Long noncoding RNA HOTTIP is a significant indicator of ovarian cancer prognosis and enhances cell proliferation and invasion

Abstract

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are involved in the occurrence and progression of human tumors including ovarian cancer (OC). Long noncoding RNA HOTTIP has been found to be involved in several human tumors development. However, the role of HOTTIP in OC remains large unknown. In the present study, our results observed that lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels were notably higher in ovarian cancer tissue samples compared to adjacent normal tissue samples. Increased lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels were significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis of ovarian cancer patients. Survival plots analysis results showed high lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels in ovarian cancer patients showed a poor prognosis compared to patients with low lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels. Function assays showed that lncRNA HOTTIP knockdown in ovarian cancer cells decreased cell proliferation and cell invasion capacities. Furthermore, we demonstrated that inhibition of lncRNA HOTTIP suppressed Wnt/$\beta$-catenin signaling by downregulating $\beta$-catenin expression. Thus, these results suggest that aberrant HOTTIP expression level could serve as a promising biomarker for monitoring ovarian cancer and potential target of ovarian cancer treatment.

1. Introduction

Ovarian cancer is listed as the one of the most severe tumor types affecting the female reproductive tract [1]. Therapeutic methods including surgery and chemotherapy have improved the 5-year survival rate of this disease [2]. However, due to a lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers, tumor recurrence and tumor metastasis at late stage, the diagnosis and therapy of ovarian cancer remain large challenge [3, 4]. Thus, to explore novel diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets is needed.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNAs) have been found to be involved in a series of biological function including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor metastasis in ovarian cancer [5]. Microarray profile of lncRNAs identifies many lncRNAs as novel biomarkers in ovarian cancer [6]. For instance, lncSOX4 serves an oncogenic role in the tumorigenesis of epithelial ovarian cancer by promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis [7]. Long non-coding RNA LSINCT5 promotes ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion by disrupting the CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis [8]. Upregulation of the long non-coding RNA SPRY4-IT1 indicates a poor prognosis and promotes tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer [9]. Yan et al. showed that long noncoding RNA NBAT-1 suppresses tumorigenesis and predicts favorable prognosis in ovarian cancer [10]. However, the role of lncRNA HOTTIP involved in ovarian cancer developments remains unknown.

In the study, we found that lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels are higher in ovarian cancer tissues. Higher lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels were significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis for ovarian cancer patients. Moreover, reduced lncRNA HOTTIP expression level inhibited cell proliferation, cell invasion and Wnt/$\beta$-catenin signaling pathway. Thus, these results demonstrated that lncRNA HOTTIP could serve as a promising biomarker for monitoring ovarian cancer and target of treatment.

2. Methods

2.1. Human tissue samples

Sixty-nine paired ovarian cancer tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues were obtained from ovarian cancer patients who underwent surgical resection between 2010 and 2012 at Department of Gynaecology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital. Patients did not receive preoperative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or other treatments. All tissues were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at $-$80${}^{\circ }$C until further RNA analysis. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital. Written informed consent was also provided by all participants.

2.2. RNA isolation and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)

Total RNA was extracted from tissues and cells by using the trizol reagent (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. A total of 1 $\mu$g RNA was reverse transcribed to cDNA using a First Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China). The mRNA expression was detected using the SYBR${}^{\mathrm{\circledR }}$Green Master Mix (Takara Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China). The GAPDH expression was used as an internal control. The primer sequences for HOTTIP are as follows: HOTTIP(forward): 5’-GTGGGGCCCA GACCCGC-3’, HOTTIP(reverse): 5’-AATGATAGGG ACACATCGGGGAACT-3’. Relative mRNA expression was calculated by the 2${}^{-\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{\Delta }\text{CT}}$ methods. All the qRT-PCR reactions were performed in triplicate.

2.3. Cell lines culture

The human ovarian cancer cell lines including OVCAR3, A2780 and SKOV3 cells and human ovarian surface epithelial cells (HOSEpiC) were all purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, VA, USA). All of cell lines were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The cells were cultured at 37${}^{\circ }$C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO${}_2$.

2.4. Cell tranfection

Cells were seeded in 6-well plates and then incubated for 24 h. A 200 ng/ml specific siRNAs against for HOTTIP or negative control (NC) were transfected into the cells using Lipofectamine${}^{\mathrm{\circledR }}$ 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and the cells were harvested after 48 h. The sequences of siRNAs were as follows: si-h-HOTTIP-1: (sense): 5’-GCUGCUUUAGAGCCA CAUAdTdT-3’, (antisense): 3’-dTdTCGACGAAAUC UCGGUGUAU-5’; si-h-HOTTIP-2: (sense): 5’-CCAG CUGCGAAUUCUUAAUdTdT-3’; (antisense): 3’-dTd TGGUCGACGCUUAAGAAUUA-5’.

2.5. MTT assay

The cell proliferation capacity was assessed using MTT assay. Transfected cells (2000 cells/well) were seeded in 96-well plates. After cell transfection at 24, 48, 72, or 96 h, a 20 $\mu$L MTT solution (5 mg/mL; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) was added to each well. Cells proliferation was detected on the absorbance of 570 nm wavelength on a microplate reader (Sunrise; Tecan, Männedorf, Switzerland).

2.6. Western blot analysis

Protein samples were lysed from transfected cells by using a radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) lysis buffer (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Protein samples were quantified using the Pierce BCA Protein assay kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Equal protein samples (40 $\mu$g) were separated on 10% SDS-PAGE and then transferred onto polyvinylidene membranes. Following blocking with 5% non-fat milk for 1 h at room temperature and then then incubated with the appropriate primary antibodies including WNT1 (1:2000, Abcam), $\beta$-catenin (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) and GAPDH (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) overnight at 4${}^{\circ }$C. Following the membranes incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (1:2000, Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) for 1 h at room temperature. The protein bands were detection by an enhanced chemiluminescence system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

2.7. Cell cycle analysis

Briefly, 48 h post transfection, cells were harvested in a 6-well plate at 1 $\times$ 10${}^5$ cells/well. Following cell were washed with PBS, fixed in ice-cold 70% ethanol overnight. Then, cells were resuspended in 500 $\mu$l of a PI master mix containing 50 $\mu$g/ml PI and 100 $\mu$g/ml RNAse A (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA) and incubated for 15 min in the dark room at 37${}^{\circ }$C. Cell cycle was detected using BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA, USA).

2.8. Transwell assay

Transwell invasion assay was performed using 24-well plates (8.0-$\mu$m pore size; Corning, Inc., Corning, NY, USA). A total of 1 $\times$ 10${}^5$ SKOV3 or A2780 transfected cells were transfected with si-NC, si-HOTTIP-1 and si-HOTTIP-2. After 48 h, the upper chamber cells were removed using a cotton swab and the invasive cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.1% crystal violet solution. Cell numbers were counted using an inverted microscope at 200 $\times$ magnification (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

2.9. Statistical analysis

All results were shown as mean $\pm$ SD. Statistical analysis were performed using Student’s $t$-test or one-way analysis of variance by SPSS 18.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A $p$-value 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.

3. Results

3.1. Expression of lncRNA HOTTIP is higher in tumor tissue samples in ovarian cancer patients

To confirm the clinical role of lncRNA HOTTIP expression in ovarian cancer, we detected the relative expression of lncRNA HOTTIP in OC tissue samples and adjacent normal tissue samples by qRT-PCR analysis. The results indicated that the expression of lncRNA HOTTIP was significantly higher in tumor samples than that in adjacent normal tissue samples (Fig. 1A, 0.05). Moreover, we observed that the expression of lncRNA HOTTIP were much higher in OC cells than that in the normal cells (Fig. 1B, 0.05). Thus, these results indicated that lncRNA HOTTIP expression was higher in OC tissue samples, which may indicate the functional significance of lncRNA HOTTIP expression in OC.

Figure 1.

The HOTTIP expression levels were higher in OC tissues and cells. (A) The expression levels of HOTTIP in ovarian cancer tissues was increased compared with adjacent normal ovarian tissues.(B) QRT-PCR analysis of HOTTIP expression levels in human ovarian cancer cell lines including SKOV3, A2780 and OVCAR and a human ovarian surface epithelial cell line, HOSEpiC. Data represent the mean $\pm$ SD from three independent experiments. * 0.05.(C) Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis demonstrates decreased overall survival rate in patients expressing high levels of HOTTIP compared to patients expressing low levels of HOTTIP.

3.2. Overexpression of lncRNA HOTTIP associates with clinical factors and poor prognosis of OC

Next, we analyzed the association between lncRNA HOTTIP expression and clinical factors in OC patients. We divided patients into lncRNA HOTTIP low and lncRNA HOTTIP high groups using the median value of 3.22 as a cut off value. As shown in Table 1, the results indicated that higher lncRNA HOTTIP expression significantly associated with advanced FIGO stage ($p=$ 0.003) and lymph node metastasis ($p=$ 0.012), but was not associated with patient age, grade, or tumor size ($p>$ 0.05). Finally, a Kaplan-Meier estimator was used to determine whether lncRNA HOTTIP expression correlated with the overall survival rates. Our results indicated that there was a poor survival rate in patients with higher lncRNA HOTTIP expression group compared to lower lncRNA HOTTIP expression group (Fig. 1C, 0.05, log rank test). Thus, these results suggested that lower lncRNA HOTTIP expression may indicate a poor prognosis of OC.

Table 1.

The association between HOTTIP expression and clinicopathological parameters

Parameters	HOTTIP expression
	Total	High	Low	$p$-value
	($n=$ 69)	($n=$ 34)	($n=$ 35)
Age				0.911
$⩽$ 50	32	16	16
$>$ 50	37	18	19
Serum CA125				0.176
$⩽$ 319	30	12	18
$>$ 319	39	22	17
Tumor size (cm)				0.555
$⩽$ 10	43	20	23
$>$ 10	16	14	12
FIGO stage				0.003*
I/II	32	22	10
III–IV	37	12	25
Grade				0.543
Grade 1	33	15	18
Grade 2–3	36	19	17
Lymph node metastasis				0.012*
Negative	37	13	24
Positive	32	21	11

* 0.05.

3.3. Knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP suppresses OC cell proliferation and invasion capacity

Furthermore, we transfected with two si-HOTTIP oligos or si-NC into A2780 or OVCAR3 cells, and the transfection efficiency was detected using qRT-PCR analysis. We found two si-HOTTIP oligos had higher efficiency of knockdown for lncRNA HOTTIP and were used for the following experiments (Fig. 2A and B). To investigate the association between lncRNA HOTTIP expression and cell growth and invasion of OC, The MTT assays and transwell assay were performed. The results indicated that knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP significantly decreased cell proliferation compared to the control groups in OVCAR3 and A2780 cells (Fig. 2C and D). Furthermore, we observed that knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP significantly decreased S phase cell number compared to the control groups in OVCAR3 and A2780 cells (Fig. 2E and F). Besides, the knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP significantly reduced the cell invasion ability compared to control groups in OVCAR3 and A2780 cells (Fig. 3A and D). Thus, these results indicated that inhibition of lncRNA HOTTIP significantly reduced cell proliferation and invasion in OC.

Figure 2.

The reduced HOTTIP expression levels suppressed OC cell proliferation. (A)–(B) QRT-PCR analysis of HOTTIP expression levels of si-NC, si-HOTTIP-1 or si-HOTTIP-2 transfected OVCAR and A2780 cells. (C)–(D) MTT assay showed cell proliferation rates of si-NC, si-HOTTIP-1 or si-HOTTIP-2 transfected OVCAR and A2780 cells. (E)–(F) Cell cycle analysis showed cell proliferation rates of si-NC or si-HOTTIP transfected OVCAR and A2780 cells. Data represent the mean $\pm$ SD from three independent experiments. * 0.05.

Figure 3.

The reduced HOTTIP expression levels suppressed OC cell invasion. (A)–(B) Transwell cell invasion showed cell invasive number of si-NC, si-HOTTIP-1 or si-HOTTIP-2 transfected OVCAR cells. (C)–(D) Transwell cell invasion showed cell invasive number of si-NC, si-HOTTIP-1 or si-HOTTIP-2 transfected A2780 cells. Data represent the mean $\pm$ SD from three independent experiments. * 0.05.

3.4. Reduced lncRNA HOTTIP inhibits WNT signaling pathway in OC cells

Given the finding that lncRNA HOTTIP could affect OC cell proliferation and invasion, we attempted to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. As we known, WNT signaling pathway plays crucial pathways in regulating tumor growth and metastasis including ovarian cancer. Thus, we detected the state of the WNT pathway after lncRNA HOTTIP silencing using si-HOTTIP-2 due to its higher knockdown efficiency. After lncRNA HOTTIP knockdown, we found that the protein levels of WNT1 and $\beta$-catenin were decreased in OVCAR3 cells, compared to the controls (Fig. 4A and B). As expected, we also found that knockdown of lncRNA HOTTIP reduced the protein levels of WNT1 and $\beta$-catenin in A2780 cells, compared to the controls (Fig. 4C and D). Thus, these results indicated that reduced lncRNA HOTTIP inhibited WNT signaling pathway in OC cells.

Figure 4.

The reduced HOTTIP expression levels suppressed Wnt/$\beta$-catenin pathway. (A)–(B) Western blot analysis showed WNT1 and $\beta$-catenin expression of si-NC or si-HOTTIP-2 transfected OVCAR cells. (C)–(D) Western blot analysis showed WNT1 and $\beta$-catenin expression of si-NC or si-HOTTIP-2 transfected A2780 cells. Data represent the mean $\pm$ SD from three independent experiments. * 0.05.

4. Discussion

Recent studies have reported that lncRNA HOTTIP could play crucial roles in tumor development of many human malignant cancers. For example, Chen et al. showed that upregulation of long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma via induction of EMT [11]. Sang et al. found that up-regulation of long non-coding HOTTIP functions as an oncogene by regulating HOXA13 in non-small cell lung cancer [12]. Ye and his team demonstrated that overexpression of long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes tumor invasion and predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer [13]. Long non-coding RNA HOTTIP promotes BCL-2 expression and induces chemoresistance in small cell lung cancer by sponging miR-216a [14]. Knockdown of the long non-coding RNA HOTTIP inhibits colorectal cancer cell proliferation and migration and induces apoptosis by targeting SGK1 [15]. However, the clinical significance as well as underlying mechanism of lncRNA HOTTIP in OC is still unclear.

In this study, we found that lncRNA HOTTIP was higher in ovarian cancer tissues samples. Higher lncRNA HOTTIP expression associated with advanced FIGO stage and lymph node metastasis of ovarian cancer patients. Survival plots analysis results showed high lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels in ovarian cancer patients showed a poor prognosis compared to patients with low lncRNA HOTTIP expression levels. Thus, these results indicated that lncRNA HOTTIP could serve as a promising biomarker for monitoring ovarian cancer.

Moreover, by performing function assays, we showed that lncRNA HOTTIP silencing suppressed cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and cell invasion ability in OC. These results indicated that lncRNA HOTTIP expression was involved in OC progression. After lncRNA HOTTIP knockdown, we found that the protein levels of Wnt1 and $\beta$-catenin were decreased in OVCAR3 and A2780 cells compared to the control. Recently, studies showed that lncRNA HOTTIP expression associated with Wnt/$\beta$-catenin pathway in several tumors. For example, overexpression of long non-coding RNA HOTTIP increases chemoresistance of osteosarcoma cell by activating the Wnt/$\beta$-catenin pathway [16]. Long noncoding RNA HOTTIP promotes endothelial cell proliferation and migration via activation of the Wnt/$\beta$-catenin pathway [17]. LncRNA HOTTIP modulates cancer stem cell properties in human pancreatic cancer by regulating HOXA9/Wnt axis [18]. In the present study, our results first demonstrated that lncRNA HOTTIP knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, invasion and WNT signaling pathway, which indicated that lncRNA HOTTIP may play key regulating role in OC.

In conclusion, we found that lncRNA HOTTIP is higher in ovarian cancer and associated with poor prognosis. Reducing lncRNA HOTTIP expression suppresses cell proliferation, invasion and WNT signaling. Thus, these results indicated that lncRNA HOTTIP could serve as a promising biomarker for monitoring ovarian cancer and target of OC treatment.