and hotspots worth exploring, with a promising research prospect. The annual number of publications is shown in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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The annual number of publications and average yearly articles on BMPCa from 2007 to 2024

Analysis of countries/regions and institutions

The number of publications in each country was analyzed to identify the countries/regions that have been the major contributors to the field. Researchers from 5929 institutions in 91 countries participated in the study of BMPCa. The ten most important countries/regions for production were analyzed according to the country of residence of the corresponding author(Table 1). In total, 53 countries/regions, each with a publication frequency exceeding five times, were selected for network visualization analysis. The 53 countries are divided into 16 clusters. The country of authorship in the articles and the circle size in the figure represent the number of publications, the thickness of the line indicates the strength of international cooperation(Fig. 3A). The geographic map of the number of publications and the intensity of cooperation of each country is shown in Fig. 3B. The United States leads in both production and collaborative efforts with other nations and followed by China, England, Germany, and Italy. In addition, United States and China are the most significant contributors to the field, with their combined publication count approximately half of the total. Figure 3C shows a network of collaborative relationships between leading institutions with at least 5 publications. Table 2 shows the top 10 institutions with the highest number of published papers. The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center published the most articles with 173, followed by University of Michigan with 120 and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center with 114. Among the top ten organizations regarding the number of articles published, Amgen Inc. ranked first with Average citations of 102.73, followed by Second Johns Hopkins University (84.90) and Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (77.45).

Table 1.

Countries & regions

Rank Country/region Documents Total citations Average citations
1 USA 1936 103,390 53.40
2 China 974 24,806 25.47
3 Germany 536 27,999 52.24
4 Italy 495 20,686 41.79
5 England 489 36,463 74.57
6 Japan 445 14,307 32.15
7 Canada 391 22,298 57.03
8 France 269 20,753 77.15
9 Australia 220 16,919 76.90
10 Switzerland 198 10,491 52.98
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Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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A The co-authorship map of countries&regions involved in BMPCa. B Country cooperation map. C The co-authorship map of institutions engaged in BMPCa research. D The visualization map of authors’ co-authorship

Table 2.

The top 10 institutions with the highest number of published papers

Rank Institution Countries/regions Articles Citations Average citations Total Link Strength
1 Univ Texas Md Anderson Canc Ctr USA 173 9181 53.07 55
2 Univ Michigan USA 120 8317 69.31 40
3 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr USA 114 8829 77.45 54
4 Univ Washington USA 106 6696 63.17 55
5 Amgen Inc USA 95 9759 102.73 27
6 Univ Sheffield England 93 6982 75.08 27
7 Inst Canc Res England 91 6717 73.81 23
8 Univ Toronto Canada 90 3197 35.52 20
9 Johns Hopkins Univ USA 82 6962 84.90 33
10 Sun Yat Sen Univ China 72 3034 42.14 2
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Authors and co-authors

A total of 883 authors published research papers on BMPCa with a minimum of five publications were grouped into 58 clusters. We collaborative network graph of these authors with VOSviewer, as visaulized in Fig. 3D. Each node in the graph represents an individual author, with larger nodes indicating a higher number of published papers. Thicker connecting lines signify stronger collaborative ties between authors. Different colors represent different clusters, and authors within the same cluster exhibit relatively strong collaborative relationships. Top 10 authors production over time illustrated in Fig. 4A, Saad F was the most prolific author, had published the highest number of articles, and also achieved the highest Total Citations per year count at 225.38 in 2018. Table 3 illustrates the top 10 authors and co-cited authors. Of them, 195 authors published over 10 publications. Saad F was the most prolific author, having published 83 publications, followed by Logothetis C, who has 41 publications and the highest H-index of 46. Coleman R has the highest number of co-citations, with 1956.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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A Authors’ production over time. B The authors’ publishing patterns in related topics and journals

Table 3.

The 10 most published authors and co-cited authors in this field

Rank Author Documents Total citations Average citations H-index Rank Co-cited author Co-citations
1 Saad F 83 6691 80.61 39 1 Coleman R 1956
2 Logothetis C 41 2995 73.05 46 2 Saad F 1660
3 Tombal B 39 2748 70.46 27 3 Fizazi K 1395
4 Fizazi K 38 6098 160.47 35 4 Smith M 1223
5 Lin S 37 1509 40.78 42 5 Scher H 1051
6 Lipton A 37 4774 129.03 40 6 Lipton A 943
7 Pienta K 36 2772 77.00 37 7 Parker C 852
8 Chung L 35 2195 62.71 37 8 Sartor O 778
9 Chow E 34 1404 41.29 20 9 Nilsson S 680
10 Sartor O 34 1628 47.88 25 10 Mundy G 631
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Analysis of the journal distribution

A total of 1011 journals have published related articles. The top 10 journals and citations for BMPCa are shown in Table 4. Prostate(124) was the most prolific jounal and followed by Cancers(107), and European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (102). Among the top 10 journals, 90% were in JCR Q2, the highest impact was factor Clinical Cancer Research (10.2), and it had both the highest number of citations and average citations. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging was the highest both in H-index and G-index. Figure 4B illustrates the authors’ publishing patterns in related topics and journals. Critical research keywords for the top 20 authors included prostate cancer, bone metastases, bone metastasis, zoledronic acid, denosumab, radium-223, castration-resistant prostate cancer, bisphosphonates, breast cancer, SREs, metastasis, survival, and so on. Their research is usually published in European urology, Clinical cancer research, Prostate, and Cancer research. Among them, Cancer research has become the journal that published the most articles on BMPCa.

Table 4.

The top 10 journals and citations for BMPCa

Rank Journal country documents citations Average citations H-index G-index IF(2024) JCR(2024)
1 Prostate USA 124 4024 32.45 38 57 2.5 Q2
2 Cancers Switzerland 107 1588 14.84 21 33 4.4 Q2
3 European Journal of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging GERMANY 102 5993 58.75 43 75 7.6 Q1
4 Plos One USA 85 3082 36.26 31 53 2.6 Q2
5 Frontiers in Oncology Switzerland 79 836 10.58 17 23 3.3 Q2
6 Journal of Nuclear Medicine USA 72 3395 47.15 36 57 9.1 Q1
7 Anticancer Research Greece 67 875 13.06 17 24 1.7 Q3
8 Journal of Bone Oncology Netherlands 64 1563 24.42 21 38 3.5 Q2
9 Clinical Cancer Research USA 61 5104 83.67 40 61 10.2 Q1
10 International Journal of Molecular Sciences USA 60 1812 30.20 24 41 4.9 Q1
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Document citation and reference co-citation

We ranked the included papers according to their citation data in WoSCC. The ten most cited publications globally and the ten most cited locally showed in Fig. 5(A-B). The top 10 papers were listed according to their number of citations, with the two most cited papers having 2596 citations (Alpha Emitter Radium-223 and Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer) [13],1467 (Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study) [14]. We also assessed the impact of each paper in the field by counting the number of local citations in the current dataset. The ranking of locally cited literature differs slightly from the total cited literature, but the two most cited papers are the same. The top 25 references with the strongest citation bursts are shown in Fig. 6A. The first citation burst started in 2011, and there have been a lot of explosions since 2014. Notably, many citation bursts are still ongoing, which means that the field of BMPCa is still a research hotspot.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

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A Most global cited documents. B Most local cited documents. C The keywords were analyzed by trend topic in Biblioshiny. D The abstracts were analyzed using the trend topic in Biblioshiny

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6

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A The top 25 references with the strongest citation bursts. B The top 25 keywords with the strongest citation bursts

Keywords and trends

The keywords were analyzed by trend topic in Biblioshiny (Fig. 5C). The top three by frequency of occurrence were “prostate cancer” (1740), “bone metastasis” (973), and “bone metastases” (779). Biblioshiny analysis of keywords shows that “arificial intelligence” (2022–2024), “machine learning” (2020–2024), and “ga-68“(2017–2024) may represent the frontiers of this research area.

The abstracts were analyzed using the trend topic in Biblioshiny (Fig. 5D).The top three by frequency of occurrence were “castration-resistant prostate cancer” (886), “prostate cancer cells” (760), and “prostate cancer pca” (707). Biblioshiny analysis of abstracts shows that “pca lung metastases” (2024–2024), “cauda equina compression” (2021–2024), and “external validation cohort” (2022–2023) may represent the frontiers of this research area.

Figure 6B displays the top 25 keywords with the strongest citation bursts, which are intended to reflect research hotspots and trends. Among them, “skeletal complications (2007–2014, intensity 40.69)” was the keyword with the strongest burst intensity. The keywords, such as “microenvironment” (burst duration from 2020 to 2024), “biochemical recurrence” (2019–2024), “risk” (2019–2024) and “enzalutamide” 2018–2024)have recently garnered significant interest, underscoring their status as prevalent research topics in recent years and likely into the foreseeable future.

Discussion

BMPCa has high morbidity and mortality, especially, patients with spinal cord injuries have extremely poor quality of life. It is necessary to analyze the related research to understand the overall situation of the current related research.Biliometric analysis, as a well-established tool, has been widely applied to evaluate the strengths and maturity of specific fields [15, 16]. We have carried out a comprehensive analysis of BMLC-related studies since 2007 to 2024 in the WoSCC database and the visualization of the international research status in this field, including quantity of publications in every year, collaboration from different countries, published journals, the distribution of authors and institutes, and keywords analysis, through bibliometrics to understand the current status and frontiers in the field of BMPCa to provide a reference for researchers to better grasp the development trend and emerging research hotspots.

The volume of publications serves as a critical indicator of trends within a research field [17]. According to data from the WoSCC database on October 15, 2025, a total of 5,512 articles associated with BMPCa have been published between 2007 and 2024, This study results indicate that the annual number of publications showed a linear growth trend, and this aligns with the global upward trend in new cancer cases [18], it suggested that the BMPCa research was developing rapidly and attracted more attention in the global medical community.

The number of citations is one of the indicators reflecting the quality of a paper. The H-index is a widely used parameter to quantify and standardize researchers’ scientific impact [19]. This study analysis found that the top 5 productive countries (USA, China, England, Germany, and Italy) made the majority of publications, while the top productive institutions were all from these countries. USA contributed most in this field with the highest total publications and with a higher H-index. This indicates a high level of research quality in the USA, while, the USA plays a central role in the cooperation between countries/regions. Europe and other developed countries cooperate closely, while developing countries cooperate sparsely, as shown in Fig. 3B. The significant advancements depended on their rapid progress in economy, academy, and the medical technology. Therefore, we should strengthen international cooperation to help developing countries.

Articles of BMPCa are most often published in Prostate, followed by Cancers and European Journal of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging. As a high-quality, influential journal in the field, Clinical Cancer Research has the highest impact factor of 10.2 and European Journal of Nuclear Medicine And Molecular Imaging is the most cited journal with 5993. The journals on the list of Table 4 will likely be the significant publication outlets in the field in the future. The most cited paper states that fractures are associated with an increased risk of death in patients with malignant bone disease [13] and in this study, “skeletal complications (2007–2014, intensity 40.69)” was the keyword with the strongest burst intensity. Therefore, prevention of fractures is a critical objective of treatment. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, a critical drugs for BMPCa, provides significant benefits to patients with bone metastases by preventing skeletal complications and alleviating bone pain [20]. It can help patients maintain their activity capacity and functional independence, and reduce the risk of death due to complications from fractures [21]. Zoledronic acid, is a type of Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, by inhibiting osteoclast activity, reducing bone resorption, and lowering the risk of SREs. It also exerts anti-tumor effects by inhibits tumor cell functions, including the adhesion, migration, invasion and proliferation, as well as the adhesion of tumor cells to the bone matrix [22, 23].

In this study, biblioshiny analysis of keywords shows that “arificial intelligence” (2022–2024), “machine learning” (2020–2024), and “ga-68“(2017–2024) may represent the frontiers of this research area. “Artificical intelligence” has become a research hotspot in this field. Manual detection through imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, PET, and bone scintigraphy can be costly and inefficient. Preliminary artificial intelligence (AI) techniques and Computer-assisted detection systems have attempted to improve lesion detection, segmentation, and treatment response in oncological imaging, and demonstrated the advantages of AI in multimodal imaging techniques [24–26]. Combining the treatments, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and multidisciplinary comprehensive treatment, with artificial intelligence to provide personalized plan for patients, thereby achieving better outcomes [27, 28].

In recent years, the emergence of advanced radiotherapy techniques—including stereotactic radiotherapy and multidisciplinary oncology management has enabled the integration of radiotherapy with novel systemic treatments such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy [29–32]. This combined approach enhances patient quality of life more effectively, promotes remission, and significantly extends survival while reducing treatment-related toxicity [33]. Adjuvant chemotherapy, surgical intervention, and phosphonate-targeted therapy have also enhanced therapeutic outcomes [34, 35].

Limitations

In this study, we conducted a comprehensive and systematic bibliometric analysis of literature on BMPCa. However, this study has some limitations. First, the study only included the WOS core collection database, which inevitably led to the omission of other important related literature. Second, non-English publications were excluded in this study, which may have led to selection bias. Finally, some newly published articles of high quality may have not had enough time to receive much attention and be cited than classic papers.

Conclusion

This study conducted a comprehensive and systematic bibliometric analysis of literature to reveal research status and trend of the field of BMPCa. The results showed that a linear growth trend in the number of publications, and the United States has made significant contributions to BMPCa both in quantity and in collaboration. International cooperation in BMPCa research needs to be further strengthened. Prostate was the most prolific jounal. Collaboration between authors, organizations, and countries/regions should be constantly strengthened. We hope that more researchers and organizations can promote academic exchanges and strengthen cooperation to continue addressing the gaps of BMPCa. Further research should focus on the pathogenesis, early prevention, and the integration of individualized treatment with artificial intelligence, in order to improve patient survival and quality of life.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to the editors and reviewers for their hard work and important comments.

Author contributions

Yin He, Zhilin Li, and Kai Gong conceived and designed the experiments. Yin He and Jing Zhang searched and download the data from WoSCC. Yin He, Jing Zhang, and Zhilin Li analyzed the data and visualized the data by Biblioshiny, VOSviewer, Scimago Graphica, CiteSpace, and Microsoft Office ExcelExcel. Yin He wrote the manuscript. Kai Gong: Funding acquisition. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Zhilin Li revised and reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

Sichuan Medical Association Orthopedics Special Research Project (2024SAT17). Chengdu Medical University Science and Technology Foundation (CYZYB24-22).

Data availability

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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