Abstract
局部进展期直肠癌的治疗模式正由传统的“放疗-手术-化疗”固定路径,加速向以精准分层与多学科协作为核心的全程管理体系演进:机器人辅助技术提升了外科操作的精细度与功能保护,分子导向的新辅助与免疫治疗显著提高了疗效并为器官保留创造了条件,人工智能与液体活检实现了风险评估的量化预测与动态监测。这些变革在确保肿瘤学安全的前提下,推动了诊疗策略的微创化、高效化与个体化。本文将针对这一直肠癌精准治疗模式的现状与未来进行总结和展望。
Keywords: 直肠肿瘤, 精准医学, 肿瘤辅助疗法, 人工智能, 机器人手术
Abstract
The treatment paradigm for locally advanced rectal cancer is undergoing a fundamental transformation from the traditional fixed triad of "radiotherapy-surgery-chemotherapy" to a holistic eco-system centered on precision stratification and multidisciplinary collaboration. This review synthesizes the current landscape and future perspectives of this evolution across four key dimensions. First, in surgical innovation, robotic-assisted surgery has demonstrated superiority over conventional laparoscopy in the narrow pelvis. High-quality evidence indicates that robot-assisted surgery (RAS) not only ensures better oncological outcomes, such as lower circumferential resection margin positivity, but also significantly improves functional recovery, including urinary and sexual functions. The field is further advancing towards the integration of intraoperative navigation, fluorescence imaging, and 5G remote collaboration. Second, molecular-guided immunotherapy is reshaping neoadjuvant strategies. While patients with deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high (dMMR/MSI-H) status achieve high rates of clinical complete response with immune checkpoint inhibitors, creating opportunities for organ preservation strategies like "Watch and Wait", research in the proficient mismatch repair/microsatellite stable (pMMR/MSS) population is pivoting towards synergistic radio-immunotherapy combinations to overcome immune-cold microenvironments. Third, artificial intelligence and radiomics are enabling non-invasive quantitative risk stratification and treatment response prediction. Beyond preoperative assessment, computer vision is entering the operating room to identify critical anatomical structures (e.g., nerves, ureters) in real-time and objectively assess surgical quality. Finally, liquid biopsy, particularly circulating tumor DNA, has emerged as a critical biomarker for minimal residual disease. Dynamic monitoring complements morphological imaging to guide decisions on treatment intensification or de-escalation. Collectively, these advances are driving locally advanced rectal cancer management towards a "biologically-driven" and "function-preserving" model. Future efforts must focus on establishing standardized protocols for these technologies and validating their long-term benefits in survival and quality of life through high-quality, multi-center clinical trials.
Keywords: Rectal neoplasms, Precision medicine, Neoadjuvant therapy, Artificial intelligence, Robotic surgical procedures
长期以来,局部进展期直肠癌的治疗以放疗、手术与化疗的组合为基础。近年来,精准医学理念推动肿瘤治疗范式发生变化:一方面,分子靶向药物与免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)的快速发展,使“以肿瘤生物学为驱动”的治疗选择成为可能;另一方面,手术机器人的普及和人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)的发展为精准外科与精准评估提供了新路径。然而,精准医学并非“人人获益”,其临床价值依赖两类条件:一是可靠且可操作的分层工具,如影像高危因素、分子亚型、治疗反应与微小残留病灶(minimal residual disease,MRD)等;二是可落地的多学科协作流程,包括治疗时序、手术方式、随访强度与补救策略。因此,直肠癌精准治疗正在从单点技术发展转向多维度整合,即以精准外科为基础,以分子分层为牵引,以AI与分子监测为支撑,形成贯穿围手术期的动态评估与调整体系。
1. 机器人辅助手术
机器人辅助手术(robot-assisted surgery,RAS)在直肠癌中的价值主要体现于骨盆狭小空间内的视野控制与器械自由度。三维高清成像与腕式器械有助于层面辨识、精细止血与盆腔神经保护,从而提升直肠系膜全切除(total mesorectal excision,TME)及关键切缘控制的稳定性。REAL随机研究短期结果提示,相较腹腔镜,RAS在多项与根治质量相关的指标上更优,包括更低的环周切缘(circumferential resection margin,CRM)阳性率(4.0% vs. 7.2%)、更低的中转开腹率(1.7% vs. 3.9%),以及更低的并发症发生率(16.2% vs. 23.1%)[1]。远期随访进一步显示,中低位直肠癌患者3年局部区域复发率机器人组为1.6%,腹腔镜组为4.0%,且机器人组3年无病生存率(disease-free survival,DFS)具有优势(87.2% vs. 83.4%);此外,机器人组在术后早期排尿、性功能与排便功能方面更优,部分优势可持续至12个月[2]。上述结果提示,RAS的潜在价值不仅在于提高切缘与TME质量,也可能体现在以更低的功能代价实现同等或更优的肿瘤控制,从而使患者获得生存与生活质量的双重获益。
在技术路径上,RAS正与术中导航及实时显像加速融合。荧光成像结合吲哚菁绿(indocyanine green,ICG)用于输尿管识别或灌注评估,可提高关键结构辨识度并降低误伤风险[3]。平台迭代方面,单孔系统在减少切口与优化器械路径方面具有理论优势,但其在直肠癌中的适应证边界、学习曲线与长期结局仍需更多高质量数据[4]。未来发展方向将进一步聚焦机器人平台与5G远程协作、术中导航以及AI辅助决策的融合,以提升直肠癌手术的精准性与可及性。
2. 免疫治疗与器官保留策略
直肠癌免疫治疗呈现明确的“分子亚型驱动”特征。错配修复缺陷/微卫星高度不稳定(deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high,dMMR/MSI-H)、POLE/POLD突变及高肿瘤突变负荷(tumor mutational burden,TMB)等亚型对ICIs反应显著,已逐步成为免疫策略制定的重要分层依据。现有研究显示,在局部进展期直肠癌的特定人群中,单纯免疫治疗即可获得约60%~100%的临床完全缓解(clinical complete response,cCR)[5-7]。其临床意义不仅是提高缓解率,更在于为器官保留提供证据基础:在严格评估与严密随访前提下,部分患者可能通过等待观察(watch and wait,W&W)或局部切除获得长期控制,从而在肿瘤学安全基础上改善生活质量[8]。然而,目前针对此类患者的最佳免疫治疗方案仍待明确,包括免疫治疗周期数、评估时间窗、联合治疗的增益与安全性等需要进一步探索[9]。
对于错配修复完整/微卫星稳定(proficient mismatch repair/microsatellite stable,pMMR/MSS)人群,免疫治疗的主要限制在于免疫抑制微环境、低新抗原负荷及T细胞浸润不足,因此研究重心转向“联合增敏”。UNION研究在该方向提供了重要证据:在局部进展期直肠癌中,短程放疗序贯卡瑞利珠单抗联合CAPOX的病理完全缓解(pathological complete regression,pCR)率为39.8%,显著高于CAPOX对照组的15.3%(P<0.001)[10]。本团队开展的POLARSTAR随机Ⅱ期研究亦提示,在放化疗序贯联合替雷利珠单抗后,pCR获得显著提升(32.7% vs. 14.0%)[11]。目前已有多项Ⅱ期研究同样支持放疗与免疫治疗在直肠癌治疗中具有协同作用[12]。
总体来看,免疫联合策略的评价不应止步于pCR/cCR的提升,而应进一步回答其是否能够转化为局部复发下降、远处转移减少、永久造口率降低及功能结局改善等患者获益终点[13]。因此,直肠癌免疫治疗的未来研究方向主要包括:优化放疗与免疫治疗的协同方案与时序,并以多组学与多模态指标筛选获益人群;同时将器官保留纳入研究设计的核心终点体系,以肿瘤学与功能学双重终点评价方案的价值。
3. 人工智能与数智化外科
影像组学与AI为直肠癌提供了非侵入性、可重复的量化评估工具,可用于治疗前风险分层、治疗反应预测及预后评估,从而为个体化治疗决策提供支持。以预测新辅助放化疗后pCR为例,一项meta分析纳入34项研究,共计9 933例患者,结果显示影像AI模型预测pCR具有较高综合效能(受试者工作特征曲线下面积为0.90);亚组分析提示模型性能受研究设计、影像模态、数据来源与验证方式影响显著,且大部分研究缺少外部验证,因而限制了模型的落地应用[14]。未来应致力于建立标准化影像采集与标注流程,构建多中心、大样本的高质量公共数据集以强化外部验证。同时,需开发具有生物学可解释性的深度学习模型,并将影像学特征与基因组学、临床病理等多组学数据融合[15],提升模型的泛化能力与临床可信度,最终推动AI辅助诊断系统在真实临床场景中的前瞻性试验与落地应用。
除疗效预测外,AI在直肠癌外科领域的应用正逐步延伸至手术过程优化与质量评价。术中层面,计算机视觉可基于术野视频实现关键解剖结构与手术步骤识别,在接近输尿管、盆腔自主神经丛或重要血管等高风险区域时提供实时提示[16]。与ICG荧光成像结合时,AI可辅助灌注判读并降低主观差异,从而支持吻合口风险控制与围手术期决策。进一步而言,融合术野视频、器械轨迹与能量平台参数的模型有望对出血风险、过度牵拉与热损伤风险进行动态预警,推动术中风险控制由经验驱动走向数据驱动[17]。在质量控制与培训层面,AI可自动提取并量化手术过程指标,用于客观评估手术质量与学习曲线,并与病理质量指标(如CRM、TME完整性)形成互证,从而提升中心间一致性与培训效率[18-19]。
需要指出的是,AI术中应用的临床转化仍受制于高质量视频数据与标准化标注体系缺乏、跨中心域偏移、实时性与误报控制以及可解释性不足等问题。未来应在合规框架下推进多中心数据治理与统一采集标注标准,并通过前瞻性研究验证其对并发症、切缘质量、复发与功能结局等关键终点的真实增益。
4. 分子监测与分层治疗
分子监测方面,循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)与MRD检测正在把复发风险评估从影像形态层面前移至分子层面,并为分层治疗与动态管理提供新的工具。在局部进展期直肠癌多模态治疗背景下,ctDNA不仅可用于术后复发预警,也可在新辅助治疗过程中实现早期风险识别与疗效监测。前瞻性多中心研究提示,基线ctDNA丰度较高者预后更差;若在放化疗启动后的早期时间点ctDNA仍可检出,同样提示不良预后风险增加。进一步的组合分层策略显示,将ctDNA动态变化与基线ctDNA水平及肿瘤生物学指标联合,可更有效地区分长期结局,并在影像学复发之前提供预警信息,从而为更早的治疗调整与随访强化提供依据[20]。
ctDNA与治疗反应及残留风险的关系在全程新辅助治疗(total neoadjuvant therapy,TNT)与W&W策略中尤为关键。NOMINATE试验的伴随生物标志物研究显示,达到cCR或近cCR并进入非手术管理(non-operative management,NOM)的患者在TNT过程中ctDNA清除比例更高,而无明显反应者清除比例较低。更重要的是,再分期时点ctDNA阳性对存在病理残留具有极高的提示价值,并与更差的DFS相关;在NOM随访期间发生局部再生的病例中亦可观察到ctDNA阳性[21]。上述证据提示,ctDNA的临床作用更偏向于“风险警报器”:一旦ctDNA阳性,应高度警惕仍有肿瘤残留或存在更高的系统复发风险,从而触发更积极的评估与干预,而不宜将ctDNA阴性简单等同于可安全进入W&W的充分条件。因而,在器官保留策略中,ctDNA更合理的定位是与MRI、内镜及直肠指检共同构成互补证据链,以局部评估与分子风险评估相结合,优化进入标准、随访密度与补救治疗触发时机。
基于上述进展,未来分层治疗的关键将从“是否检测ctDNA”转向“如何用ctDNA驱动决策”。首先,应明确不同治疗节点的采样时间窗与阈值定义,形成可复制的检测与报告标准;其次,应将ctDNA动态变化与临床高危因素及影像反应联合建模,形成可审计的综合风险分层体系;最后,仍需通过前瞻性试验验证ctDNA阳性后的最优应对策略,包括治疗强化方式、序贯调整与随访方案。最终目标是在肿瘤学安全前提下实现分子驱动的动态管理,为器官保留与个体化随访提供可执行的证据框架。
综上所述,目前,局部进展期直肠癌的治疗正经历着从固定组合模式向精准整合范式的深刻变革。随着RAS技术的提升、新辅助策略的创新以及人工智能和液体活检技术的发展,直肠癌诊疗正逐步实现外科操作精准化、治疗决策个体化及全程管理动态化。未来,这一领域仍需致力于构建可复制的综合分层标准与多学科协作流程,通过高质量的临床研究验证技术整合对生存与功能的真实增益,在确保肿瘤学安全的前提下,真正实现患者生存获益与生活质量的双重提升。
Funding Statement
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0110904)和首都医科大学结直肠肿瘤临床诊疗与研究中心基金(1192070313)
Supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0110904) and Clinical Center for Colorectal Cancer, Capital Medical University (1192070313)
Footnotes
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明 高加勒:撰写论文;张忠涛:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。
References
- 1.Feng Q, Yuan W, Li T, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic surgery for middle and low rectal cancer (REAL): Short-term outcomes of a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(11):991–1004. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00248-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Feng Q, Yuan W, Li T, et al. Robotic vs laparoscopic surgery for middle and low rectal cancer: The REAL randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025;334(2):136–148. doi: 10.1001/jama.2025.8123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Aguilera Saiz L, Heerink WJ, Groen HC, et al. Feasibility of image-guided navigation with electromagnetic tracking during robot-assisted sentinel node biopsy: A prospective study. Eur Urol. 2025;87(4):482–490. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2024.07.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Kanno K, Yanai S, Sawada M, et al. Nerve-sparing deep endometriosis surgery with rectal discoid resection using da Vinci SP. Fertil Steril. 2024;122(4):758–760. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2024.07.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Emiloju OE, Sinicrope FA. Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for localized deficient mismatch repair colorectal cancer: A review. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9(12):1708–1715. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2023.3323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Chen G, Jin Y, Guan WL, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade with sintilimab in mismatch-repair deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer: An open-label, single-centre phase 2 study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;8(5):422–431. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00439-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Cercek A, Lumish M, Sinopoli J, et al. PD-1 blockade in mismatch repair-deficient, locally advanced rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(25):2363–2376. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2201445. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Cercek A, Foote MB, Rousseau B, et al. Nonoperative management of mismatch repair-deficient tumors. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(23):2297–2308. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2404512. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Hu H, Kang L, Zhang J, et al. Neoadjuvant PD-1 blockade with toripalimab, with or without celecoxib, in mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high, locally advanced, colo-rectal cancer (PICC): A single-centre, parallel-group, non-comparative, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(1):38–48. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00348-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Lin ZY, Zhang P, Chi P, et al. Neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy followed by camrelizumab and chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (UNION): Early outcomes of a multicenter randomized phase Ⅲ trial. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(10):882–891. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.06.015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Yang Y, Pang K, Lin G, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation with or without PD-1 blockade in locally advanced rectal cancer: A randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med. 2025;31(2):449–456. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03360-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Wang Y, Liu Y, Guan X, et al. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy and chemoradiotherapy for mismatch repair proficient locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiother Oncol. 2025;211:111073. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2025.111073. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Xia F, Chen Y, Zhou D, et al. Organ preservation via immunotherapy-based total neoadjuvant therapy in early low rectal cancer (TORCH-E): A multicenter, open-label, single-arm, phase Ⅱ study. Clin Cancer Res. 2025;31(23):4976–4984. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-25-0975. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Shen H, Jin Z, Chen Q, et al. Image-based artificial intelligence for the prediction of pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Radiol Med. 2024;129(4):598–614. doi: 10.1007/s11547-024-01796-w. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Foersch S, Glasner C, Woerl AC, et al. Multistain deep learning for prediction of prognosis and therapy response in colorectal can-cer. Nat Med. 2023;29(2):430–439. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02134-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Han F, Zhong G, Zhi S, et al. Artificial intelligence recognition system of pelvic autonomic nerve during total mesorectal excision. Dis Colon Rectum. 2025;68(3):308–315. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000003547. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Wang J, Zeng Z, Li Z, et al. The clinical application of artificial intelligence in cancer precision treatment. J Transl Med. 2025;23(1):120. doi: 10.1186/s12967-025-06139-5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Kitaguchi D, Takeshita N, Matsuzaki H, et al. Development and validation of a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network for automatic surgical skill assessment based on spatiotemporal video analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(8):e2120786. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.20786. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Igaki T, Kitaguchi D, Matsuzaki H, et al. Automatic surgical skill assessment system based on concordance of standardized surgical field development using artificial intelligence. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(8):e231131. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2023.1131. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Zhou J, Li L, Liu Y, et al. Circulating tumour DNA in predicting and monitoring survival of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing multimodal treatment: Long-term results from a prospective multicenter study. EBioMedicine. 2025;112:105548. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105548. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Akiyoshi T, Shinozaki E, Maeda Y, et al. ctDNA longitudinal analysis during total neoadjuvant therapy and nonoperative management for locally advanced rectal cancer: A biomarker study from the NOMINATE trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2025;31(24):5188–5197. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-25-1242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
