Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1996 Mar;164(3):269–275.

Role of echocardiography in primary care medicine. Controversies in hypertension, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and endocarditis.

T M Amidon 1, T M Chou 1, L L Kee 1, E Foster 1
PMCID: PMC1303430  PMID: 8775947

Full text

PDF
269

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Albers G. W., Comess K. A., DeRook F. A., Bracci P., Atwood J. E., Bolger A., Hotson J. Transesophageal echocardiographic findings in stroke subtypes. Stroke. 1994 Jan;25(1):23–28. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.1.23. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Amarenco P., Cohen A., Tzourio C., Bertrand B., Hommel M., Besson G., Chauvel C., Touboul P. J., Bousser M. G. Atherosclerotic disease of the aortic arch and the risk of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 1994 Dec 1;331(22):1474–1479. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199412013312202. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Arnold A. Z., Mick M. J., Mazurek R. P., Loop F. D., Trohman R. G. Role of prophylactic anticoagulation for direct current cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Mar 15;19(4):851–855. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90530-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bayer A. S., Ward J. I., Ginzton L. E., Shapiro S. M. Evaluation of new clinical criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Am J Med. 1994 Mar;96(3):211–219. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90144-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bikkina M., Levy D., Evans J. C., Larson M. G., Benjamin E. J., Wolf P. A., Castelli W. P. Left ventricular mass and risk of stroke in an elderly cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994 Jul 6;272(1):33–36. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Black I. W., Chesterman C. N., Hopkins A. P., Lee L. C., Chong B. H., Walsh W. F. Hematologic correlates of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thromboembolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Feb;21(2):451–457. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90688-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Black I. W., Fatkin D., Sagar K. B., Khandheria B. K., Leung D. Y., Galloway J. M., Feneley M. P., Walsh W. F., Grimm R. A., Stollberger C. Exclusion of atrial thrombus by transesophageal echocardiography does not preclude embolism after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. A multicenter study. Circulation. 1994 Jun;89(6):2509–2513. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.6.2509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Black I. W., Hopkins A. P., Lee L. C., Walsh W. F. Left atrial spontaneous echo contrast: a clinical and echocardiographic analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Aug;18(2):398–404. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90592-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Byrd B. F., 3rd, Finkbeiner W., Bouchard A., Silverman N. H., Schiller N. B. Accuracy and reproducibility of clinically acquired two-dimensional echocardiographic mass measurements. Am Heart J. 1989 Jul;118(1):133–137. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90083-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Cabanes L., Mas J. L., Cohen A., Amarenco P., Cabanes P. A., Oubary P., Chedru F., Guérin F., Bousser M. G., de Recondo J. Atrial septal aneurysm and patent foramen ovale as risk factors for cryptogenic stroke in patients less than 55 years of age. A study using transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke. 1993 Dec;24(12):1865–1873. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.12.1865. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Casale P. N., Devereux R. B., Milner M., Zullo G., Harshfield G. A., Pickering T. G., Laragh J. H. Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Aug;105(2):173–178. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-2-173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Comess K. A., DeRook F. A., Beach K. W., Lytle N. J., Golby A. J., Albers G. W. Transesophageal echocardiography and carotid ultrasound in patients with cerebral ischemia: prevalence of findings and recurrent stroke risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Jun;23(7):1598–1603. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90662-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Daniel W. G., Mügge A., Martin R. P., Lindert O., Hausmann D., Nonnast-Daniel B., Laas J., Lichtlen P. R. Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med. 1991 Mar 21;324(12):795–800. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199103213241203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Devereux R. B., Dahlof B. Criteria for an informative trial of left ventricular hypertrophy regression. J Hum Hypertens. 1994 Oct;8(10):735–739. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Devereux R. B., Reichek N. Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation. 1977 Apr;55(4):613–618. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.55.4.613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Di Tullio M., Sacco R. L., Venketasubramanian N., Sherman D., Mohr J. P., Homma S. Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of a patent foramen ovale in stroke patients. Stroke. 1993 Jul;24(7):1020–1024. doi: 10.1161/01.str.24.7.1020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Dressler F. A., Labovitz A. J. Systemic arterial emboli and cardiac masses. Assessment with transesophageal echocardiography. Cardiol Clin. 1993 Aug;11(3):447–460. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Durack D. T., Lukes A. S., Bright D. K. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994 Mar;96(3):200–209. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(94)90143-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Erbel R., Rohmann S., Drexler M., Mohr-Kahaly S., Gerharz C. D., Iversen S., Oelert H., Meyer J. Improved diagnostic value of echocardiography in patients with infective endocarditis by transoesophageal approach. A prospective study. Eur Heart J. 1988 Jan;9(1):43–53. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Fatkin D., Herbert E., Feneley M. P. Hematologic correlates of spontaneous echo contrast in patients with atrial fibrillation and implications for thromboembolic risk. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Apr 1;73(9):672–676. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90932-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gottdiener J. S., Livengood S. V., Meyer P. S., Chase G. A. Should echocardiography be performed to assess effects of antihypertensive therapy? Test-retest reliability of echocardiography for measurement of left ventricular mass and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Feb;25(2):424–430. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00375-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Grimm R. A., Stewart W. J., Black I. W., Thomas J. D., Klein A. L. Should all patients undergo transesophageal echocardiography before electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation? J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Feb;23(2):533–541. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90443-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Grimm R. A., Stewart W. J., Maloney J. D., Cohen G. I., Pearce G. L., Salcedo E. E., Klein A. L. Impact of electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation on left atrial appendage function and spontaneous echo contrast: characterization by simultaneous transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Nov 1;22(5):1359–1366. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90543-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hart R. G., Halperin J. L. Atrial fibrillation and stroke. Revisiting the dilemmas. Stroke. 1994 Jul;25(7):1337–1341. doi: 10.1161/01.str.25.7.1337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Jaffe W. M., Morgan D. E., Pearlman A. S., Otto C. M. Infective endocarditis, 1983-1988: echocardiographic findings and factors influencing morbidity and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 May;15(6):1227–1233. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(10)80005-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Job F. P., Ringelstein E. B., Grafen Y., Flachskampf F. A., Doherty C., Stockmanns A., Hanrath P. Comparison of transcranial contrast Doppler sonography and transesophageal contrast echocardiography for the detection of patent foramen ovale in young stroke patients. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Aug 15;74(4):381–384. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90407-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Jones E. F., Calafiore P., Donnan G. A., Tonkin A. M. Evidence that patent foramen ovale is not a risk factor for cerebral ischemia in the elderly. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Sep 15;74(6):596–599. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90750-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Jones E. F., Donnan G. A., Calafiore P., Tonkin A. M. Transoesophageal echocardiography in the investigation of stroke: experience in 135 patients with cerebral ischaemic events. Aust N Z J Med. 1993 Oct;23(5):477–483. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1993.tb01833.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kannel W. B., Cobb J. Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality--results from the Framingham Study. Cardiology. 1992;81(4-5):291–298. doi: 10.1159/000175819. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kannel W. B. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 1992 Sep;13 (Suppl 500):82–88. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/13.suppl_d.82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Krumholz H. M., Douglas P. S., Goldman L., Waksmonski C. Clinical utility of transthoracic two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Jul;24(1):125–131. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90552-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Laupacis A., Albers G., Dunn M., Feinberg W. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Chest. 1992 Oct;102(4 Suppl):426S–433S. doi: 10.1378/chest.102.4_supplement.426s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lee R. J., Bartzokis T., Yeoh T. K., Grogin H. R., Choi D., Schnittger I. Enhanced detection of intracardiac sources of cerebral emboli by transesophageal echocardiography. Stroke. 1991 Jun;22(6):734–739. doi: 10.1161/01.str.22.6.734. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Leung D. Y., Black I. W., Cranney G. B., Hopkins A. P., Walsh W. F. Prognostic implications of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Sep;24(3):755–762. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90025-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Levy D., Anderson K. M., Savage D. D., Kannel W. B., Christiansen J. C., Castelli W. P. Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: prevalence and risk factors. The Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1988 Jan;108(1):7–13. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-108-1-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Levy D., Garrison R. J., Savage D. D., Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 31;322(22):1561–1566. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005313222203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Levy D., Savage D. D., Garrison R. J., Anderson K. M., Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P. Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Apr 15;59(9):956–960. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)91133-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Liebson P. R., Grandits G. A., Dianzumba S., Prineas R. J., Grimm R. H., Jr, Neaton J. D., Stamler J. Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygienic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation. 1995 Feb 1;91(3):698–706. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.3.698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Manning W. J., Silverman D. I., Gordon S. P., Krumholz H. M., Douglas P. S. Cardioversion from atrial fibrillation without prolonged anticoagulation with use of transesophageal echocardiography to exclude the presence of atrial thrombi. N Engl J Med. 1993 Mar 18;328(11):750–755. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199303183281102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Manning W. J., Silverman D. I., Katz S. E., Riley M. F., Come P. C., Doherty R. M., Munson J. T., Douglas P. S. Impaired left atrial mechanical function after cardioversion: relation to the duration of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Jun;23(7):1535–1540. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90652-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Marks A. R., Choong C. Y., Sanfilippo A. J., Ferré M., Weyman A. E. Identification of high-risk and low-risk subgroups of patients with mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1989 Apr 20;320(16):1031–1036. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198904203201602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Materson B. J., Reda D. J., Cushman W. C., Massie B. M., Freis E. D., Kochar M. S., Hamburger R. J., Fye C., Lakshman R., Gottdiener J. Single-drug therapy for hypertension in men. A comparison of six antihypertensive agents with placebo. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. N Engl J Med. 1993 Apr 1;328(13):914–921. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199304013281303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Movsowitz C., Movsowitz H. D., Jacobs L. E., Meyerowitz C. B., Podolsky L. A., Kotler M. N. Significant mitral regurgitation is protective against left atrial spontaneous echo contrast and thrombus as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1993 Mar-Apr;6(2):107–114. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80480-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Mügge A., Daniel W. G., Frank G., Lichtlen P. R. Echocardiography in infective endocarditis: reassessment of prognostic implications of vegetation size determined by the transthoracic and the transesophageal approach. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Sep;14(3):631–638. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90104-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Mügge A., Kühn H., Nikutta P., Grote J., Lopez J. A., Daniel W. G. Assessment of left atrial appendage function by biplane transesophageal echocardiography in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation: identification of a subgroup of patients at increased embolic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Mar 1;23(3):599–607. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90743-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Neaton J. D., Grimm R. H., Jr, Prineas R. J., Stamler J., Grandits G. A., Elmer P. J., Cutler J. A., Flack J. M., Schoenberger J. A., McDonald R. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study. Final results. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study Research Group. JAMA. 1993 Aug 11;270(6):713–724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Pearson A. C., Nagelhout D., Castello R., Gomez C. R., Labovitz A. J. Atrial septal aneurysm and stroke: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Nov 1;18(5):1223–1229. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90539-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Pop G., Sutherland G. R., Koudstaal P. J., Sit T. W., de Jong G., Roelandt J. R. Transesophageal echocardiography in the detection of intracardiac embolic sources in patients with transient ischemic attacks. Stroke. 1990 Apr;21(4):560–565. doi: 10.1161/01.str.21.4.560. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Rohmann S., Erbel R., Darius H., Görge G., Makowski T., Zotz R., Mohr-Kahaly S., Nixdorff U., Drexler M., Meyer J. Prediction of rapid versus prolonged healing of infective endocarditis by monitoring vegetation size. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1991 Sep-Oct;4(5):465–474. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80380-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Sanfilippo A. J., Picard M. H., Newell J. B., Rosas E., Davidoff R., Thomas J. D., Weyman A. E. Echocardiographic assessment of patients with infectious endocarditis: prediction of risk for complications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Nov 1;18(5):1191–1199. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90535-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Sansoy V., Abbott R. D., Jayaweera A. R., Kaul S. Low yield of transthoracic echocardiography for cardiac source of embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1995 Jan 15;75(2):166–169. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9149(00)80068-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Shively B. K., Gurule F. T., Roldan C. A., Leggett J. H., Schiller N. B. Diagnostic value of transesophageal compared with transthoracic echocardiography in infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Aug;18(2):391–397. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90591-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Sochowski R. A., Chan K. L. Implication of negative results on a monoplane transesophageal echocardiographic study in patients with suspected infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Jan;21(1):216–221. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90739-n. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Stoddard M. F., Dawkins P. R., Prince C. R., Ammash N. M. Left atrial appendage thrombus is not uncommon in patients with acute atrial fibrillation and a recent embolic event: a transesophageal echocardiographic study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Feb;25(2):452–459. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00396-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Von Reyn C. F., Levy B. S., Arbeit R. D., Friedland G., Crumpacker C. S. Infective endocarditis: an analysis based on strict case definitions. Ann Intern Med. 1981 Apr;94(4 Pt 1):505–518. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-94-4-505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Vuille C., Nidorf M., Weyman A. E., Picard M. H. Natural history of vegetations during successful medical treatment of endocarditis. Am Heart J. 1994 Dec;128(6 Pt 1):1200–1209. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90752-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES