Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1987 Jun;146(6):724–733.

Peptic ulcer disease. Pathophysiology and current medical management.

B F Scharschmidt
PMCID: PMC1307465  PMID: 3113079

Full text

PDF
724

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Adami H. O., Björklund O., Enander L. K., Gustavsson S., Löf L., Nordahl A., Rosén A. Cimetidine or propantheline combined with antacid therapy for short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer. Dig Dis Sci. 1982 May;27(5):388–393. doi: 10.1007/BF01295645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Ahlquist D. A., Dozois R. R., Zinsmeister A. R., Malagelada J. R. Duodenal prostaglandin synthesis and acid load in health and in duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterology. 1983 Sep;85(3):522–528. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allen A., Garner A. Mucus and bicarbonate secretion in the stomach and their possible role in mucosal protection. Gut. 1980 Mar;21(3):249–262. doi: 10.1136/gut.21.3.249. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Bardhan K. D. Refractory duodenal ulcer. Gut. 1984 Jul;25(7):711–717. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.7.711. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Boyd E. J., Wilson J. A., Wormsley K. G. Smoking impairs therapeutic gastric inhibition. Lancet. 1983 Jan 15;1(8316):95–97. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)91742-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Brandstaetter G., Kratochvil P. Comparison of two sucralfate dosages (2 g twice a day versus 1 g four times a day) in duodenal ulcer healing. Am J Med. 1985 Aug 30;79(2C):36–38. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90570-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Charlet N., Gallo-Torres H. E., Bounameaux Y., Wills R. J. Prostaglandins and the protection of the gastroduodenal mucosa in humans: a critical review. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985 Nov-Dec;25(8):564–582. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1985.tb02880.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Conn H. O., Blitzer B. L. Nonassociation of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic ulcer. N Engl J Med. 1976 Feb 26;294(9):473–479. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197602262940905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Cuppoletti J., Sachs G. Regulation of gastric acid secretion via modulation of a chloride conductance. J Biol Chem. 1984 Dec 10;259(23):14952–14959. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Elder J. B. Inhibition of acid and gastric carcinoids. Gut. 1985 Dec;26(12):1279–1283. doi: 10.1136/gut.26.12.1279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Fich A., Arber N., Sestieri M., Zajicek G., Rachmilewitz D. Effect of misoprostol and cimetidine on gastric cell labeling index. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jul;89(1):57–61. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90745-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Flemström G., Turnberg L. A. Gastroduodenal defence mechanisms. Clin Gastroenterol. 1984 May;13(2):327–354. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fordtran J. S., Morawski S. G., Richardson C. T. In vivo and in vitro evaluation of liquid antacids. N Engl J Med. 1973 May 3;288(18):923–928. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197305032881801. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Forte J. G., Black J. A., Forte T. M., Machen T. E., Wolosin J. M. Ultrastructural changes related to functional activity in gastric oxyntic cells. Am J Physiol. 1981 Nov;241(5):G349–G358. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1981.241.5.G349. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Freston J. W. Cimetidine: II. Adverse reactions and patterns of use. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Nov;97(5):728–734. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-728. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Gitlin N., McCullough A. J., Smith J. L., Mantell G., Berman R. A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled comparison of nocturnal and twice-a-day famotidine in the treatment of active duodenal ulcer disease. Gastroenterology. 1987 Jan;92(1):48–53. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(87)90838-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Goldberg M. A. Medical treatment of peptic ulcer disease: is it truly efficacious? Am J Med. 1984 Oct;77(4):589–591. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(84)90346-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gough K. R., Korman M. G., Bardhan K. D., Lee F. I., Crowe J. P., Reed P. I., Smith R. N. Ranitidine and cimetidine in prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse. A double-blind, randomised, multicentre, comparative trial. Lancet. 1984 Sep 22;2(8404):659–662. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)91224-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Graham D. Y., Akdamar K., Dyck W. P., Englert E., Jr, Strickland R. G., Achord J. L., Belsito A. A., Vlahcevic Z. R., Kornfield R. N., Long W. B. Healing of benign gastric ulcer: comparison of cimetidine and placebo in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 1985 May;102(5):573–576. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-102-5-573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gustavsson S., Adami H. O., Löf L., Nyberg A., Nyrén O. Rapid healing of duodenal ulcers with omeprazole: double-blind dose-comparative trial. Lancet. 1983 Jul 16;2(8342):124–125. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(83)90114-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Guth P. H. Pathogenesis of gastric mucosal injury. Annu Rev Med. 1982;33:183–196. doi: 10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.001151. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hallerbäck B., Anker-Hansen O., Carling L., Glise H., Solhaug J. H., Svedberg L. E., Wählby L. Short term treatment of gastric ulcer: a comparison of sucralfate and cimetidine. Gut. 1986 Jul;27(7):778–783. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.7.778. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hamilton I., O'Connor H. J., Wood N. C., Bradbury I., Axon A. T. Healing and recurrence of duodenal ulcer after treatment with tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate (TDB) tablets or cimetidine. Gut. 1986 Jan;27(1):106–110. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.1.106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hirst B. H., Forte J. G. Redistribution and characterization of (H+ + K+)-ATPase membranes from resting and stimulated gastric parietal cells. Biochem J. 1985 Nov 1;231(3):641–649. doi: 10.1042/bj2310641. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Ippoliti A., Elashoff J., Valenzuela J., Cano R., Frankl H., Samloff M., Koretz R. Recurrent ulcer after successful treatment with cimetidine or antacid. Gastroenterology. 1983 Oct;85(4):875–880. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ireland A., Colin-Jones D. G., Gear P., Golding P. L., Ramage J. K., Williams J. G., Leicester R. J., Smith C. L., Ross G., Bamforth J. Ranitidine 150 mg twice daily vs 300 mg nightly in treatment of duodenal ulcers. Lancet. 1984 Aug 4;2(8397):274–276. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90312-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Isenberg J. I., Peterson W. L., Elashoff J. D., Sandersfeld M. A., Reedy T. J., Ippoliti A. F., Van Deventer G. M., Frankl H., Longstreth G. F., Anderson D. S. Healing of benign gastric ulcer with low-dose antacid or cimetidine. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jun 2;308(22):1319–1324. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198306023082203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Kildebo S., Aronsen O., Bernersen B., Breckan R., Gjellestad A., Johnsen K., Sandvik A. Cimetidine, 800 mg at night, in the treatment of duodenal ulcers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Nov;20(9):1147–1150. doi: 10.3109/00365528509088886. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kleveland P. M., Larsen S., Sandvik L., Kristensen P., Johannessen T., Hafstad P. E., Sandbakken P., Løge I., Fjøsne U., Petersen H. The effect of cimetidine in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Experience with a multi-cross-over model. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Jan;20(1):19–24. doi: 10.3109/00365528509089627. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Konturek S. J., Brzozowski T., Piastucki I., Radecki T., Dembiński A., Dembińska-Kieć A. Role of locally generated prostaglandins in adaptive gastric cytoprotection. Dig Dis Sci. 1982 Nov;27(11):967–971. doi: 10.1007/BF01391740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Korman M. G., Shaw R. G., Hansky J., Schmidt G. T., Stern A. I. Influence of smoking on healing rate of duodenal ulcer in response to cimetidine or high-dose antacid. Gastroenterology. 1981 Jun;80(6):1451–1453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Lam S. K., Lee N. W., Koo J., Hui W. M., Fok K. H., Ng M. Randomised crossover trial of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate versus high dose cimetidine for duodenal ulcers resistant to standard dose of cimetidine. Gut. 1984 Jul;25(7):703–706. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.7.703. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lambers C. B., Lind T., Moberg S., Jansen J. B., Olbe L. Omeprazole in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Effects of a single dose and of long-term treatment in patients resistant to histamine H2-receptor antagonists. N Engl J Med. 1984 Mar 22;310(12):758–761. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198403223101205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Lauritsen K., Bytzer P., Hansen J., Bekker C., Rask-Madsen J. Comparison of ranitidine and high-dose antacid in the treatment of prepyloric or duodenal ulcer. A double-blind controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Jan;20(1):123–128. doi: 10.3109/00365528509089643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lauritsen K., Rune S. J., Bytzer P., Kelbaek H., Jensen K. G., Rask-Madsen J., Bendtsen F., Linde J., Højlund M., Andersen H. H. Effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on duodenal ulcer. A double-blind comparative trial. N Engl J Med. 1985 Apr 11;312(15):958–961. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198504113121505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Lee F. I., Reed P. I., Crowe J. P., McIsaac R. L., Wood J. R. Acute treatment of duodenal ulcer: a multicentre study to compare ranitidine 150 mg twice daily with ranitidine 300 mg once at night. Gut. 1986 Sep;27(9):1091–1095. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.9.1091. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Legerton C. W., Jr Duodenal and gastric ulcer healing rates: a review. Am J Med. 1984 Nov 19;77(5B):2–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Leung F. W., Robert A., Guth P. H. Gastric mucosal blood flow in rats after administration of 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 at a cytoprotective dose. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jun;88(6):1948–1953. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(85)90024-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Londong W., Londong V., Cederberg C., Steffen H. Dose-response study of omeprazole on meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and gastrin release. Gastroenterology. 1983 Dec;85(6):1373–1378. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Marks I. N., Wright J. P., Lucke W., Girdwood A. H. Relapse rates following initial ulcer healing with sucralfate and cimetidine. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1983;83:53–56. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Marshall B. J., Armstrong J. A., McGechie D. B., Glancy R. J. Attempt to fulfil Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust. 1985 Apr 15;142(8):436–439. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1985.tb113443.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Martin D. F., Hollanders D., May S. J., Ravenscroft M. M., Tweedle D. E., Miller J. P. Difference in relapse rates of duodenal ulcer after healing with cimetidine or tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate. Lancet. 1981 Jan 3;1(8210):7–10. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(81)90114-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Martin F., Farley A., Gagnon M., Bensemana D. Comparison of the healing capacities of sucralfate and cimetidine in the short-term treatment of duodenal ulcer: a double-blind randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 1982 Mar;82(3):401–405. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. McArthur K. E., Collen M. J., Maton P. N., Cherner J. A., Howard J. M., Ciarleglio C. A., Cornelius M. J., Jensen R. T., Gardner J. D. Omeprazole: effective, convenient therapy for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1985 Apr;88(4):939–944. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(85)80011-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. McCarthy D. M. Smoking and ulcers--time to quit. N Engl J Med. 1984 Sep 13;311(11):726–728. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198409133111108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Messer J., Reitman D., Sacks H. S., Smith H., Jr, Chalmers T. C. Association of adrenocorticosteroid therapy and peptic-ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1983 Jul 7;309(1):21–24. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198307073090105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Miyake T., Ariyoshi J., Suzaki T., Oishi M., Sakai M., Ueda S. Endoscopic evaluation of the effect of sucralfate therapy and other clinical parameters on the recurrence rate of gastric ulcers. Dig Dis Sci. 1980 Jan;25(1):1–7. doi: 10.1007/BF01312725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Nesland A. A., Berstad A. Effect of cimetidine in patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and erosive prepyloric changes. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Jun;20(5):629–635. doi: 10.3109/00365528509089708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Nielsen A. M., Stenderup J., Wandall J. H., Bonnevie O. Reduction of gastric acid secretion by 10 mg and 30 mg omeprazole once daily. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Dec;20(10):1236–1238. doi: 10.3109/00365528509089282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Nyrén O., Adami H. O., Bates S., Bergström R., Gustavsson S., Löf L., Nyberg A. Absence of therapeutic benefit from antacids or cimetidine in non-ulcer dyspepsia. N Engl J Med. 1986 Feb 6;314(6):339–343. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198602063140603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Peterson W. L., Sturdevant R. A., Frankl H. D., Richardson C. T., Isenberg J. I., Elashoff J. D., Sones J. Q., Gross R. A., McCallum R. W., Fordtran J. S. Healing of duodenal ulcer with an antacid regimen. N Engl J Med. 1977 Aug 18;297(7):341–345. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197708182970701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Pounder R. E. Duodenal ulcers that will not heal. Gut. 1984 Jul;25(7):697–702. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.7.697. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Poynter D., Pick C. R., Harcourt R. A., Selway S. A., Ainge G., Harman I. W., Spurling N. W., Fluck P. A., Cook J. L. Association of long lasting unsurmountable histamine H2 blockade and gastric carcinoid tumours in the rat. Gut. 1985 Dec;26(12):1284–1295. doi: 10.1136/gut.26.12.1284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Quatrini M., Basilisco G., Bianchi P. A. Treatment of 'cimetidine-resistant' chronic duodenal ulcers with ranitidine or cimetidine: a randomised multicentre study. Gut. 1984 Oct;25(10):1113–1117. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.10.1113. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Ramsey E. J., Carey K. V., Peterson W. L., Jackson J. J., Murphy F. K., Read N. W., Taylor K. B., Trier J. S., Fordtran J. S. Epidemic gastritis with hypochlorhydria. Gastroenterology. 1979 Jun;76(6):1449–1457. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Rathbone B. J., Wyatt J. I., Heatley R. V. Campylobacter pyloridis--a new factor in peptic ulcer disease? Gut. 1986 Jun;27(6):635–641. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.6.635. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Rees W. D., Turnberg L. A. Mechanisms of gastric mucosal protection: a role for the 'mucus-bicarbonate' barrier. Clin Sci (Lond) 1982 Apr;62(4):343–348. doi: 10.1042/cs0620343. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Richardson C. T. Sucralfate. Ann Intern Med. 1982 Aug;97(2):269–272. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-97-2-269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Robert A., Nezamis J. E., Lancaster C., Davis J. P., Field S. O., Hanchar A. J. Mild irritants prevent gastric necrosis through "adaptive cytoprotection" mediated by prostaglandins. Am J Physiol. 