Skip to main content
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1999 Sep;171(3):181–186.

Adverse reactions to watch for in patients using herbal remedies.

R Ko 1
PMCID: PMC1305805  PMID: 10560294

Full text

PDF
181

Images in this article

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Abrams G. A., Fallon M. B. Treatment of hepatopulmonary syndrome with Allium sativum L. (garlic): a pilot trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998 Oct;27(3):232–235. doi: 10.1097/00004836-199810000-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Abt A. B., Oh J. Y., Huntington R. A., Burkhart K. K. Chinese herbal medicine induced acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Jan 23;155(2):211–212. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Aikins Murphy P. Alternative therapies for nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Jan;91(1):149–155. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(97)00582-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Allen J. D., McLung J., Nelson A. G., Welsch M. Ginseng supplementation does not enhance healthy young adults' peak aerobic exercise performance. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998 Oct;17(5):462–466. doi: 10.1080/07315724.1998.10718795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bah M., Bye R., Pereda-Miranda R. Hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Mexican medicinal plant Packera candidissima (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). J Ethnopharmacol. 1994 Jun;43(1):19–30. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(94)90112-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Balderer G., Borbély A. A. Effect of valerian on human sleep. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1985;87(4):406–409. doi: 10.1007/BF00432503. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Berthold H. K., Sudhop T., von Bergmann K. Effect of a garlic oil preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998 Jun 17;279(23):1900–1902. doi: 10.1001/jama.279.23.1900. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Brinkeborn R. M., Shah D. V., Degenring F. H. Echinaforce and other Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 1999 Mar;6(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(99)80027-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brockmöller J., Reum T., Bauer S., Kerb R., Hübner W. D., Roots I. Hypericin and pseudohypericin: pharmacokinetics and effects on photosensitivity in humans. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 Sep;30 (Suppl 2):94–101. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979527. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. But P. P., Tai Y. T., Young K. Three fatal cases of herbal aconite poisoning. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1994 Jun;36(3):212–215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Caso Marasco A., Vargas Ruiz R., Salas Villagomez A., Begoña Infante C. Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1996;22(6):323–329. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Chan E. Displacement of bilirubin from albumin by berberine. Biol Neonate. 1993;63(4):201–208. doi: 10.1159/000243932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Chen H. C., Hsieh M. T., Chang S. S., Liu S. L. Long-term reno-cardiovascular effects of orally administered aconiti tuber in humans. Am J Chin Med. 1990;18(1-2):25–33. doi: 10.1142/S0192415X90000058. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cohen A. J., Bartlik B. Ginkgo biloba for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther. 1998 Apr-Jun;24(2):139–143. doi: 10.1080/00926239808404927. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cupp M. J. Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Mar 1;59(5):1239–1245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. D'Angelo L., Grimaldi R., Caravaggi M., Marcoli M., Perucca E., Lecchini S., Frigo G. M., Crema A. A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study on the effect of a standardized ginseng extract on psychomotor performance in healthy volunteers. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986 Apr-May;16(1):15–22. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(86)90063-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. D'Arcy P. F. Adverse reactions and interactions with herbal medicines. Part 1. Adverse reactions. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev. 1991 Winter;10(4):189–208. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. D'Arcy P. F. Adverse reactions and interactions with herbal medicines. Part 2--Drug interactions. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev. 1993 Autumn;12(3):147–162. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. De Smet P. A. Health risks of herbal remedies. Drug Saf. 1995 Aug;13(2):81–93. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199513020-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Eisenberg D. M. Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Jul 1;127(1):61–69. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Eisenberg D. M., Davis R. B., Ettner S. L., Appel S., Wilkey S., Van Rompay M., Kessler R. C. Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. JAMA. 1998 Nov 11;280(18):1569–1575. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.18.1569. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Emerit I., Arutyunyan R., Oganesian N., Levy A., Cernjavsky L., Sarkisian T., Pogossian A., Asrian K. Radiation-induced clastogenic factors: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995 Jun;18(6):985–991. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(94)00220-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Engels H. J., Wirth J. C. No ergogenic effects of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) during graded maximal aerobic exercise. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Oct;97(10):1110–1115. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00271-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Ernst E., Rand J. I., Barnes J., Stevinson C. Adverse effects profile of the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.). Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998 Oct;54(8):589–594. doi: 10.1007/s002280050519. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Garges H. P., Varia I., Doraiswamy P. M. Cardiac complications and delirium associated with valerian root withdrawal. JAMA. 1998 Nov 11;280(18):1566–1567. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.18.1566-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Gerber G. S., Zagaja G. P., Bales G. T., Chodak G. W., Contreras B. A. Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: effects on urodynamic parameters and voiding symptoms. Urology. 1998 Jun;51(6):1003–1007. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00143-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Gordon D. W., Rosenthal G., Hart J., Sirota R., Baker A. L. Chaparral ingestion. The broadening spectrum of liver injury caused by herbal medications. JAMA. 1995 Feb 8;273(6):489–490. doi: 10.1001/jama.273.6.489. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Grimm W., Müller H. H. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med. 1999 Feb;106(2):138–143. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00406-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Hausen B. M. A 6-year experience with compositae mix. Am J Contact Dermat. 1996 Jun;7(2):94–99. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Ho N. K. Traditional Chinese medicine and treatment of neonatal jaundice. Singapore Med J. 1996 Dec;37(6):645–651. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Holgers K. M., Axelsson A., Pringle I. Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of tinnitus. Audiology. 1994 Mar-Apr;33(2):85–92. doi: 10.3109/00206099409071870. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Horowitz R. S., Feldhaus K., Dart R. C., Stermitz F. R., Beck J. J. The clinical spectrum of Jin Bu Huan toxicity. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Apr 22;156(8):899–903. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Hruby K., Csomos G., Fuhrmann M., Thaler H. Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin. Hum Toxicol. 1983 Apr;2(2):183–195. doi: 10.1177/096032718300200203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Huang W. [Ventricular tachyarrhythmias treated with berberine]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi. 1990 Jun;18(3):155-6, 190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Isaacsohn J. L., Moser M., Stein E. A., Dudley K., Davey J. A., Liskov E., Black H. R. Garlic powder and plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Jun 8;158(11):1189–1194. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.11.1189. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Itoh S., Marutani K., Nishijima T., Matsuo S., Itabashi M. Liver injuries induced by herbal medicine, syo-saiko-to (xiao-chai-hu-tang). Dig Dis Sci. 1995 Aug;40(8):1845–1848. doi: 10.1007/BF02212712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Ivaniv O. P. Rezul'taty zastosuvannia riznykh form ekstraktu hinkho biloba (EGb 761) u kompleksnomu likuvanni khvorykh na dystsyrkuliatornu entsefalopatiiu. Lik Sprava. 1998 Dec;(8):123–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Izumotani T., Ishimura E., Tsumura K., Goto K., Nishizawa Y., Morii H. An adult case of Fanconi syndrome due to a mixture of Chinese crude drugs. Nephron. 1993;65(1):137–140. doi: 10.1159/000187455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Janssen P. L., Meyboom S., van Staveren W. A., de Vegt F., Katan M. B. Consumption of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) does not affect ex vivo platelet thromboxane production in humans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Nov;50(11):772–774. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Jappe U., Bonnekoh B., Hausen B. M., Gollnick H. Garlic-related dermatoses: case report and review of the literature. Am J Contact Dermat. 1999 Mar;10(1):37–39. doi: 10.1016/s1046-199x(99)90092-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Jones B. D., Runikis A. M. Interaction of ginseng with phenelzine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1987 Jun;7(3):201–202. doi: 10.1097/00004714-198706000-00030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Josey E. S., Tackett R. L. St. John's wort: a new alternative for depression? Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999 Mar;37(3):111–119. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kamiyama T., Nouchi T., Kojima S., Murata N., Ikeda T., Sato C. Autoimmune hepatitis triggered by administration of an herbal medicine. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Apr;92(4):703–704. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kanerva L., Estlander T., Jolanki R. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from spices. Contact Dermatitis. 1996 Sep;35(3):157–162. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02334.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Kao W. F., Hung D. Z., Tsai W. J., Lin K. P., Deng J. F. Podophyllotoxin intoxication: toxic effect of Bajiaolian in herbal therapeutics. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1992 Nov;11(6):480–487. doi: 10.1177/096032719201100607. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Khin-Maung-U, Myo-Khin, Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, Aye-Kyaw, Tin-U Clinical trial of berberine in acute watery diarrhoea. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985 Dec 7;291(6509):1601–1605. doi: 10.1136/bmj.291.6509.1601. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Kiesewetter H., Jung F., Jung E. M., Mroweitz C., Koscielny J., Wenzel E. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;45(4):333–336. doi: 10.1007/BF00265950. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kleijnen J., Knipschild P. Ginkgo biloba for cerebral insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Oct;34(4):352–358. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1992.tb05642.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Ko R. J. Adulterants in Asian patent medicines. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 17;339(12):847–847. doi: 10.1056/nejm199809173391214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Koren G., Randor S., Martin S., Danneman D. Maternal ginseng use associated with neonatal androgenization. JAMA. 1990 Dec 12;264(22):2866–2866. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Larrey D. Accidents hépatiques de la phytothérapie. Presse Med. 1994 Apr 16;23(15):691–693. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Larrey D., Vial T., Pauwels A., Castot A., Biour M., David M., Michel H. Hepatitis after germander (Teucrium chamaedrys) administration: another instance of herbal medicine hepatotoxicity. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Jul 15;117(2):129–132. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-117-2-129. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Le Bars P. L., Katz M. M., Berman N., Itil T. M., Freedman A. M., Schatzberg A. F. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. 1997 Oct 22;278(16):1327–1332. doi: 10.1001/jama.278.16.1327. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Li M. H., Zhang H. L., Yang B. Y. [Effects of ginkgo leave concentrated oral liquor in treating asthma]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1997 Apr;17(4):216–218. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Lindahl O., Lindwall L. Double blind study of a valerian preparation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1989 Apr;32(4):1065–1066. doi: 10.1016/0091-3057(89)90082-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Linde K., Ramirez G., Mulrow C. D., Pauls A., Weidenhammer W., Melchart D. St John's wort for depression--an overview and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 1996 Aug 3;313(7052):253–258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.313.7052.253. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Liu C. X., Xiao P. G. Recent advances on ginseng research in China. J Ethnopharmacol. 1992 Feb;36(1):27–38. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(92)90057-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Luo H. C., Shen Y. C., Meng F. Q. [Therapeutic effect of shuxuening combining neuroleptics for the treatment of chronic schizophrenia--a double blind study]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 1997 Mar;17(3):139–142. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Makheja A. N., Bailey J. M. A platelet phospholipase inhibitor from the medicinal herb feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Prostaglandins Leukot Med. 1982 Jun;8(6):653–660. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. McCrindle B. W., Helden E., Conner W. T. Garlic extract therapy in children with hypercholesterolemia. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998 Nov;152(11):1089–1094. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.152.11.1089. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. McLean E. K. The toxic actions of pyrrolizidine (senecio) alkaloids. Pharmacol Rev. 1970 Dec;22(4):429–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Melchart D., Linde K., Worku F., Sarkady L., Holzmann M., Jurcic K., Wagner H. Results of five randomized studies on the immunomodulatory activity of preparations of Echinacea. J Altern Complement Med. 1995 Summer;1(2):145–160. doi: 10.1089/acm.1995.1.145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Miller A. L. St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum): clinical effects on depression and other conditions. Altern Med Rev. 1998 Feb;3(1):18–26. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Miller L. G. Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Nov 9;158(20):2200–2211. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Mouren X., Caillard P., Schwartz F. Study of the antiischemic action of EGb 761 in the treatment of peripheral arterial occlusive disease by TcPo2 determination. Angiology. 1994 Jun;45(6):413–417. doi: 10.1177/000331979404500601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Moyad M. A., Hathaway S., Ni H. S. Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and other alternative medicines for prostate cancer: an introduction and the need for more research. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999 May;17(2):103–110. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Mullins R. J. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust. 1998 Feb 16;168(4):170–171. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1998.tb126773.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Nadir A., Agrawal S., King P. D., Marshall J. B. Acute hepatitis associated with the use of a Chinese herbal product, ma-huang. Am J Gastroenterol. 1996 Jul;91(7):1436–1438. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. O'Hara M., Kiefer D., Farrell K., Kemper K. A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med. 1998 Nov-Dec;7(6):523–536. doi: 10.1001/archfami.7.6.523. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Oken B. S., Storzbach D. M., Kaye J. A. The efficacy of Ginkgo biloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 1998 Nov;55(11):1409–1415. doi: 10.1001/archneur.55.11.1409. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ondrizek R. R., Chan P. J., Patton W. C., King A. Inhibition of human sperm motility by specific herbs used in alternative medicine. J Assist Reprod Genet. 1999 Feb;16(2):87–91. doi: 10.1023/A:1022568823262. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Pattrick M., Heptinstall S., Doherty M. Feverfew in rheumatoid arthritis: a double blind, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis. 1989 Jul;48(7):547–549. doi: 10.1136/ard.48.7.547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Phillips S., Ruggier R., Hutchinson S. E. Zingiber officinale (ginger)--an antiemetic for day case surgery. Anaesthesia. 1993 Aug;48(8):715–717. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb07188.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Picciotto A., Campo N., Brizzolara R., Giusto R., Guido G., Sinelli N., Lapertosa G., Celle G. Chronic hepatitis induced by Jin Bu Huan. J Hepatol. 1998 Jan;28(1):165–167. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80217-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Plosker G. L., Brogden R. N. Serenoa repens (Permixon). A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drugs Aging. 1996 Nov;9(5):379–395. doi: 10.2165/00002512-199609050-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Pugh W. J., Sambo K. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in feverfew. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1988 Oct;40(10):743–745. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1988.tb07010.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Rabbani G. H., Butler T., Knight J., Sanyal S. C., Alam K. Randomized controlled trial of berberine sulfate therapy for diarrhea due to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae. J Infect Dis. 1987 May;155(5):979–984. doi: 10.1093/infdis/155.5.979. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Rosenblatt M., Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J Med. 1997 Apr 10;336(15):1108–1108. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199704103361518. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Roulet M., Laurini R., Rivier L., Calame A. Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea. J Pediatr. 1988 Mar;112(3):433–436. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80330-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Salmi H. A., Sarna S. Effect of silymarin on chemical, functional, and morphological alterations of the liver. A double-blind controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1982 Jun;17(4):517–521. doi: 10.3109/00365528209182242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Scaglione F., Cattaneo G., Alessandria M., Cogo R. Efficacy and safety of the standardised Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection against the common cold [corrected]. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1996;22(2):65–72. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Scaglione F., Ferrara F., Dugnani S., Falchi M., Santoro G., Fraschini F. Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1990;16(10):537–542. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Schmid R, Schick T, Steffen R, Tschopp A, Wilk T. Comparison of Seven Commonly Used Agents for Prophylaxis of Seasickness. J Travel Med. 1994 Dec 1;1(4):203–206. doi: 10.1111/j.1708-8305.1994.tb00596.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Shaw D., Leon C., Kolev S., Murray V. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf. 1997 Nov;17(5):342–356. doi: 10.2165/00002018-199717050-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Sheng W. D., Jiddawi M. S., Hong X. Q., Abdulla S. M. Treatment of chloroquine-resistant malaria using pyrimethamine in combination with berberine, tetracycline or cotrimoxazole. East Afr Med J. 1997 May;74(5):283–284. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Simmen U., Schweitzer C., Burkard W., Schaffner W., Lundstrom K. Hypericum perforatum inhibits the binding of mu- and kappa-opioid receptor expressed with the Semliki Forest virus system. Pharm Acta Helv. 1998 Jun;73(1):53–56. doi: 10.1016/s0031-6865(97)00049-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Smith P. F., Darlington C. L. Can vestibular compensation be enhanced by drug treatment? A review of recent evidence. J Vestib Res. 1994 May-Jun;4(3):169–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Spaulding-Albright N. A review of some herbal and related products commonly used in cancer patients. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Oct;97(10 Suppl 2):S208–S215. doi: 10.1016/s0002-8223(97)00767-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Srivastava K. C., Mustafa T. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) in rheumatism and musculoskeletal disorders. Med Hypotheses. 1992 Dec;39(4):342–348. doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(92)90059-l. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Steiner M., Lin R. S. Changes in platelet function and susceptibility of lipoproteins to oxidation associated with administration of aged garlic extract. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1998 Jun;31(6):904–908. doi: 10.1097/00005344-199806000-00014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Steinke B., Müller B., Wagner H. Biologische Standardisierungsmethode für Ginkgo-Extrakte. Planta Med. 1993 Apr;59(2):155–160. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959633. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Tamborini A., Taurelle R. Intérêt de l'extrait standardisé de Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) dans la prise en charge des symptômes congestifs du syndrome prémenstruel. Rev Fr Gynecol Obstet. 1993 Jul-Sep;88(7-9):447–457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Vale S. Subarachnoid haemorrhage associated with Ginkgo biloba. Lancet. 1998 Jul 4;352(9121):36–36. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79516-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Verma S. K., Singh J., Khamesra R., Bordia A. Effect of ginger on platelet aggregation in man. Indian J Med Res. 1993 Oct;98:240–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Visalyaputra S., Petchpaisit N., Somcharoen K., Choavaratana R. The efficacy of ginger root in the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting after outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy. Anaesthesia. 1998 May;53(5):506–510. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2044.1998.00369.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Vogler B. K., Pittler M. H., Ernst E. Feverfew as a preventive treatment for migraine: a systematic review. Cephalalgia. 1998 Dec;18(10):704–708. doi: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1998.1810704.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. White H. L., Scates P. W., Cooper B. R. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves inhibit monoamine oxidase. Life Sci. 1996;58(16):1315–1321. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00097-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Wilt T. J., Ishani A., Stark G., MacDonald R., Lau J., Mulrow C. Saw palmetto extracts for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review. JAMA. 1998 Nov 11;280(18):1604–1609. doi: 10.1001/jama.280.18.1604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Yun T. K., Choi S. Y. Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: a prospective study in Korea. Int J Epidemiol. 1998 Jun;27(3):359–364. doi: 10.1093/ije/27.3.359. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Zee-Cheng R. K. Shi-quan-da-bu-tang (ten significant tonic decoction), SQT. A potent Chinese biological response modifier in cancer immunotherapy, potentiation and detoxification of anticancer drugs. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Nov;14(9):725–736. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Zink T., Chaffin J. Herbal 'health' products: what family physicians need to know. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Oct 1;58(5):1133–1140. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES