Abstract
胰腺腺鳞癌(pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma, PASC)是一种罕见的胰腺外分泌恶性肿瘤,兼具腺癌与鳞癌双重特征。相较于胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC),PASC表现出更强的侵袭性与异质性,且患者预后更差。PASC的生物学行为特殊,目前临床缺乏特异性的术前诊断方法和针对性的治疗策略,临床治疗多沿用PDAC方案,患者生存获益有限。此外,PASC的细胞起源与演化路径、分子分型图谱也有待阐明。本文系统综述了PASC的流行病学与临床病理特征,并探讨含铂化疗方案、放疗及免疫治疗在改善患者预后方面的潜在价值,同时,总结了PASC在克隆起源模式、独特的基因组和转录组改变以及肿瘤微环境异质性等方面的最新研究进展。
Keywords: 胰腺腺鳞癌, 流行病学, 免疫疗法, 多组学技术, 分子分型
Abstract
Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC) is a rare exocrine malignancy of the pancreas with an increasing incidence, histologically defined by the coexistence of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma components. Current pathological diagnosis typically requires the squamous component to comprise at least 30% of the tumor. However, this threshold remains controversial given the unconfirmed independent prognostic value of the extent of squamous differentiation. Compared with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), PASC exhibits greater aggressiveness and heterogeneity, contributing to a poorer prognosis with a median survival of approximately 9 months. Despite its distinct biological behavior, specific preoperative diagnostic methods and targeted therapeutic strategies remain elusive. Diagnostically, while PASC lacks specific molecular markers, the ring-enhancement sign observed in the arterial phase of contrast-enhanced CT may aid distinction from PDAC. Owing to the lack of standardized therapeutic strategies, treatment largely follows guidelines established for PDAC, offering limited survival benefits, though platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy show potential efficacy. Notably, the rationale for immunotherapy lies in the high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the squamous component and an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by specific checkpoint interactions, such as the TIGIT-CD155 axis. Furthermore, the cellular origin and evolutionary trajectory of PASC remain debated. While monoclonal origin is the prevailing theory, it remains unclear whether the squamous component arises from adenocarcinoma transdifferentiation or from pancreatic pluripotent stem cells. At the molecular level, PASC shares genomic and transcriptomic features with PDAC yet maintains a distinct identity. Concurrently, its tumor microenvironment (TME) displays unique landscapes, differing significantly from PDAC in immune and stromal components like T cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Moreover, marked intratumoral heterogeneity is observed between the adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma regions within the same tumor. Future efforts should prioritize multi-omics and laser microdissection technologies to establish a refined molecular classification system, alongside the integration of liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted radiomics for accurate preoperative diagnosis. This comprehensive strategy is essential to shift clinical practice from empirical treatment to personalized precision medicine, ultimately improving outcomes for this refractory disease. This article systematically reviews the epidemiology and clinicopathological features of PASC, and specifically explores the therapeutic potential of platinum-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, special attention is given to recent advances in monoclonal origin patterns, unique genomic and transcriptomic alterations, and TME heterogeneity.
Keywords: Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma, Epidemiology, Immunotherapy, Multi-omics, Molecular typing
胰腺癌是消化系统恶性程度最高的肿瘤,患者的5年生存率仅为13%[1-2]。胰腺腺鳞癌(pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma,PASC)[3]是一种罕见的胰腺外分泌恶性肿瘤,典型病理特征为腺癌与鳞癌成分共存。传统观点认为,相较于胰腺导管腺癌(pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma,PDAC),PASC具有更强的侵袭性及更差的临床预后,患者中位生存期仅约9个月[4-5]。目前,针对PASC的临床诊疗研究进展依然有限,治疗大多沿用PDAC治疗方案,亟需开发术前诊断方法和新的治疗策略以改善患者的远期预后。同时,PASC的细胞起源及分子分型图谱尚未完全阐明,其肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)与PDAC之间的差异也有待系统解析。为此,本文将对PASC的流行病学、临床病理特征及基础研究的最新进展进行系统综述。
1. PASC的流行病学及临床病理特征
PASC的发病率占胰腺外分泌恶性肿瘤的1%~4%[4],基于美国癌症监测、流行病学和结果数据库(surveillance, epidemiology, and end results,SEER)的分析显示,PASC的发病率以每年约3.93%的速度上升,增速快于PDAC[6]。PASC的好发年龄与PDAC类似,患者的中位诊断年龄多在60~70岁[5, 7-8],男性发病率略高于女性[9]。PASC可以发生于胰腺的任何部位,以胰头部最为常见,然而,与PDAC相比,PASC发生在胰体尾部的比例相对更高[5, 10-12]。尽管PASC与PDAC的初诊肿瘤分期相似,但PASC患者中低分化肿瘤的比例较高[5, 13-14]。在一项包含33名患者的单中心研究中发现,PASC中的腺癌成分更易发生淋巴结转移,而鳞癌成分更易发生血管浸润,二者在周围神经浸润方面没有显著差别[15]。根据世界卫生组织消化系统肿瘤分类标准,PASC的确诊依据为肿瘤组织中必须同时存在腺癌和鳞癌两种成分,且鳞癌成分至少占肿瘤总体积的30%[4],然而,目前关于其鳞癌成分的比例阈值在学界尚无定论。Voong等[15]的研究显示,鳞癌成分大于30%和小于30%的患者在中位生存期上并无显著差异。Kardon等[16]和Murakami等[17]的研究也指出,人为设定30%这一阈值可能较为武断,两项研究主张在常规组织病理切片中只要观察到明确的恶性鳞状细胞分化,即可支持PASC的诊断。目前尚无研究证实PASC中鳞状分化比例的独立预后价值,且这种病理形态学定义的争议提示我们需要从分子生物学层面寻找更精确的PASC诊断标准。
PASC的临床症状缺乏特异性,多数患者表现为腹痛、背痛、无痛性黄疸、食欲不振和体重减轻。值得注意的是,数篇病例报道提示PASC患者存在恶性肿瘤相关的高钙血症[18-20]。UPF1基因的体细胞突变被认为是区分PDAC和PASC的潜在分子标志。Liu等[21]的研究显示,在23例PASC患者中,有18例(78.3%)检测到UPF1突变,而在作为对照的50例非PASC胰腺癌及肺鳞癌患者中均未检出该突变。然而,这一标志物的可靠性尚存争议,Lenkiewicz等[22]报道,在其研究的PASC样本和患者来源的异种移植模型中均未检测到UPF1突变。在一项包含56例PASC患者的研究中,62.5%的患者表现出糖类抗原19-9 (carbohydrate antigen 19-9,CA19-9)水平显著升高,初始诊断时的中位值为99.6 U/mL(正常<37 U/mL),而仅有23.2%的患者表现出癌胚抗原轻微升高[13]。增强CT检查显示, 动脉期肿瘤中心低密度区被周围明亮的薄层强化环所包绕形成的环形强化特征,可作为鉴别PDAC和PASC的重要依据。一项针对23例PASC和46例非PASC胰腺肿瘤(其中43例为PDAC)的研究表明,该特征诊断PASC的敏感性为65.2%,特异性为89.6%[23]。此外,PASC与PDAC相比,在正电子发射计算机断层显像(positron emission tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT)中通常表现为更高的 18F-氟脱氧葡萄糖摄取[12],镓-67扫描也可能对PASC的诊断具有一定的辅助价值[24]。尽管分子生物学与影像学研究为PASC的诊断带来了新视角,但目前在术前准确鉴别PDAC和PASC仍存在困难,在未来,液体活检和人工智能辅助影像组学等新技术的应用,有望成为实现PASC术前准确诊断的有效手段。
目前,PASC尚无特异性的临床治疗方案,其治疗主要遵循PDAC的相关指南。多项回顾性队列研究指出,手术切除能为PASC患者带来明确的生存获益[10-11, 25],即使是R1切除,其预后也显著优于姑息治疗[26]。需指出的是,能够接受手术的患者多为身体状况良好且肿瘤分期较早者,因此上述回顾性研究可能存在显著的选择偏倚。含铂化疗方案与非铂化疗方案相比,显著提升了患者的中位生存期(19.1个月vs. 10.7个月,P=0.015)[27]。此外,相较于单纯化疗或放疗,联合放化疗能够显著改善PASC患者的预后,而PDAC患者未能从辅助放疗中获益,或许与鳞癌对放疗更加敏感相关[28-29]。手术联合新辅助化疗或术后辅助化疗均能显著改善患者预后,且两者在生存获益上的差异无统计学意义[25]。多项研究表明,PASC中程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death-ligand 1,PD-L1)的阳性率或表达水平高于PDAC,且主要表达于鳞癌成分中[13, 30-31],这为PASC的免疫治疗提供了理论基础。除了PD-1/PD-L1轴,有研究还进一步发现,PASC组织中的TIGIT+CD8+ T淋巴细胞和CD155+CD68+巨噬细胞在空间上密切共定位,与患者更短的总生存期和无复发生存期显著相关,且此类患者对于化疗的反应更差,这一结果不仅提示TIGIT/CD155信号轴可能参与了PASC的免疫逃逸和治疗抵抗,也凸显了其作为PASC潜在免疫治疗靶点的重要价值[32]。虽然SEER和美国国家癌症数据库(National Cancer Database,NCDB)对PASC总体生存期的结论不同[5, 10, 29],但均指出其术后生存期显著短于PDAC[5, 10]。综上,鉴于PASC具有高侵袭性,且患者从常规手术和化疗中获益有限,因此,积极探索含铂化疗方案、放疗以及新辅助化疗在PASC中的疗效,以及深入解析PASC的TME特征并开发精准治疗策略是未来十分有前景的方向。
2. PASC主要起源于腺癌转分化或多能干细胞分化
PASC中鳞癌成分的来源一直是研究热点,目前主要存在碰撞瘤、鳞状化生和干细胞起源三种假说。碰撞瘤假说认为,PASC中的腺、鳞癌成分分别起源于胰腺中两个独立的祖细胞克隆,两种肿瘤在同一器官内独立发生并融合[33]。然而,基因组学研究证实,同一患者的腺、鳞癌区域共享关键驱动突变及拷贝数变异,确立了PASC的单克隆起源模式[34],因此,碰撞瘤假说可能仅能解释极少数偶发病例,而非PASC的主要发生机制。鳞状化生假说认为,鳞癌成分来源于既有腺癌的转分化,PASC组织病理切片中兼具腺、鳞癌形态特征及标志物的过渡态细胞为此假说提供了直接证据[35-37],转录因子TP63被认为是驱动这一转化的关键[38-39]。干细胞起源假说认为,PASC直接起源于具有多向分化潜能的胰腺多能干细胞或祖细胞,一群MSI2+且过表达c-MYC的细胞具有分化为包括PDAC、PASC在内的多种胰腺肿瘤的潜力[40]。单细胞测序与全基因组染色质开放性测序也在PASC中鉴定出具有干细胞特征的亚群[22, 41]。深入剖析PASC的肿瘤内异质性及其克隆演化架构,是理解其起源与恶性本质的关键。随着多组学技术的发展,激光显微切割技术可精准分离PASC中的腺癌与鳞癌成分,进而利用全外显子测序分别获取二者的基因突变谱,并结合单细胞空间转录组及蛋白组技术对同一瘤内区域进行TME解析,有望阐明PASC的克隆起源模式,并揭示驱动肿瘤内异质性的关键机制,从而为发现新的治疗靶点提供重要线索。
3. 胰腺腺鳞癌具有独特的遗传背景和复杂TME
相较于PDAC,PASC在基因组学、转录组学以及TME层面展现出了独特且复杂的图谱。在基因组层面,PASC虽与PDAC共享KRAS、TP53、SMAD4和CDKN2A等高频突变[22, 34, 42],但PASC也有一些独特的遗传学改变,例如PASC中染色体3p缺失频率显著高于PDAC,在这段染色体中包含有FHIT、ROBO1、ROBO2和WNT5A等抑癌基因[34]。此外,CDKN1B、SF3B1、PTEN、BCL9等基因更高的突变率以及c-MYC的扩增和更高的肿瘤突变负荷也是PASC不同于PDAC的特点[22, 31, 43]。在特定基因缺失组合的动物模型中,Trp53与Tgfbr2联合缺失可诱发小鼠PDAC,而Trp53与Smad4联合缺失则能产生模拟人类PASC(即同时包含腺癌和鳞癌成分)的病变[44]。Trp53与Smad4联合缺失的肿瘤细胞中表现出显著的Tp63上调和Notch1信号下调[44]。这一结论在大规模的人类胰腺肿瘤转录组测序结果中也得到了印证,相比PDAC,PASC的TP63、SOX2、NOTCH1和NFE2L2的表达分别上调了49.0倍、4.2倍、1.7倍和1.3倍[43]。PASC相较PDAC具有独特的免疫逃逸TME,PASC中的细胞毒性T细胞和记忆T细胞的密度显著较低,而免疫抑制性巨噬细胞在PASC中分布增加,且这些巨噬细胞更多表现为发挥免疫抑制作用的M2型[31, 41, 45-46]。PASC的肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)在亚型构成比例上有别于PDAC,并可能经由表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)通路与肿瘤细胞发生互作[41, 46]。同时,过表达PASC鳞状表型重要驱动因子TP63的胰腺癌细胞系可以诱导胰腺星状细胞向炎性肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts,iCAFs)转化[47]。在PASC内部,其相较PDAC也表现出独特的TME特征,鳞癌区域中抑制性免疫细胞与肿瘤细胞的空间距离更近,且相较腺癌区域含有更多耗竭的T细胞[31]。PASC具有独特的遗传背景和TME,利用多组学技术,可以系统解析PASC的TME特征,并揭示其与相应遗传背景之间的内在关联,从而构建PASC的分子分型体系,这为未来开发区别于PDAC的精准治疗策略奠定了理论基础。
4. 总结与展望
综上所述,PASC在临床预后、组织起源及分子特征等方面均表现出与PDAC截然不同的特性,提示其应被视为一种独立的胰腺恶性肿瘤亚型。目前,临床上在术前确诊PASC具有极大的挑战性。超声内镜引导细针穿刺虽是常规手段,但由于活检取材的局限性,往往仅取到腺癌成分而导致误诊为PDAC。未来,基于液体活检(如循环肿瘤DNA、循环肿瘤细胞等)及人工智能辅助影像组学的新型诊断技术有望提升术前诊断率。
PASC的治疗也不应简单沿用PDAC方案,含铂化疗方案和放疗在PASC治疗中可能具有良好效果,而基于PASC独特TME的免疫治疗在PASC的应用价值也值得进一步探索。为了克服上述难题,未来亟需利用多组学技术,深入解析PASC中腺癌和鳞癌的细胞起源,建立PASC的精细分子分型体系,从而为PASC精准治疗策略提供理论参考。有研究表明,Trp53与Smad4联合缺失可诱导小鼠形成病理特征与人PASC高度相似的肿瘤[44],从而为相关临床前研究提供了一个可靠的动物模型。
由于PASC发病率低,单中心的病例积累往往需要数十年,导致样本跨度大、治疗方案不均一、随访数据缺失,难以得出高等级的循证医学证据。未来须建立多中心协作网络,构建标准化的PASC临床病理与生物样本库,进而全面解析其生物学特征,发现和验证新的治疗靶点,最终改善这种难治性肿瘤患者的预后。
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金(82541012、82571996)
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82541012, 82571996)
Footnotes
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明 潘子晨、陈凯:提出综述主题与核心问题,构建综述框架,撰写论文初稿;侯钰坤、杨博涵:文献检索与筛选;张继新、马永蔌:语言润色与规范性检查;杨尹默、田孝东:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。
Contributor Information
田 孝东 (Xiaodong TIAN), Email: tianxiaodong@pkufh.com.
杨 尹默 (Yinmo YANG), Email: Yangyinmosci@bjmu.edu.cn.
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