1983 Jul;245(1):G113–G121. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1983.245.1.G113. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Robinson M. Review of peptic ulcer maintenance trials. Am J Med. 1984 Nov 19;77(5B):23–29. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Ross I. N., Bahari H. M., Turnberg L. A. The pH gradient across mucus adherent to rat fundic mucosa in vivo and the effect of potential damaging agents. Gastroenterology. 1981 Oct;81(4):713–718. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Ryan F. P., Jorde R., Ehsanullah R. S., Summers K., Wood J. R. A single night time dose of ranitidine in the acute treatment of gastric ulcer: a European multicentre trial. Gut. 1986 Jul;27(7):784–788. doi: 10.1136/gut.27.7.784. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Rydning A., Weberg R., Lange O., Berstad A. Healing of benign gastric ulcer with low-dose antacids and fiber diet. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jul;91(1):56–61. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90438-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Schiller L. R., Fordtran J. S. Ulcer complications during short-term therapy of duodenal ulcer with active agents and placebo. Gastroenterology. 1986 Feb;90(2):478–481. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90950-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Sharon P., Cohen F., Zifroni A., Karmeli F., Ligumsky M., Rachmilewitz D. Prostanoid synthesis by cultured gastric and duodenal mucosa: Possible role in the pathogenesis of duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1983 Nov;18(8):1045–1049. doi: 10.3109/00365528309181838. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Silvis S. E. Final report on the United States Multicenter Trial comparing ranitidine to cimetidine as maintenance therapy following healing of duodenal ulcer. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1985 Dec;7(6):482–487. doi: 10.1097/00004836-198512000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Smith J. L. Clinical pharmacology of famotidine. Digestion. 1985;32 (Suppl 1):15–23. doi: 10.1159/000199257. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Sontag S., Graham D. Y., Belsito A., Weiss J., Farley A., Grunt R., Cohen N., Kinnear D., Davis W., Archambault A. Cimetidine, cigarette smoking, and recurrence of duodenal ulcer. N Engl J Med. 1984 Sep 13;311(11):689–693. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198409133111101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Souza Lima M. A. Ranitidine and hepatic injury. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Jul;105(1):140–140. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-105-1-140_1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Spiro H. M. Is the steroid ulcer a myth? N Engl J Med. 1983 Jul 7;309(1):45–47. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198307073090110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Ström M., Gotthard R., Bodemar G., Walan A. Antacid/anticholinergic, cimetidine, and placebo in treatment of active peptic ulcers. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1981;16(5):593–602. doi: 10.3109/00365528109182017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Talley N. J., McNeil D., Hayden A., Piper D. W. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of cimetidine and pirenzepine in nonulcer dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 1986 Jul;91(1):149–156. doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(86)90451-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Van Deventer G. M. Approaches to the long-term treatment of duodenal ulcer disease. Am J Med. 1984 Nov 19;77(5B):15–22. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Van Deventer G. M., Schneidman D., Walsh J. H. Sucralfate and cimetidine as single agents and in combination for treatment of active duodenal ulcers. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Med. 1985 Aug 30;79(2C):39–44. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90571-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Vantrappen G., Janssens J., Popiela T., Kulig J., Tytgat G. N., Huibregtse K., Lambert R., Pauchard J. P., Robert A. Effect of 15(R)-15-methyl prostaglandin E2 (arbaprostil) on the healing of duodenal ulcer: a double-blind multicenter study. Gastroenterology. 1982 Aug;83(2):357–363. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Wallmark B., Larsson H., Humble L. The relationship between gastric acid secretion and gastric H+,K+-ATPase activity. J Biol Chem. 1985 Nov 5;260(25):13681–13684. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Weberg R., Berstad A., Lange O., Schultz T., Aubert E. Duodenal ulcer healing with four antacid tablets daily. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1985 Nov;20(9):1041–1045. doi: 10.3109/00365528509088868. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Williams S. E., Turnberg L. A. Studies of the protective properties of gastric mucus. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1982;144:187–188. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9254-9_28. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Wormsley K. G. Assessing the safety of drugs for the long-term treatment of peptic ulcers. Gut. 1984 Dec;25(12):1416–1423. doi: 10.1136/gut.25.12.1416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Zeldis J. B., Friedman L. S., Isselbacher K. J. Ranitidine: a new H2-receptor antagonist. N Engl J Med. 1983 Dec 1;309(22):1368–1373. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198312013092206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES