Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Cancer Biomarkers: Section A of Disease Markers logoLink to Cancer Biomarkers: Section A of Disease Markers
. 2018 Feb 14;21(3):731–741. doi: 10.3233/CBM-170865

EGFR and AKT1 overexpression are mutually exclusive and associated with a poor survival in resected gastric adenocarcinomas

Iacopo Petrini a,*, Monica Lencioni a, Enrico Vasile a, Lorenzo Fornaro a, Lorenzo Belluomini a, Giulia Pasquini a, Laura Ginocchi a, Chiara Caparello a, Gianna Musettini a, Caterina Vivaldi a, Sara Caponi a, Sergio Ricci a, Agenese Proietti b, Gabriella Fontanini b, Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato c, Vincenzo Nardini d, Stefano Santi e, Alfredo Falcone a
PMCID: PMC13078293  PMID: 29278885

Abstract

PURPOSE:

The evaluation of molecular targets in gastric cancer has demonstrated the predictive role of HER2 amplification for trastuzumab treatment in metastatic gastric cancer. Besides HER2, other molecular targets are under evaluation in metastatic gastric tumors. However, very little is known about their role in resected tumors. We evaluated the expression of HER2, EGFR, MET, AKT1 and phospho-mTOR in resected stage II–III adenocarcinomas.

METHODS:

Ninety-two patients with resected stomach (63%) or gastro-esophageal adenocarcinomas (27%) were evaluated. Antibodies anti-HER2, EGFR, MET, AKT1 and phospho-mTOR were used for immunostaining of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slides. Using FISH, HER2 amplification was evaluated in cases with an intermediate (+2) staining.

RESULTS:

EGFR overexpression (11%) was a poor prognostic factor for overall survival (3-year OS: 47% vs 77%; Log-Rank p= 0.033). MET overexpression (36%) was associated with a trend for a worse survival (3-year OS: 65% vs 77%; Log-Rank p= 0.084). HER2 amplification/overexpression and mTOR hyper-phosphorylation were observed in 13% and 48% of tumors, respectively. AKT1 overexpression (8%) was not a prognostic factor by itself (p= 0.234). AKT1 and EGFR overexpression was mutually exclusive and patients with EGFR or AKT1 overexpression experienced a poor prognosis (3-year OS: 52% vs. 79%, Log-Rank p= 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS:

EGFR is confirmed a poor prognostic factor in resected gastric cancers. We firstly describe a mutually exclusive overexpression of EGFR and AKT1 with potential prognostic implications, suggesting the relevance of this pathway for the growth of gastric cancers.

Keywords: Gastric cancer, gastro-esophageal junction cancer, EGFR, AKT1, MET

1. Introduction

The incidence of gastric cancer in Europe has been estimated in 140 new cases per 100,000 persons [1]. Although the new diagnoses of stomach cancer are declining in western countries, the relative incidence of adenocarcinomas of the gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) is increasing [2, 3]. In Italy, stomach and GEJ cancers are the fifth more lethal neoplasms [1]. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment in localized tumors but often is not curative and most of stage II and III patients recur despite a complete resection (R0). Perioperative chemotherapy is helpful to reduce the risk of relapses and prolongs the overall survival of patients with gastric cancer [4, 5]. Tumors of the GEJ may benefit from the addition of a neoadjuvant radiation treatment [6, 7]. Metastatic tumors are treated with palliative chemotherapy and those with HER2 amplification are candidates to receive trastuzumab since it can prolong their survival (median OS 13.8 vs 11.1 months; hazard ratio (HR) 0.74, 95% CI, 0.60–0.91; P= 0.0048 [8]). Besides HER2 amplification, other molecular markers are candidate for targeted therapies and are under investigation. The overexpression of EGFR (27–44%), MET (50–73.3%), FGFR2 (53–31%) and the activation of m-TOR and AKT1 pathways have been described in metastatic gastric cancers. The overexpression of EGFR and MET has a negative impact on patients’ prognosis [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18].

However, in locally advanced (stages II–III) gastric and GEJ cancers, limited data are available regarding the expression of tyrosine kinase receptors and the activation of the related intracellular signaling pathways. Moreover, an integrative analysis of the expression of multiple markers is missing in this setting of patients. Therefore, we evaluated the expression of HER2, EGFR, MET, AKT1 and phospho-m-TOR in a series of 92 patients who underwent to surgical resection for stages II and III gastric and GEJ adenocarcinomas. These biomarkers have been chosen with the idea of a possible targeted treatment since inhibitors are available in the clinical and research settings.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Patients

This retrospective evaluation included 92 consecutive patients who underwent to surgical resection at University Hospital of Pisa. Evidence of distant metastases and macroscopic residual disease (R2) after surgical resection were exclusion criteria. All tumors were adenocarcinoma and originated from the stomach and the GEJ. The histological diagnosis was assessed according to Laurén’s classification, whereas stage and the grade of differentiation were defined according to 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system (TNM). Patients’ Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was assessed. The ethical committee of the northwest Tuscany approved this protocol and patients gave their written consent to this molecular characterization that was conducted in accordance to the Declaration of Helsinki.

2.2. Immunohistochemistry

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) surgical specimens were retrieved and a pathologist (A.P.) reviewed the diagnosis and assessed the archival material for quantity and quality. Four μm slides were cut and stained using the Ventana Benchmark system and the Ultra-view Universal DAB Detection kit (Roche Diagnostics). The followings were used as primary antibodies: anti-EGFR (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), anti-HER2 (DAKO, Denmark), anti-MET (Santa Cruz Biotechologies, Santa Cruz, CA), anti-AKT1 (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA) and anti-phospho-mTOR (Cell Signaling Technology). A pathologist determined the percentage of positive cells and the intensity of the staining: negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2) or strong (3). A rank was given according to the percentage of positive cells: 0 for 0–5% of stained cells, 1 for 6–26%, 2 for 26–50%, 3 for 51–75% and 4 for 76–100%. Thereafter, a score (0–12) was calculated multiplying the intensity by percentage rank value of stained cells. Finally, the immunohistochemistry results were scored IHC-4 (scores 12, 11 and 10), IHC-3 (9, 8 and 7), IHC-2 (6, 5 and 4), IHC-1 (3, 2 and 1) and IHC-0 (0, Fig. 1A). EGFR (Fig. 1B, C), AKT1 (Fig. 1D, E) and phospho-mTOR were overexpressed if the staining score was IHC-3/4. In line with previous reports, IHC-2/3/4 defined MET overexpression [19]. Conversely, HER2 staining was evaluated according to Hofmann et al. guidelines [10]: the same adopted in the TOGA trial [8].

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Open in a new tab

(A) Flow chart of the performed tests. The flow chart indicates the number of patients evaluable for each protein, the cases with a positive staining and the tumors with overexpression of HER2, MET, EGFR, AKT1 and phospho-mTOR. *HER2 overexpression includes cases with IHC-3+ positivity and IHC-2+ positivity, coupled with FISH amplification. A different number of cases were evaluable for different immunohistochemical staining according to the availability of the archival material. Immunohistochemistry pictures of EGFR positive (B) and negative (C) staining. Immunohistochemistry pictures of AKT1 positive (D) and negative (E) staining.

2.3. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization

Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to determine HER2 amplification in cases with a 2+ positive immunohistochemistry staining. The pharmDx test kit (Dako) was employed according to vendor instructions. The data were analyzed according to what previously reported by Hofmann et al. [10].

2.4. Statistical analysis

The correlation between protein expression and clinical features has been analyzed using the Fisher’s exact or the χ2 tests when appropriate. All tests were two-tails and considered significant for p< 0.05. Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the date of surgery to the date of death for any cause; patients alive at the time of the data analysis were censored. Disease Free Survival (DFS) was calculated from the date of surgery to the date of relapse or death for any cause. Patients without evidence of tumor progression were censored if still alive at the time of data analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated and differences analyzed using the Log-Rank test. The Cox proportional hazard model was built for the multivariate survival analysis. All tests were performed using SPSS version 21 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL).

3. Results

3.1. Patients

The median age at the diagnosis was 67.5 years (range 33–85; patients’ characteristics are summarized in Table 1). All tumors were adenocarcinoma, 25 (27%) occurred in the GEJ and 67 (73%) in the stomach. GEJ tumors were more common in males (34%) than in female (15%) with a trend towards significance (Chi-Square p= 0.053). Intestinal type adenocarcinomas had predominantly a well-moderately degree of differentiation (G1-2), whereas those with mixed and diffuse histology were less differentiated (G3-4, Chi-square p< 0.001). At the time of data analysis, with a median follow-up of 32 months (95% CI: 25–39), 22 patients died and 44 had a recurrence of the disease. All patients without evidence of the disease (NED) were alive at the time of data analysis. The median OS has not been reached at the time of data analysis: at 3 years, 73% of patients were still alive. The median DFS was 29 months (95% CI: 19–39). Tumor stage was a significant prognostic factor both for DFS (3-year DFS stage II = 63%, stage III = 37%, Log-Rank p= 0.011) and OS (3-year OS stage II = 86%, stage III = 64%, Log-Rank p= 0.018). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 70% of patients: 10% received a perioperative and 60% a postoperative treatment. 100% and 72% of patients with R1 and R0 resection received adjuvant chemotherapy, respectively. Patients with a better performance status (PS; PS0 82%, PS1 63%, PS2 22%, p= 0.001) and with a younger age (< 70y 88% and ⩾ 70y 50%, p< 0.001) were more likely to be treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients received adjuvant treatments: 10% perioperative and 60% postoperative chemotherapy. Patients who received perioperative chemotherapy were treated with schedule containing a fluoropyrimidine (5-flouracil or capecitabine) and a platinum compound (cisplatin or oxaliplatin). Only 30% of perioperative schedule included epirubicin. Postoperative chemotherapy was a monotherapy with a fluoropyrimidine in 16 patients, the combination of epirubicin, platinum and a fluoropyrimidine in 7 patients and a doublet in the remaining.

Table 1.

Patients’ characteristics

Median Age 67.5 (Range 33–85)
Patients Percentage
Sex
 Male 59 64%
 Female 33 36%
Site of the tumor
 Distal esophagus 7 8%
 Cardias 18 20%
 Stomach 67 73%
Laurén’s classification
 Intestinal 47 51%
 Diffuse 26 28%
 Mixed 15 16%
 Nc 4
Grading
 G1 1 1%
 G2 25 27%
 G3 53 58%
 G4 6 7%
 Gx 7 8%
Stage (7th AJCC)
 IIA 11 12%
 IIB 26 28%
 IIIA 18 20%
 IIIB 30 33%
 IIIC 7 8%
Completeness of resection
 R0 86 93%
 R1 6 7%
Adjuvant treatments
 Perioperative CT 7 8%
 Perioperative CT-RT 2 2%
 Postoperative CT 53 58%
 Postoperative CT-RT 2 2%
 Surgery alone 28 30%
Palliative treatments
 Relapsed patients 44 48%
 I line CT 14 15%
 II line CT 7 8%
 > II line CT 6 7%
 No treatment 17 18%
Open in a new tab

Nc = not classified; Gx the grading was undeterminable; R0 complete resection; R1 microscopic residual disease; CT chemotherapy; RT radiotherapy; AJCC American Joint Cancer Committee; I line CT: patents that received only the firs line of treatment for the relapsed disease; II line CT: patient that received 2 lines of chemotherapy for the relapsed disease; > II line CT: patients who received more than 2 lines of chemotherapy for the relapsed disease; no treatment: patients that did not received chemotherapy despite they experienced a relapse of the disease.

3.2. Overexpression of biomarkers

EGFR was overexpressed in 11% of the patients (Fig. 1A–C). Patients with EGFR overexpression had a worse OS than those without (3-year OS: 47% and 77%, respectively; Log-Rank p= 0.033; Fig. 2a) but only a trend for a shorter DFS (3-year DFS: 40% and 48%, respectively; Log-Rank p= 0.452; Fig. 2b). EGFR overexpression and tumor stage were independent prognostic factors for OS in the multivariate model that included both of them (HR = 0.32, p= 0.026 and HR = 0.37, p= 0.044, respectively; Table 2).

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Open in a new tab

Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival and disease free survival of tumors with (EGFR+) and without (EGFR-) EGFR overexpression (a and b, respectively); with (HER2+) and without (HER2-) HER2 amplification (c and d, respectively); with (MET+) and without (MET-) MET overexpression (e and f, respectively).

Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate survival analysis for OS

Group-1 Group-2 p-value HR 95%CI-Low 95%CI-High
Univariate analysis
 Sex Female Male 0.772 1.135 0.483 2.663
 Organ Junction Stomach 0.967 1.019 0.412 2.520
 Lauren classification Intestinal Diffuse/Mix 0.384 0.681 0.287 1.681
 Stage Stage II Stage III 0.024* 0.316 0.116 0.862
 Grading G1-2 G3-4 0.666 1.222 0.492 3.037
 Resection R0 R1 0.536 0.631 0.147 2.712
 HER2 overexpression No Yes 0.273 3.093 0.411 23.260
 MET overexpression No Yes 0.091 0.484 0.209 1.123
 EGFR overexpression No Yes 0.040* 0.371 0.144 0.958
 AKT1 overexpression No Yes 0.257 0.427 0.098 1.860
 P-mTOR overexpression No Yes 0.755 0.871 0.367 2.066
 AKT1-EGFR overexpression No Yes 0.009* 0.300 0.122 0.738
Multivariate analysis
 Stage Stage II Stage III 0.044* 0.373 0.143 0.972
 EGFR overexpression No Yes 0.026* 0.320 0.118 0.871
 Stage Stage II Stage III 0.024* 0.314 0.115 0.856
 MET overexpression No Yes 0.086 0.478 0.206 1.110
 Stage Stage II Stage III 0.042* 0.348 0.126 0.962
 AKT1-EGFR overexpression No Yes 0.009* 0.301 0.122 0.742
Open in a new tab

*Significant p-value; HR hazard ratio; CI confidence interval; R0 complete resection; R1 microscopic residual disease; R2 macroscopically residual disease; G1-2 grades 1 and 2; G3-4 grades 3 and 4.

HER2 staining was strongly intense (+3) in 7% of the patients. Fourteen patients had an intermediate (+2) HER2 score and have been further evaluated using FISH. According to FISH, the amplification of HER2 was present in 5 of these 14 patients (6% of the total). Therefore, 13% of the patients were considered HER2 overexpressed/amplified (Fig. 1). HER2 overexpression was more frequent in intestinal type adenocarcinomas (20%) than in mixed (13%) and in diffuse histologies (0%, p= 0.048). Although a trend for a better OS and DFS was observed for HER2 overexpressed/amplified tumors (3-year OS 100% and 69%, 3-year DFS 75% and 44%; Fig. 2c and d), these differences were not significant (Log-Rank p= 0.248 and p= 0.340, respectively).

MET was overexpressed in 32% of the patients. A trend for a worse survival was appreciated in tumors with MET overexpression for OS (3-year OS MET+ = 65% and MET- = 77%; Log-Rank p= 0.084, Fig. 2e) but not for DFS (3-year DFS MET+ = 44% and MET- = 49%; Log-Rank p= 0.414, Fig. 2f).

AKT1 was overexpressed in only 8% of the tumors (Fig. 1D and E). There were not significant differences in OS (Fig. 3a) and in DFS (Fig. 3b) between patients expressing or not AKT1. The low number of tumors with AKT1 overexpression limited the interpretation of survival analysis.

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Open in a new tab

Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival and disease free survival of tumors with (AKT1+) and without (AKT1-) AKT1 overexpression (a and b, respectively); with (AKT1orEGFR Overexpression+) or without (AKT1orEGFR Overexpression-) EGFR or AKT1 overexpression (C and D, respectively).

Phospho-mTOR was overexpressed in 48% of tumors. P-mTOR overexpression did not correlate with none of the patient characteristics, with survival or with the overexpression of the other biomarkers studied (p-mTOR/EGFR p= 0.511, p-mTOR/MET p= 0.612; p-mTOR/HER2 p= 0.841, p-mTOR/AKT1 p= 0.711, data not shown).

3.3. Combined analysis

The combined analysis of the 5 biomarkers demonstrated that the overexpression of EGFR and AKT1 were mutually exclusive. The overexpression of EGFR/ AKT1 was a strongly significant poor prognostic factor for OS (3-year OS 52% in overexpressed and 79% in not overexpressed, Log-Rank p= 0.005, Fig. 3c) but not for DFS (3-year DFS EGFR/AKT1+ = 47%, EGFR/AKT1- = 49%; Log-Rank p= 0.614, Fig. 3d). In the multivariate analysis, the EGFR/AKT1 overexpression and tumor stage were independent prognostic factors for OS (HR: 0.30 p= 0.009 and HR = 0.35 p= 0.042, respectively; Table 2).

4. Discussion

The overexpression of EGFR was a poor prognostic factor in completely resected stages II–III gastric and GEJ cancers. EGFR and AKT1 overexpression were mutually exclusive and identified a subset of patients with a poor prognosis probably indicating the importance of this axis in determining aggressiveness of these tumors. Moreover, tumors with MET overexpression had a trend for a worse OS.

Similarly to what previously described by Rudiger Siewert et al. [20], we observed a prevalence of GEJ adenocarcinomas in males possibly related to the different exposure to risk factors such as alcohol and smoking habits. Only tumor stage was a prognostic factor in our series with implication for the construction of multivariate models (Table 2). The limited number of patients contributes to explain these limitations since the reduced statistical power of the test performed. With a median follow-up of 32 months (95% CI: 25–39) the median overall survival was not reached with 65% of patients alive after 5 years. The median DFS was 29 months with a 93% rate of complete resections (R0) indicating a clinical outcome slightly above the expectations. Indeed, comparable results have been described in phase III clinical trials of perioperative treatment from Ychou et al. that describes a 5-year OS of 58–51% [5] and from Cunningham et al. of 36.3%–23% [4], for patients who received perioperative chemotherapy or surgery alone, respectively. Given the retrospective nature of the analysis patients received different schedules of perioperative or post-operative chemotherapy. The heterogeneity of the treatment reflects the variable clinical condition of the patients and the multiple adjuvant schedules of reference changed during the long time lapse of accrual.

HER2, MET, EGFR, AKT1 and mTOR can be targets for treatment with specific drugs. Therefore, the expression of them has been largely evaluated in metastatic gastric tumors. On the contrary, limited data are available in locally advanced gastric cancers. HER2 and EGFR belong to the ErbB family of membrane tyrosine kinase receptors. HER2 ectodomain does not bind to the ligand and the receptor does not homodimerized under physiological conditions but under pathological overexpression [19]. HER2 has been largely evaluated in gastric cancers being overexpressed in about 20% of metastatic tumors [21]. The amplification of HER2 locus is observed in 7–34% of gastric cancers and is responsible for most of the cases of protein overexpression [10, 22, 23]. The prognostic role of HER2 overexpression remains controversial, even if some reports describe a poorer survival of HER2 positive metastatic gastric cancers [23, 24]. In previous reports, about 20% of the resected gastric adenocarcinomas overexpress HER2, most of them presented an intestinal histotype according to Laurén classification [23, 25, 26], similarly to what observed in our series. Therefore, it is not surprising the trend for a longer OS and DFS of tumors with HER2 overexpression/amplification. In the TOGA trial, trastuzumab has prolonged the progression free survival (PFS) and the OS of patients when given in combination with chemotherapy during the first line treatment of metastatic gastric tumors with HER2 amplification [8]. This result demonstrates that HER2 amplification is a target for therapy in gastric cancer. However, the role of trastuzumab in adjuvant therapy is still under investigation.

EGFR overexpression has been described in 9–45% of gastric cancers and has been associated with a poor prognosis [10, 27, 28, 29]. Our data confirm previous observations, since EGFR was overexpressed in 11% of completely resected gastric adenocarcinomas and was prognostic for a shorter OS. Only 2.3–16% of gastric cancers present an amplification of EGFR locus; therefore, epigenetic modifications have been claimed to explain the overabundance of EGFR overexpression [10, 19, 30, 31, 32]. EGFR mutations have been described in few cases of gastric adenocarcinoma [33], thus only 4% out of 932 cases have been reported in COSMIC database. Anti-EGFR treatments have failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit in randomized trials and showed even a possible detrimental effect [34, 35].

Copy number gains of MET locus have been described using RT-PCR techniques in 10% of stage II/III gastric adenocarcinomas [36]. Copy number gains of MET define a more aggressive subset of tumors with a shorter DFS and OS [36]. There was an inverse correlation between a higher number of MET copies and a poorer survival. Using FISH, author demonstrated that the copy number gains of MET were linked to a polysomic chromosome 7 rather than a focal amplification of MET locus [36]. Only 4 tumors out of 170 have been described with a real amplification of MET [37]. There is a direct correlation between the number of copies of MET and its protein overexpression. Indeed, MET overexpression has been described in 8–24% of gastric carcinomas [38, 39]. Similarly, we observed MET overexpression in 29% of locally advanced gastric cancer. The trend for a more aggressive behavior of MET overexpressing tumors is in line with previous reports that describe a worse prognosis for these patients [36, 37, 38, 39].

The activation of MET, EGFR or HER2 can activate the axis PI3K-AKT1-mTOR in vitro and determine cell proliferation [40]. The hyperphosphorylation of mTOR has been described in 46.5% of stage II/III gastric adenocarcinoma and associated with the presence, at the diagnosis, of more metastatic lymphnodes and a poorer survival [41, 42]. We observed overexpression of phospo-mTOR in 48% of tumors. There was not a correlation between mTOR phosphorylation and patients’ outcome. In different kind of tumors, the level of mTOR phosphorylation can represent a predictive marker of response to treatment with everolimus [43]. There was not a correlation between the level of mTOR phosphorylation and the overexpression of HER2, EGFR, MET and AKT1. A possible explanation is that the phosphorylation of mTOR is not an evidence of PI3K-11-mTOR pathway activation. Indeed, there are 2 multi-protein complexes that include mTOR: mTORC1 and mTORC2. Besides mTOR, the first complex includes RAPTOR, MLST8, PRAS40 and DEPTOR; whereas, the second RICTOR, GβL and mSIN1. mTORC1 is phosphorylated upon the stimulation of the insulin receptor, growth factor receptors and by the presence of amino acids and oxidative stress. mTORC1 is activated under the stimulation of PI3K-AKT1 pathway and induces the phosphorylation of S6K e 4E-BP1 that control process related to protein synthesis. Moreover, translational process, ribosome biogenesis and autophagy are under mTORC1 control. mTORC2 is involved in cytoskeleton organization and in feedback control of AKT1 phosphorylation. Rapalogs (Everolimus, Temsirolimus and Ridaforolimus) inhibit phosphorylation of mTORC1 and some of its functions, such as S6K1 phosphorylation, but determine the compensatory phosphorylation of mTORC2 and its feedback on AKT1. Therefore, for this feedback between mTORC1 and mTORC2, the total level of mTOR phosphorylation is not synonymous with the activation of PI3K-AKT1-mTOR pathway.

The activation of AKT1 induces cell proliferation through the stimulation of cell cycle progression and inhibits the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Hyper phosphorylation of AKT1 has been described in 29–68% [44, 45] of gastric adenocarcinomas and it is associated a poor prognosis [45]. Although the role of AKT1 phosphorylation has been largely elucidated in the transduction of proliferative signals, also the amount of AKT1 protein can stimulate the proliferation of neoplastic cells. Indeed, copy number gains of AKT1 have been described in gastric cancers [46]. In our series, AKT1 was overexpressed in 8% of tumors and associated with a trend for a poor overall survival. Interestingly, we noticed that AKT1 and EGFR overexpression were mutually exclusive and identified a subgroup of patients with a significantly poor overall survival. There are limited evidences that EGFR and AKT1 overexpression are sufficient to drive tumor growth in experimental model of gastric cancer. Mutually exclusive aberrations, such as EGFR and KRAS mutations or EGFR mutation and ALK rearrangement in lung cancer, affect genes able to drive the cancer growth. Therefore, the mutually exclusive overexpression of EGFR and AKT1, may suggest an important role of EGFR-AKT1 axis in tumors of the stomach and GEJ. Because of EGFR and AKT1 are two genes involved in the same pathway, the overexpression of joust one of them could be sufficient to increase proliferation making the other redundant and therefore not enriched during the clonal evolution of the tumor. Another possibility is that tumors with EGFR and AKT1 overexpression belong to different subtypes of gastro-esophageal cancers. Indeed, genome wide analyses of somatic mutations have shown the presence of 4 different types of gastric cancer (positive for Epstein-Barr virus, with microsatellite instability, genomically stable and with chromosomal instability), each one with a peculiar array of genomic aberrations [47, 48]. The overexpression of AKT1-EGFR was a prognostic factor independent from tumor stage and the overexpression of MET. A trend for a worse DFS was observed in patients with EGFR/AKT1 overexpression (median DFS 14.2 months, 95% CI: 0–59.7), compared to those without (median DFS 30.6 months, 95% CI: 15.2–46); this difference was not significant (Log-Rank p= 0.614). In gastric cancer, DFS has been shown to be a reliable surrogate marker of OS in prospective clinical trials in the adjuvant setting [49]. The retrospective nature of our analysis could explain the discrepancy observed between DFS and OS, because of the absence of stratification in the presence of several possible confounding factors. A similar number of relapses 48% and 53% (p= 0.457) was observed in patients with or without EGFR/AKT1 overexpression, respectively. The proportion of patients alive after recurrence was larger for tumors without (37%) than with (11%) EGFR/AKT1 overexpression.

In conclusion, our results confirm the wretched role of EGFR overexpression also in resected stage II–III gastric tumors and suggest similar conclusions for MET. Moreover, we firstly describe the mutually exclusive overexpression of EGFR and AKT1 with potential prognostic implications.

Acknowledgments

ARCO (Association for Research in Clinical Oncology) founded this research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

  • [1]. Ferlay J., Steliarova-Foucher E., Lortet-Tieulent J., Rosso S., Coebergh J.W., Comber H., Forman D. and Bray F., Cancer incidence and mortality patterns in Europe: estimates for 40 countries in 2012, Eur J Cancer 49 (2013), 1374–1403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [2]. Pera M., Epidemiology of esophageal cancer, especially adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction, Recent Results Cancer Res 155 (2000), 1–14. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [3]. Devesa S.S., Blot W.J. and Fraumeni J.F., Jr., Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States, Cancer 83 (1998), 2049–2053. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [4]. Cunningham D., Allum W.H., Stenning S.P., Thompson J.N., Van de Velde C.J., Nicolson M., Scarffe J.H., Lofts F.J., Falk S.J., Iveson T.J., Smith D.B., Langley R.E., Verma M., Weeden S., Chua Y.J. and Participants M.T., Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer, N Engl J Med 355 (2006), 11–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [5]. Ychou M., Boige V., Pignon J.P., Conroy T., Bouche O., Lebreton G., Ducourtieux M., Bedenne L., Fabre J.M., Saint-Aubert B., Geneve J., Lasser P. and Rougier P., Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial, J Clin Oncol 29 (2011), 1715–1721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [6]. Stahl M., Walz M.K., Stuschke M., Lehmann N., Meyer H.J., Riera-Knorrenschild J., Langer P., Engenhart-Cabillic R., Bitzer M., Konigsrainer A., Budach W. and Wilke H., Phase III comparison of preoperative chemotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction, J Clin Oncol 27 (2009), 851–856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [7]. van Hagen P., Hulshof M.C., van Lanschot J.J., Steyerberg E.W., van Berge Henegouwen M.I., Wijnhoven B.P., Richel D.J., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A., Hospers G.A., Bonenkamp J.J., Cuesta M.A., Blaisse R.J., Busch O.R., ten Kate F.J., Creemers G.J., Punt C.J., Plukker J.T., Verheul H.M., Spillenaar Bilgen E.J., van Dekken H., van der Sangen M.J., Rozema T., Biermann K., Beukema J.C., Piet A.H., van Rij C.M., Reinders J.G., Tilanus H.W. and van der Gaast A., Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer, N Engl J Med 366 (2012), 2074–2084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [8]. Bang Y.J., Van Cutsem E., Feyereislova A., Chung H.C., Shen L., Sawaki A., Lordick F., Ohtsu A., Omuro Y., Satoh T., Aprile G., Kulikov E., Hill J., Lehle M., Ruschoff J. and Kang Y.K., Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial, Lancet 376 (2010), 687–697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [9]. Lieto E., Ferraraccio F., Orditura M., Castellano P., Mura A.L., Pinto M., Zamboli A., De Vita F. and Galizia G., Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an independent prognostic indicator of worse outcome in gastric cancer patients, Ann Surg Oncol 15 (2008), 69–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [10]. Hofmann M., Stoss O., Shi D., Buttner R., van de Vijver M., Kim W., Ochiai A., Ruschoff J. and Henkel T., Assessment of a HER2 scoring system for gastric cancer: results from a validation study, Histopathology 52 (2008), 797–805. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [11]. Nakajima M., Sawada H., Yamada Y., Watanabe A., Tatsumi M., Yamashita J., Matsuda M., Sakaguchi T., Hirao T. and Nakano H., The prognostic significance of amplification and overexpression of c-met and c-erb B-2 in human gastric carcinomas, Cancer 85 (1999), 1894–1902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [12]. Huang T.J., Wang J.Y., Lin S.R., Lian S.T. and Hsieh J.S., Overexpression of the c-met protooncogene in human gastric carcinoma-correlation to clinical features, Acta Oncol 40 (2001), 638–643. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [13]. Amemiya H., Kono K., Itakura J., Tang R.F., Takahashi A., An F.Q., Kamei S., Iizuka H., Fujii H. and Matsumoto Y., c-Met expression in gastric cancer with liver metastasis, Oncology 63 (2002), 286–296. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [14]. Janjigian Y.Y., Tang L.H., Coit D.G., Kelsen D.P., Francone T.D., Weiser M.R., Jhanwar S.C. and Shah M.A., MET expression and amplification in patients with localized gastric cancer, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20 (2011), 1021–1027. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [15]. Birchmeier C., Birchmeier W., Gherardi E. and Vande Woude G.F., Met, metastasis, motility and more, Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 4 (2003), 915–925. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [16]. Kuniyasu H., Yasui W., Kitadai Y., Yokozaki H., Ito H. and Tahara E., Frequent amplification of the c-met gene in scirrhous type stomach cancer, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 189 (1992), 227–232. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [17]. Hattori Y., Itoh H., Uchino S., Hosokawa K., Ochiai A., Ino Y., Ishii H., Sakamoto H., Yamaguchi N., Yanagihara K., Hirohashi S., Sugimura T. and Terada M., Immunohistochemical detection of K-sam protein in stomach cancer, Clin Cancer Res 2 (1996), 1373–1381. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [18]. Toyokawa T., Yashiro M. and Hirakawa K., Co-expression of keratinocyte growth factor and K-sam is an independent prognostic factor in gastric carcinoma, Oncol Rep 21 (2009), 875–880. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [19]. Deng N., Goh L.K., Wang H., Das K., Tao J., Tan I.B., Zhang S., Lee M., Wu J., Lim K.H., Lei Z., Goh G., Lim Q.Y., Tan A.L., Sin Poh D.Y., Riahi S., Bell S., Shi M.M., Linnartz R., Zhu F., Yeoh K.G., Toh H.C., Yong W.P., Cheong H.C., Rha S.Y., Boussioutas A., Grabsch H., Rozen S. and Tan P., A comprehensive survey of genomic alterations in gastric cancer reveals systematic patterns of molecular exclusivity and co-occurrence among distinct therapeutic targets, Gut 61 (2012), 673–684. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [20]. Rudiger Siewert J., Feith M., Werner M. and Stein H.J., Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: results of surgical therapy based on anatomical/topographic classification in 1,002 consecutive patients, Annals of Surgery 232 (2000), 353–361. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [21]. Jorgensen J.T., Targeted HER2 treatment in advanced gastric cancer, Oncology 78 (2010), 26–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [22]. Gravalos C. and Jimeno A., HER2 in gastric cancer: a new prognostic factor and a novel therapeutic target, Ann Oncol 19 (2008), 1523–1529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [23]. Tanner M., Hollmen M., Junttila T.T., Kapanen A.I., Tommola S., Soini Y., Helin H., Salo J., Joensuu H., Sihvo E., Elenius K. and Isola J., Amplification of HER-2 in gastric carcinoma: association with Topoisomerase IIalpha gene amplification, intestinal type, poor prognosis and sensitivity to trastuzumab, Ann Oncol 16 (2005), 273–278. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [24]. Garcia I., Vizoso F., Martin A., Sanz L., Abdel-Lah O., Raigoso P. and Garcia-Muniz J.L., Clinical significance of the epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 receptor in resectable gastric cancer, Ann Surg Oncol 10 (2003), 234–241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [25]. Fisher S.B., Fisher K.E., Squires M.H., 3rd, Patel S.H., Kooby D.A., El-Rayes B.F., Cardona K., Russell M.C., Staley C.A., 3rd, Farris A.B., 3rd and Maithel S.K., HER2 in resected gastric cancer: Is there prognostic value? J Surg Oncol 109 (2014), 61–66. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [26]. Yoon H.H., Shi Q., Sukov W.R., Wiktor A.E., Khan M., Sattler C.A., Grothey A., Wu T.T., Diasio R.B., Jenkins R.B. and Sinicrope F.A., Association of HER2/ErbB2 expression and gene amplification with pathologic features and prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinomas, Clin Cancer Res 18 (2012), 546–554. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [27]. Terashima M., Kitada K., Ochiai A., Ichikawa W., Kurahashi I., Sakuramoto S., Katai H., Sano T., Imamura H. and Sasako M., Impact of expression of human epidermal growth factor receptors EGFR and ERBB2 on survival in stage II/III gastric cancer, Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 18 (2012), 5992–6000. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [28]. Galizia G., Lieto E., Orditura M., Castellano P., Mura A.L., Imperatore V., Pinto M., Zamboli A., De Vita F. and Ferraraccio F., Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression is associated with a worse prognosis in gastric cancer patients undergoing curative surgery, World Journal of Surgery 31 (2007), 1458–1468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [29]. Hayashi M., Inokuchi M., Takagi Y., Yamada H., Kojima K., Kumagai J., Kawano T. and Sugihara K., High expression of HER3 is associated with a decreased survival in gastric cancer, Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 14 (2008), 7843–7849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [30]. Rossi E., Villanacci V., Danesino C., Donato F., Nascimbeni R. and Bassotti G., Epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression/amplification in adenocarcinomas arising in the gastrointestinal tract, Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas: Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva 103 (2011), 632–639. [Google Scholar]
  • [31]. Liang Z., Zeng X., Gao J., Wu S., Wang P., Shi X., Zhang J. and Liu T., Analysis of EGFR, HER2, and TOP2A gene status and chromosomal polysomy in gastric adenocarcinoma from Chinese patients, BMC Cancer 8 (2008), 363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [32]. Kiyose S., Nagura K., Tao H., Igarashi H., Yamada H., Goto M., Maeda M., Kurabe N., Suzuki M., Tsuboi M., Kahyo T., Shinmura K., Hattori N. and Sugimura H., Detection of kinase amplifications in gastric cancer archives using fluorescence in situ hybridization, Pathology International 62 (2012), 477–484. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [33]. Moutinho C., Mateus A.R., Milanezi F., Carneiro F., Seruca R. and Suriano G., Epidermal growth factor receptor structural alterations in gastric cancer, BMC Cancer 8 (2008), 10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [34]. Lordick F., Kang Y.K., Chung H.C., Salman P., Oh S.C., Bodoky G., Kurteva G., Volovat C., Moiseyenko V.M., Gorbunova V., Park J.O., Sawaki A., Celik I., Gotte H., Melezinkova H. and Moehler M., Capecitabine and cisplatin with or without cetuximab for patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer (EXPAND): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial, The Lancet Oncology 14 (2013), 490–499. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [35]. Waddell T., Chau I., Cunningham D., Gonzalez D., Okines A.F., Okines C., Wotherspoon A., Saffery C., Middleton G., Wadsley J., Ferry D., Mansoor W., Crosby T., Coxon F., Smith D., Waters J., Iveson T., Falk S., Slater S., Peckitt C. and Barbachano Y., Epirubicin, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine with or without panitumumab for patients with previously untreated advanced oesophagogastric cancer (REAL3): a randomised, open-label phase 3 trial, The Lancet Oncology 14 (2013), 481–489. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [36]. Graziano F., Galluccio N., Lorenzini P., Ruzzo A., Canestrari E., D’Emidio S., Catalano V., Sisti V., Ligorio C., Andreoni F., Rulli E., Di Oto E., Fiorentini G., Zingaretti C., De Nictolis M., Cappuzzo F. and Magnani M., Genetic activation of the MET pathway and prognosis of patients with high-risk, radically resected gastric cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 29 (2011), 4789–4795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [37]. Lennerz J.K., Kwak E.L., Ackerman A., Michael M., Fox S.B., Bergethon K., Lauwers G.Y., Christensen J.G., Wilner K.D., Haber D.A., Salgia R., Bang Y.J., Clark J.W., Solomon B.J. and Iafrate A.J., MET amplification identifies a small and aggressive subgroup of esophagogastric adenocarcinoma with evidence of responsiveness to crizotinib, Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 29 (2011), 4803–4810. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [38]. Ha S.Y., Lee J., Kang S.Y., Do I.G., Ahn S., Park J.O., Kang W.K., Choi M.G., Sohn T.S., Bae J.M., Kim S., Kim M., Park C.K., Ignatius Ou S.H. and Kim K.M., MET overexpression assessed by new interpretation method predicts gene amplification and poor survival in advanced gastric carcinomas, Modern Pathology: An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc (2013). [Google Scholar]
  • [39]. Lee H.E., Kim M.A., Lee H.S., Jung E.J., Yang H.K., Lee B.L., Bang Y.J. and Kim W.H., MET in gastric carcinomas: comparison between protein expression and gene copy number and impact on clinical outcome, Br J Cancer 107 (2012), 325–333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [40]. Aoki M., Blazek E. and Vogt P.K., A role of the kinase mTOR in cellular transformation induced by the oncoproteins P3k and Akt, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98 (2001), 136–141. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [41]. Yu G., Wang J., Chen Y., Wang X., Pan J., Li G., Jia Z., Li Q., Yao J.C. and Xie K., Overexpression of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin predicts lymph node metastasis and prognosis of chinese patients with gastric cancer, Clinical Cancer Research: An Official Journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 15 (2009), 1821–1829. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [42]. An J.Y., Kim K.M., Choi M.G., Noh J.H., Sohn T.S., Bae J.M. and Kim S., Prognostic role of p-mTOR expression in cancer tissues and metastatic lymph nodes in pT2b gastric cancer, International Journal of Cancer. Journal International du Cancer 126 (2010), 2904–2913. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [43]. Li S., Kong Y., Si L., Chi Z., Cui C., Sheng X. and Guo J., Phosphorylation of mTOR and S6RP predicts the efficacy of everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, BMC Cancer 14 (2014), 376. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [44]. Oki E., Baba H., Tokunaga E., Nakamura T., Ueda N., Futatsugi M., Mashino K., Yamamoto M., Ikebe M., Kakeji Y. and Maehara Y., Akt phosphorylation associates with LOH of PTEN and leads to chemoresistance for gastric cancer, International Journal of Cancer. Journal International du Cancer 117 (2005), 376–380. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [45]. Murakami D., Tsujitani S., Osaki T., Saito H., Katano K., Tatebe S. and Ikeguchi M., Expression of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in gastric carcinoma predicts prognosis and efficacy of chemotherapy, Gastric Cancer: Official Journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 10 (2007), 45–51. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [46]. Staal S.P., Molecular cloning of the akt oncogene and its human homologues AKT1 and AKT2: amplification of AKT1 in a primary human gastric adenocarcinoma, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 84 (1987), 5034–5037. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [47]. N. Cancer Genome Atlas Research, Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma, Nature 513 (2014), 202–209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [48]. Wang K., Yuen S.T., Xu J., Lee S.P., Yan H.H., Shi S.T., Siu H.C., Deng S., Chu K.M., Law S., Chan K.H., Chan A.S., Tsui W.Y., Ho S.L., Chan A.K., Man J.L., Foglizzo V., Ng M.K., Chan A.S., Ching Y.P., Cheng G.H., Xie T., Fernandez J., Li V.S., Clevers H., Rejto P.A., Mao M. and Leung S.Y., Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive molecular profiling identify new driver mutations in gastric cancer, Nat Genet 46 (2014), 573–582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • [49]. Oba K., Paoletti X., Alberts S., Bang Y.J., Benedetti J., Bleiberg H., Catalano P., Lordick F., Michiels S., Morita S., Ohashi Y., Pignon J.P., Rougier P., Sasako M., Sakamoto J., Sargent D., Shitara K., Cutsem E.V., Buyse M., Burzykowski T. and group G., Disease-free survival as a surrogate for overall survival in adjuvant trials of gastric cancer: a meta-analysis, J Natl Cancer Inst 105 (2013), 1600–1607. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Cancer Biomarkers: Section A of Disease Markers are provided here courtesy of SAGE Publications

RESOURCES