. 2026 Feb 22;14:430. doi: 10.1186/s40359-026-04197-y

Table 2.

Results of comparative analysis

Variables	Group	M	SD	U¹	Rank-Biserial r	95% CI
Scales
Positive emotion	Ru	7.86	1.45	45517.5**	-0.12	[-0.21; -0.03]
	SR	8.01	1.47	45517.5**	-0.12	[-0.21; -0.03]
Meaning	Ru	8.07	1.53	46144.5*	-0.11	[-0.19; -0.02]
	SR	8.37	1.34	46144.5*	-0.11	[-0.19; -0.02]
Accomplishment	Ru	8.13	1.27	58,857**	0.14	[0.05; 0.23]
	SR	7.73	1.36	58,857**	0.14	[0.05; 0.23]
Negative emotion	Ru	3.66	1.28	67267.5***	0.30	[0.22; 0.38]
	SR	2.79	1.36	67267.5***	0.30	[0.22; 0.38]
Health	Ru	6.47	1.83	35,399***	-0.31	[-0.39; -0.23]
	SR	7.42	1.85	35,399***	-0.31	[-0.39; -0.23]
Work engagement	Ru	4.39	0.89	44695.5**	-0.13	[-0.22; -0.05]
	SR	4.53	1.03	44695.5**	-0.13	[-0.22; -0.05]
One-item indicators
Relationship	Ru	8.03	2.11	41653.50***	-0.19	[-0.28; -0.11]
	SR	8.70	1.73	41653.50***	-0.19	[-0.28; -0.11]
Happiness	Ru	8.26	1.77	51634.50	5.910 × 10^− 4	[-0.09; 0.09]
	SR	8.35	1.57	51634.50	5.910 × 10^− 4	[-0.09; 0.09]
Loneliness	Ru	3.44	3.21	52197.50	0.01	[-0.08; 0.10]
	SR	3.23	2.79	52197.50	0.01	[-0.08; 0.10]

Ru Russia, SR Serbia, M mean, SD standard deviation, U Mann-Whitney criterion, CI confidence interval

¹comparative analysis of Positive emotion, Meaning, Accomplishment, Negative emotion, Health and Work engagement was performed based on factor scores

*p < 0.05

**p < 0.01

***p < 0.001