Skip to main content
NCBI home page
EFSA Journal logoLink to EFSA Journal
. 2005 Apr 1;3(4):173. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2005.173

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on biological hazards (BIOHAZ) related to Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
PMCID: PMC13093403  PMID: 42017126

The content is available as a PDF (569.4 KB).

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards on « Campylobacter in animals and foodstuffs », The EFSA Journal (2005) 173 1–10

Panel members: Herbert Budka, Sava Buncic, Pierre Colin, John D Collins, Christian Ducrot, James Hope, Mac Johnston, Günter Klein, Hilde Kruse, Ernst Lücker, Simone Magnino, Riitta Liisa Maijala, Antonio Martínez López, Christophe Nguyen‐The, Birgit Noerrung, Servé Notermans, George‐John E Nychas, Maurice Pensaert, Terence Roberts, Ivar Vågsholm, Emmanuel Vanopdenbosch.

Acknowledgement: The Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards wishes to acknowledge the contribution of the working group that prepared the draft opinion: H. Kruse, C. Nguyen‐Thè, A.M. López, J. Corry, G. Klein, B. Noerrung, G. Salvat and I. Vagsholm.

Adoption date: 27 January 2005

Published date: 1 April 2005

Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2003‐081

References

  1. Abeyta, C. , Deeter, F.G. Kaysner, C. A. Stott, R.F. and Wekell, M.M. (1993) Campylobacter jejuni in a Washington State shellfish growing bed associated with illness. J. Food Prot., 56: 323–325. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. ACMSF , (2004) Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food. Second Report on Campylobacter. Food Standards Agency. London. www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/Consultations/completed_consultations/completeduk/acmsfcampylobacter [Google Scholar]
  3. ACMSF , (2002) Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food. Second Report on Campylobacter. Food Standards Agency. London. www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/acm597.pdf [Google Scholar]
  4. Acuff, G.R. , Vanderzant C., Hana, M.O. J.G. Ehlers, J.G. , Golan F.A. and Gardner, F.A. (1986) Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in turkey carcass processing and further processing of turkey products. J. Food Prot., 49 (9): 712–717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Acuff, G.R. , Vanderzant, Gardner, F.A. and Golan, F.A. (1982) Examination of turkey eggs, poults and brooder house facilities for Campylobacter jejuni . J. Food Prot., 45: 1279–1281. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Adak, G.K. , Cowden, J.M. , Nicolas, S. and Evans, H.S. (1995) The Public Health Laboratory Service national case‐control study of primary indigenous sporadic cases of Campylobacter infection. Epidemiol. Infect., 115: 15–22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Adak, G.K. , Long, S.M. and O'Brien, S.J. (2002) Trends in indigenous foodborne disease and deaths, England and Wales: 1992 to 2000. Gut, 51(6): 832–41. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. AFSSA . (2004) Appréciation des risques alimentaires liés aux Campylobacters Application au couple poulet / Campylobacter jejuni. Avril 2004. www.afssa.fr.
  9. AIM Nielsen og Levnedsmiddelstyrelsen (1997) Hygiene – Temperature mesurement in Danish refrigerators (In Danish). 5: 127–132. [Google Scholar]
  10. Allen, V.M. , Whyte, R. , Domingue, G. , Bull, S.A. , Tinker, D.B. , Frost, J.A. , Corry, J.E.L. and Humphrey, T.J. (2003) Campylobacter spp. in air on poultry farms and processing plants; a study undertaken in three UK companies. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293: 143. [Google Scholar]
  11. Al‐Obaidi, A.S.R. (1988) The colonization of young chicks with Campylobacter jejuni. PhD Thesis. University of Bristol. [Google Scholar]
  12. Al‐Saigh, H. , Zweifel, C. , Blanco, J. , Blanco, J. E. , Blanco, M. , Usera, M.A. and Stephan, R. (2004) Faecal shedding of Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella, and Campylobacter in Swiss cattle at slaughter. J. Food Prot., 67: 679–684. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Altekruse, S.F. , Street, D.A. , Fein, S.B. and Levy, A.S. (1995) Consumer knowledge of food‐borne microbial hazards and food‐handling practices. J. Food Prot., 59: 287–294. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Andersson, Y. , de Jong, B. and Studahl, A. (1997) Waterborne Campylobacter in Sweden: The cost of an outbreak. Water Science and Technology, 35: 11–14. [Google Scholar]
  15. Anon . (undated – ca. 1995) “Lab‐M Culture Media” pp. 36 and 88. Lab‐M, Bury BL9 6AU, UK. [Google Scholar]
  16. Atabay, H.I. and Corry, J.E.L. (1998) The isolation and prevalence of campylobacters from dairy cattle using a variety of methods. J. Appl. Microbiol., 84: 733–740. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Atterbury, R.J. , Connerton, P.L. , Dodd, C.E. , Rees, C.E. and Connerton, I.F. (2003) Application of host‐specific bacteriophages to the surface of chicken skin leads to a reduction in recovery of Campylobacter jejuni . Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(10):6302–6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Avrain, L. , Humbert, F. , L'Hospitalier, R. , Sanders, P. and Kempf, I. (2001a). Etude de l'antibiorésistance des Campylobacter de la filière avicole, Proceedings des 4èmes journées de la recherche avicole, Nantes, France, 27‐29 Mars, 2001: 281–284. [Google Scholar]
  19. Avrain, L. , Humbert, F. , Sanders, P. and Kempf, I. (2001b) Prévalence et antibiorésistance des Campylobacters thermotolérants isolés des filières avicoles et porcines françaises. Proceedings de la 21ème Réunion Interdisciplinaire de chimiothérapie anti‐infectieuse, Paris, France, 6‐7 Décembre 2001. [Google Scholar]
  20. Aydin, F. , Ataby, H.I. and Akan, M (2001) The isolation and characterisation of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. from domestic geese (Anser anser). J. Appl. Microbiol., 90 (4): 637–642. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Ayling, R.D. , Woodward, S. , Evans, S. and Newell, D.G. (1996) Restriction fragment length polymorphism of polymerase chain reaction products applied to the differentiation of poultry campylobacters for epidemiological investigations. Res. Vet. Sci., 60:168–172. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Bachmann, H.P. and Spahr, U. (1995) The fate of potentially pathogenic bacteria in Swiss hard and semihard cheeses made from raw milk. Journal Dairy Science, 78:476–483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Bartelt, E. (2002) Prävalenz von Campylobacter‐Spezies in Hähnchen‐ und Putenfleisch und deren Antibioticaresistenz. in: Hartung, M. Bericht über die epidemiologische Situation der Zoonosen in Deutschland für 2001. BfR, Berlin: [Google Scholar]
  24. Berndtson, E. , Danielsson‐Tham, M.L. and Engvall, A. (1996a) Campylobacter incidence on a chicken farm and the spread of Campylobacter during the slaughter process. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 32:35–47. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Berndtson, E. , Emanuelson, U. , Engvall, A. and Danielsson‐Tham ML. (1996b) A 1‐year epidemiological study of campylobacters in 18 Swedish chickens farms. Prev. Vet. Med., 26:167–185. [Google Scholar]
  26. Berndtson, E. (1996) Campylobacter in broiler chickens. The mode of spread in chicken flocks with special reference to food hygiene. Ph.D. Thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Food Hygiene. SLU Repro., Uppsala, Sweden. [Google Scholar]
  27. Berndtson, E. , Tivemo, M. and Engvall, A. (1992) Distribution and numbers of Campylobacter in newly slaughtered broiler chickens and hens. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 15: 45–50. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Berrang, M.E. and Dickens, J.A. (2000) Presence and level of Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcasses throughout the processing plant. J. Appl. Poultry Res., 9: 43–47. [Google Scholar]
  29. Berrang, M.E. , Dickens, J.A. and Musgrove, M.T. (2000) Effects of hot water application after defeathering on the levels of Campylobacter, coliform bacteria, and Escherichia coli on broiler carcasses. Poult. Sci., 79: 1689–1693. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Berrang, M.E. , Smith, D.P. , Windham, W.R. and Feldner, P.W. (2004) Effect of intestinal content contamination on broiler carcass Campylobacter counts. J. Food Prot., 67: 235–238. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Beumer, R.R. , Cruysen, J.J. and Birtantie, I.R. (1988) The occurrence of Campyolobacter jejuni in raw cow's milk. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 65: 93–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Black, R.E. , Levine, M.M. , Clements, M.L. , Hughes, T.P. and Blaser, M.J. (1988) Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. J. Infect. Dis., 157:472–479. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Blankenship, L.C. and Craven, S.E. (1982) Campylobacter jejuni survival in chicken meat as a function of temperature. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 44: 88–92. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Blasser, M.J. , Taylor, D.N. , and Feldman, R.A. , (1983) Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections. Epidemiologic Reviews, 5: 157–176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Bolton, F.J. , Wareing, D.R.A. , Skirrow, M.B. and Hutchinson, D.N. (1992) Identification and biotyping of campylobacters In: Board, R.D. , Jones, D. and Skinner, F.A. (Eds) Identification Methods in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Society for Applied Bacteriology Technical Series no. 29, pp151–161. Oxford: Blackwell. [Google Scholar]
  36. Bolton, F.J. and Wareing, D.R.A. (1999) Report of the UK Collaborative Group on Campylobacter sub‐typing. (Eds.) Department of Health, London. [Google Scholar]
  37. Bolton, F.J. , Sails, A.D. , Fox, A.J. , Wareing, D.R.A. and Greenway, D.L.A. (2002) Detection of in foods by enrichment culture and polymerase chain reaction enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. J. Food Prot., 65: 760–767. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Bolton, F.J. , Williamson, J.K. , Allen, G. , Wareing, D.R. and Frost, J.A. (1999) Prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in meat products and packaging sold at retail: A potential public health problem. Proceedings from the 10th International International Workshop on CHRO, p. 61, Baltimore, Maryland, September 12‐16, 1999. [Google Scholar]
  39. Bopp, F. J. , Sauders, B. D. , Waring, A. L. , Ackelsberg, J. , Dumas, N. , Braun‐Howland, E. , Dziewulski, D. , Wallace, B. J. , Kelly, M. , Halse, T. , Musser, K. A. , Smith, P. F. , Morse, D. L. and Limberger, R. J. (2003) Detection, isolation, and molecular subtyping of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Campylobacter jejuni associated with a large waterborne outbreak. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41: 174–180. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Borck, B. , Pederson, K. and Madsen, M. (2002a) Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Danish turkeys at slaughter, In: Food safety assurance and veterinary public health, Volume 1: Food safety assurance in the pre‐harvest phase (Eds.) Smulders, F.J.M. and Collins, J.D. , Wageningen Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. [Google Scholar]
  41. Borkelsson, Á. , Georgsson, F. , Guomundsdóttir, E. , Haroardóttir, H. , Reiersen, J. , Gunnarsson, E. and Briem, H. (2003) Freezing of poultry contaminated with Campylobacter as intervention against disease in humans. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 293, 147. [Google Scholar]
  42. Bouwknegt, M. , van de Giessen, A.W. , Dam‐Deisz, W.D.C. , Havelaar, A.H. , Nagelkerke, N.J.D. and Henken, A.M. (2004) Risk factors for the presence of Campylobacter spp. in Dutch broiler flocks. Prev. Vet. Med., 62 (1): 35–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Bovill, R.A. and Mackey, B.M. (1997) Resuscitation of ‘non‐culturable’ cells from aged cultures of Campylobacter jejuni . Microbiology, U.K., 143: 1575–1581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Brandl, M. T. , Haxo, A. F. , Bates, A. H. and Mandrell, R. E. (2004) Comparison of survival of Campylobacter jejuni in the phyllosphere with that in the rhizosphere of spinach and radish plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70: 1182–1189. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Brennhovd, O. , Kapperud, G. and Langeland, G. (1992) Survey of Thermotolerant Campylobacter Spp and Yersinia Spp in 3 Surface‐Water Sources in Norway. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 15: 327–338. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Brieseman, M.A. (1984) Raw milk consumption as a probable cause of two outbreaks of Campylobacter infection. New Zealand Medical Journal, 97(758): 411–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Brown, P. , Kidd, D. , Riordan, T. , and Barrell, R.A. (1988) An outbreak of foodborne Campylobacter jejuni infection and the possible role of cross‐contamination. J. Infect., 17: 171–176. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Bull, S.A. , Allen, V.M. , Domingue, G. , Corry, J.E.L. , Harris, J. , Jorgensen, F. and Humphrey, T. J. (2003a) Colonization of broiler flocks with Campylobacter spp. in relation to rearing factors. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 293 (35): 137–138. [Google Scholar]
  49. Bull, S.A. , Allen, V.M. , Domingue, G. , Frost. J.A. , Siccardi, M. , Gillard‐King, J. , Wickens, H.V. , Ure, R. , Corry, J.E.L. , Jorgensen, F. and Humphrey, T. J. (2003b) Investigation of the sources of Campylobacter spp. colonising broiler flocks during rearing. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293 (35): 140. [Google Scholar]
  50. Buswell, C. M. , Herlihy, Y. M. , Lawrence, L. M. , McGuiggan, J. T. M. , Marsh, P. D. , Keevil, C. W. and Leach, S. A. (1998) Extended survival and persistence of Campylobacter spp. in water and aquatic biofilms and their detection by immunofluorescent‐antibody and ‐rRNA staining. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64: 733–741. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Cason, J.A. , Bailey, J.S. , Stern, N.J. Whittemore, A.D. and Cox, N.A. (1997) Relationship between aerobic bacteria, Salmonella, and Campylobacter on broiler carcasses. Poult. Sci., 76: 1037–1041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Castillo, A. and Escartin, E. F. (1994) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni on Sliced Watermelon and Papaya. J. Food Prot., 57: 166–168. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Cawthraw, S. , Abu Oun, M. and Newell, D. (2003) Experimental oral vaccination of chickens to reduce Campylobacter jejuni colonization. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293 (35): 30. [Google Scholar]
  54. Center for Alternativ Samfundsanalyse (CASA) (1999) Kitchen hygiene in Danish households – knowledge and behaviour (in Danish).
  55. Che, Y.H. , Li, Y.B. and Slavik, M. (2001) Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry samples using an enzyme‐linked immunoassay coupled with an enzyme electrode. Biosens, Bioelectron, 16: 791–797. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Chen, Y. , Jackson, K.M. , Chea, F.P. and Schaffner, D.W. (2001) Quantification and variability analysis of bacterial cross‐contamination rates in common food service tasks. J. Food Prot., 64: 72–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Cheng, Z. Hui. and Griffiths, M.W. (2003) Rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken rinse water by melting‐peak analysis of amplicons in real‐time polymerase chain reaction. J. Food Prot., 66 (8): 1343–1352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Christensen, B. , Sommer, H. , Rosenquist, H. and Nielsen, N. (2001) Risk assessment on Campylobacter jejuni in chicken products. First Edition, Division of Microbial Safety, Institute of Food Safety and Toxicology, the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, 140 p. [Google Scholar]
  59. Christopher, F.M. , Smith, G.C. and Vanderzant, C. (1982) Effect of temperature and pH on the survival of Campylobacter fetus . J. Food Prot., 45: 253–259. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Chuma, T. , Yamada, T. , Okamoto, K. , Yugi, H. and Ohya, T. (1993) Application of a DNA‐DNA hybridization method for detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken feces. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 55:1027–1029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Clark, C. G. , Price, L. , Ahmed, R. , Woodward, D. L. , Melito, P. L. , Rodgers, F. G. , Jamieson, F. , Ciebin, B. , Li, A. M. and Ellis, A. (2003) Characterization, of waterborne outbreak‐associated Campylobacter jejuni, Walkerton, Ontario. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 9: 1232–1241. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Cloak, O.M. , Duffy, G. , Sheridan, J.J. , Blair, I.S. and McDowell, DA. (2001) A survey on the incidence of Campylobacter spp. and the development of a surface adhesion polymerase chain reaction (SA‐PCR) assay for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni inretail meat products. Food Microbiology, 18: 287–298. [Google Scholar]
  63. Coates, D. , Hutchinson, D.N. and Bolton, F.J. (1987) Survival of thermophilic campylobacters on fingertips and their elimination by washing and desinfection. Epidem. Inf., 99: 265–274. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Coleman, M.E. and Marks, H. M. (1998) Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment. Special issue: Second International Food Safety and HACCP Conference, Noordwijk, Netherlands, 8‐10 June 1998. Food Control 10 (4/5): 289‐297. [Google Scholar]
  65. Colin, P. , Laisney, M.J. and Carré, S. (1993) Evolution de la contamination Campylobacter des produits de volailles au cours de la conservation. 8° colloque de la section microbiologie des aliments de la SFM. Flash sur les microorganismes pathogènes dans les aliments. 28‐29 avril. p 207–216.
  66. Cools, I. , Uyttendaele, M. , Caro, C. , D'Haese, E. , Nelis, H. J. and Debevere, J. (2003) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni strains of different origin in drinking water. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94: 886–892. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Corry, J.E.L. , Atabay, H.I. , Forsythe, S.J. and Mansfield, L.P (2003a) Culture media for the isolation of campylobacters, helicobacters and arcobacters, In: Handbook of Culture Media for Food Microbiology, 2nd edition (Eds.) Corry, J.E.L. , Curtis, G.D.W. and Baird, R.M. , Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 271–316. [Google Scholar]
  68. Corry, J.E.L. , James, C. , O'Neill, D. , Yaman, H. , Kendall, A. and Howell, M. (2003b) Physical methods, readily adapted to existing commercial processing plants, for reducing numbers of campylobacters, on raw poultry. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293: 32. [Google Scholar]
  69. Corry, J.E.L. (2000) Campylobacter: Detection by cultural and modern techniques. In ‘Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology’. (Eds) Robinson, R.K. , Batt, C.A. & Patel, P.D. Academic Press, London, pp. 341–347. [Google Scholar]
  70. Cudjoe, K.S. (2000) Immunomagnetic particle‐based techniques. In ‘Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology’. (Eds.) Robinson, R.K. , Batt, C.A. and Patel, P.D. Academic Press, London, pp. 1088–1095 [Google Scholar]
  71. Cudjoe, K. S. , Vik, L. , Kapperud, G. and Olsvik, O. (1991) Thermotolerant Campylobacters in Norwegian poultry, the influence of processing treatments on numbers and their detection using an enzyme‐linked oligonucleotide DNA probe. In: Mulder, R. W. A. W. Prevention and control of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in poultry and poultry meat processing 4. Hygienic aspects of processed poultry meat.
  72. Curtis, L.M. , Patrick, M. , and Blackburn, C.D. (1995) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in foods in comparison with a predictive model. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 21(3): 194–197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Dahlgren, D. , Axelsson Olsso, D. , Broman, T. , Waldenstrom, J. , Holmberg, M. and Olsen, B. (2003) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni within Acanthamoeba polyphaga; a possible tranmission route. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293 (supplement 35) Q45, p.144 (Proceedings of CHRO 2003, 12th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organisms.) [Google Scholar]
  74. Damborg, P. , Olsen, K.E.P. , Nielsen, E.M. and Guardabassi, L. (2004) Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in pets living with humans patients infected with C. jejuni . J. Clin. Microbiol., 42(3): 1363–1364. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Daniels, R.W. (1998) Home food safety. Food Tech., 52: 54–56. [Google Scholar]
  76. De Boer, E. and Hahne, M. (1990) Cross‐contamination with Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. from raw chicken products during food preparation. J. Food Prot., 53: 1067–1068. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. De Cesare, A. , Sheldon, B. W. , Smith, K. S. and Jaykus, L.‐A. (2003) Survival and persistence of Camplylobacter and Salmonella species under various organic loads on food contact surfaces. J. Food Prot., 66: 1587–1594. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. De Wit, J.C. , Broekhuizen, G. and Kampelmacher, E.H. (1979) Cross‐contamination during the preparation of frozen chickens in the kitchen. J. Hyg. Cambridge, 83: 27–32. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. DEFRA , (2002) (Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), Zoonoses Report pp.8–9.
  80. Denis, M. , Soumet, C. , Rivoal, K. , Ermel, G. , Blivet, D. , Salvat, G. and Colin, P. (1999) Development of a m‐PCR assay for simultaneous identification of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli . Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 29 (6): 406–410. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Dingle, K.E. , Colles, F.M. , et al. (2002) Molecular characterisation of Campylobacter jejuni clones: a basis for epidemiologic investigation. Emerg. Infect Dis., 8: 949–955. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Dousse, C. , Schneider, E. and Schwartzbrod, J. (1993) Comparison of Methods for Isolating Campylobacter spp from Sewage. Water Science and Technology, 27: 275–278. [Google Scholar]
  83. Doyle, M. P. and Schoeni, J. L. (1986) Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from retail mushrooms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 51: 449–450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Doyle, M.P. and Roman, D.J. (1982) Sensitivity of Campylobacter jenuni to drying. J. Food Prot., 45: 507–510. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Dufrenne, J. , Ritmeester, W. , van Delfgou, A. , van Leusden, F. and de Jonge, R. (2001) Quantification of the contamination of chicken and chicken products in the Netherlands with Salmonella and Campylobacter . J. Food Prot., 64: 538–541. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Duke, L. A. , Breathnach, A. S. , Jenkins, D. R. , Harkis, B. A. and Codd, A. W. (1996) A mixed outbreak of cryptosporidium and Campylobacter infection associated with a private water supply. Epidemiol. Infect., 116: 303–308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Dykes, G.A. , Sampathkumar, B. and Korber, D.R. (2003) Plankonic or biofilm growth affects survival, hydrophobicity and protein expression patterns of a pathogenic Campylobacter jejuni strains. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 89: 1–10. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Eiji, I. (2003) The epidemiological verification of accidental food poisoning (3) Examples of meat‐borne infectious disease. Bokin‐Bobai‐Shi 3, 1/9: 495–500. [Google Scholar]
  89. El‐Nokrashy, S. , El‐Magduib, N. El‐Dairouty, R.K. , Sharaf, O. M. and Ebraheim, H. (1997) Isolation, characterization and thermal inactivation of Campylobacter spp. from Egyptian raw milk. Egyptian Journal of Microbiology, 32(1): 117–127. [Google Scholar]
  90. Elsa, I.Q.R. , Vazquez‐Salinas, C. , Rodas‐Suarez, O.R. , Ramos‐Flores, M.O. and Rodriguez‐Montaño, R. (2000) Frequency of isolation of Campylobacter from roasted chicken samples from Mexico city. J. Food Prot., 63(1): 117–119. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Endtz, H.P. , Ruijs, G.J. , van Klingeren, B. , Jansen, W.H. , Van der Reyden, T. and Mouton, R.P. (1991) Quinolone resistance in Campylobacter isolated from man and poultry following the introduction of fluoroquinolones in veterinary medicine. J. Antimicr. Chemother., 27:199–208. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Endtz, H.P. , Vliegenthart, J.S. , Vandamme, P. , Weverink, H.W. , van den Braak, N.P. , Verbrugh, H.A. and van Belkum, A. (1997) Genotypic diversity of Campylobacter lari isolated from mussels and oysters in the Netherlands. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 34: 79–88. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Endtz, H.P. , Ang, C.W. , van Den Braak, N. , Duim, B. , Rigter, A. , Price, L.J. , Woodward, D.L. , Rodgers, F.G. , Johnson, W.M. , Wagenaar, J.A. , Jacobs, B.C. , Verbrugh, H.A. and van Belkum, A. (2000) Molecular characterization of Campylobacter jejuni from patients with Guillain‐Barre and Miller Fisher syndromes. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38(6): 2297–301. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Epling, L.K. , Carpenter, J.A. and Blankenship, L.C. (1993) Prevalence of Campylobacter spp and Salmonella spp on pork carcasses and the reduction effected by spraying with lactic‐acid. J. Food Prot., 56: 536–537. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Ethelberg, S. , Olsen, K.E. , Gerner‐Smidt, P. and Molbak, K. Household outbreaks among culture‐confirmed cases of bacterial gastrointestinal disease. Am. J. Epidemiol., 2004. Feb 15; 159(4):406–12. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. European Commission (EC) , (2002) Trends and Sources of Zoonotic Agents in Animals, Feedstuffs, Food and Man in the European Union and Norway in 2000 to the European Commission in accordance with Article 5 of the Directive 92/117/EEC, prepared by the Community Reference Laboratory on the Epidemiology of Zoonoses, BgVV, Berlin, Germany. Working document SANCO/927/2002, Part 1.
  97. European Commission (EC) , (2003) Trends and Sources of Zoonotic Agents in Animals, Feedstuffs, Food and Man in the European Union and Norway in 2001 to the European Commission in accordance with Article 5 of the Directive 92/117/EEC, prepared by the Community Reference Laboratory on the Epidemiology of Zoonoses, BgVV, Berlin, Germany. [Google Scholar]
  98. European Commission (EC) , (2004) Trends and Sources of Zoonotic Agents in Animals, Feedstuffs, Food and Man in the European Union and Norway in 2002 to the European Commission in accordance with Article 5 of the Directive 92/117/EEC, prepared by the Community Reference Laboratory on the Epidemiology of Zoonoses, BgVV, Berlin, Germany. [Google Scholar]
  99. Evans, M.R. , Ribeiro, C.D. and Salmon, R.L. (2003) Hazards of healthy living: Bottled water and salad vegetables as risk factors for Campylobacter infection. Emerg. Infect Dis., 9: 1219–1225. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Evans, S.J. (2002) Campylobacter. In: ( Jordan, F. , Pattison, M. , Alexander, D. and Faragher, T. ) Poultry diseases 5. Aufl., W.B. Saunders Verlag, London, Edinburgh, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Sydney, Toronto, 170–178. [Google Scholar]
  101. Evans, S.J. and Sayers, A. R. (2000) A longitudinal study of Campylobacter infection of broiler flocks in Great Britain. Prev. Vet. Med., 46: 209–223. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Fahey, T. , Mongan, D. , Gunnenburg, C. , Adak, G.K. , Majid, F. and Kaczmarski, E. (1995) An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni enteritis associated with failed milk pasteurization. Journal of Infections, 31: 137–143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. FAO/WHO , (2002). Report of the joint FAO/WHO expert consultation on risk assessment of Campylobacter spp. in broiler chickens and Vibrio spp. in seafood. Bangkok, Thailand, August 5‐9, 2002. [Google Scholar]
  104. FAO, WHO, OIE (2004) 1st Joint FAO/OIE/WHO Expert Workshop on Non‐human Antimicrobial Usage and Antimicrobial Resistance: Scientific assessment, Geneva, 1‐5 December 2003. [Google Scholar]
  105. FAOSTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2004) apps.fao.org/lim500/nph‐wrap.plProduction.Livestock.Stocks&Domain=nUA&servlet=1]
  106. Farkas, J. (1998) Irradiation as a method for decontaminating food. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 44: 189–204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) (2000) Enrofloxacin for poultry; Opportunity for hearing. Federal Register 65, 211, October 31. [Google Scholar]
  108. FDA (Food and Drug Administration) , (2001) Risk assessment on the human health impact of fluoroquinolone resistant Campylobacter associated with the consumption of chicken, October 18, 2000, revised January 5, 2001.
  109. Federighi, M. , Magras, C. , Pilet, M. F. , Woodward, D. , Johnson, W. , Jugiau, F. and Jouve, J. L. (1999) Incidence of thermotolerant Campylobacter in foods assessed by NF ISO 10272 standard: results of a two‐year study. Food Microbiology, 16: 195–204. [Google Scholar]
  110. Fields, P.I. and Swerdlow, D.L. (1999) Campylobacter jejuni. Clin. Lab. Med., 19(3): 489–503. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Foegeding, P.M. and Roberts, T. (1996) Assessment of risks associated with foodborne pathogens: An overview of a Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Report. J. Food Prot. Suppl., 19–23. [DOI] [PubMed]
  112. Food Safety Authority of Ireland (2002) Control of Campylobacter species in the food chain. ISBN I‐904465‐00‐5.
  113. Fricker, C.R. and Park, R.W.A. (1989) A two year study of the distribution of ‘thermophilic’ Campylobacters in human, environmental and food samples from the Reading area with particular reference to toxin production and heat stable serotype. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66: 477–490. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Friedman, C.R. , Neimann, J. , Wegener, H.C. and Tauxe, R.V. , (2000) Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United States and other industrialized nations. In: Nachamkin, I. and Blaser, M.J. Campylobacter 2nd edition. ASM press, Washington DC, 121–138. [Google Scholar]
  115. Frost, J.A. , Gillespie, I.A. , and O'Brien, S.J. (2002) Public health implications of campylobacter outbreaks in England and Wales, 1995‐9: epidemiological and microbiological investigations. Epidemiol. Infect., 128: 111–118. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Furtado, C. , Adak, G. K. , Stuart, J. M. , Wall, P. G. , Evans, H. S. and Casemore, D. P. (1998) Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992‐5. Epidemiol. Infect., 121: 109–119. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Genigeorgis, C. , Hassuney, M. , Assuney, and Collins, P. (1986) Campylobacter jejuni infection on poultry farms and its effect on poultry meat contamination during slaughter. J. Food Prot., 49: 895–903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Gilbert, M. , Godschalk, P.C. , Karwaski, M.F. , Ang, C.W. , van Belkum, A. , Li, J. , Wakarchuk, W.W. and Endtz, H.P. (2004) Evidence for acquisition of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis locus in Campylobacter jejuni GB11, a strain isolated from a patient with Guillain‐Barre syndrome, by horizontal exchange. Infect. Immun., 72(2): 1162–5. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Gillespie, I. A. , O'Brien, S.J. , Adak, G.K. , Tam, C.C. , Frost, J.A. , Bolton, F.J. and Tompkins, D.S. (2003) Campylobacter sentinel surveillance scheme collaborators, Point source outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni infection ‐ are they more common than we think and what might cause them. Epidemiol. Infect., 130:367–75. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Gillespie, I.A. , O'Brien, S.J. , Frost, J.A. et al. (2002) A case‐case comparison of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni infection: a tool for generating hypotheses. Emerg. Infect Dis., 8: 937–942. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. Godoy, P. , Artigues, A. , Nuin, C. , Aramburu, J. , Perez, M. , Dominguez, A. and Salleras, L. (2002) Outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni transmitted through drinking water. Medicina Clinica, 119: 695–698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Goode, D. , Allen, V.M. , Barrow, P.A. (2003) Reduction of experimental Salmonella and Campylobacter contamination of chicken skin by application of lytic bacteriophages. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 5032–5036. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Graves, T. K. , Bradley, K. K. and Crutcher, J. M. (1998) Outbreak of Campylobacter enteritis associated with cross contamination of food ‐ Oklahoma, 1996. MMWR, 47: 129–131. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Griffith, C. , Worsfold, D. and Mitchell, R. (1998) Food preparation, risk communication and the consumer. Food Control, 9: 225–232. [Google Scholar]
  125. Hahn, V.G. , Kirchhoff, H. , Hammer, P. , Ubben, E.H. and Heeschen W. (1992) Bakteriologische Befunden und dere Bewertung in Milch und Milchproducten von Ziegen und Schafen. Archives für Lebensmittelhygiene, 43: 73–96. [Google Scholar]
  126. Hald, B. , Madsen, J.J. , Rahbek, C. , Criel, M. , Nielsen, E.M. , Bang, D.D. , Lodal, J. , Jespersen, J.B. , Wainø, M. , Dietz, H.H. , Jørgensen, J.C. , Baggesen, D.L. , Baggesen, D.L. , Skov, N.M. and Madsen, M. (2003) Campylobacter spp. carriage by wild birds, rodents, insects, and other animals in the immediate environment of cattle, pig and poultry farms in Denmark. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293: (35): 140. [Google Scholar]
  127. Hald, B. , Pedersen, K. , Waino, M. , Jorgensen, J.C. and Madsen, M. (2004a) Longitudinal Study of the Excretion Patterns of Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in Young Pet Dogs in Denmark. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 42(5): 2003–2012. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Hald, B. , Rattenborg, E. and Madsen, M. (2001) Role of batch depletion of broiler houses on the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in chicken flocks. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 32: 253–256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Hald, B. , Skovgard, H. , Bang, D.D. , Pederson, K. , Dybdahl, J. , Jesperson, J.B. and Madsen, M. (2004b) Flies and Campylobacter infection of broiler flocks. Emerg. Infect Dis., 10(8):1490–2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Hald, T. , Wegener C. and Beck Joergensen B.(ed.) (1998) Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. Annual Report on Zoonosis in Denmark 1998. Danish Zoonosis Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark. [Google Scholar]
  131. Hanninen, M. L. , Haajanen, H. , Pummi, T. , Wermundsen, K. , Katila, M. L. , Sarkkinen, H. , Miettinen, I. and Rautelin, H. (2003) Detection and typing of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and analysis of indicator organisms in three waterborne outbreaks in Finland. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 1391–1396. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Hänninen, M.‐K. (1981) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni/coli in ground refrigerated and in ground frozen beef liver and in frozen broiler carcasses. Acta. Vet. Scand., 22: 566–577. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Hanninen, M.L. , Korreala, H. , Pakkala, P. (1984) Effect of various gas atmospheres on the growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni in beef. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 57: 89–94. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Hansson, I , Olsson Engvall, E. , Lindblad J., Gunnarson, A. , Vågsholm, I (2004) The Campylobacter surveillance program for broilers in Sweden, July 2001‐June 2002. Veterinary Record, 155:193–196. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Hansson, I. , Ederoth, M. , Andersson, L. , Vågsholm, I. and Olsson Engvall, E. (2005) Transmission of Campylobacter spp. to chickens during transport to slaughter.(submitted). [DOI] [PubMed]
  136. Harris, N.V. , Kimball, T. , Weiss, N.S. and Nolan, C. (1986) Dairy products, produce and other non‐meat foods as possible sources of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli enteritis. J. Food Prot., 49 (5): 347–351, [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. Harrison, W.A. , Griffuth, C.J. , Tennant, D. and Peters, A.C. (2001) Incidence of Campylobacter and Salmonella isolated from retail chicken and associated packaging in South Wales. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33: 450–454. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  138. Hartnett, E. , Kelly, L. , Newell, D. , Wooldridge, M. and Gettinby, G. (2001) A quantitative risk assessment for the occurrence of Campylobacter in chickens at the point of slaughter. Epidemiol. Infect., 127:195–206. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  139. Hartung, M. (2002) Bericht über die epidemiologische Situation der Zoonosen in Deutschland für 2001. Übersicht der Meldungen der Bundesländer BfR, Berlin. [Google Scholar]
  140. Harvey, R.B. , Young, C.R. , Ziprin, R.L. , Hume, M.E. , Genovese, K.J. , Anderson, R.C. , Droleskey, R.E. , Stanker, L.H. and Nisbet, D.J.T.I. (1999) Prevalence of Campylobacter spp isolated from the intestinal tract of pigs raised in an integrated swine production system. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 215: 1601–1604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  141. Havelaar, A.H. , de Wit, M.A. , van Koningsveld, R. and van Kempen, E. (2000) Health burden in the Netherlands due to infection with thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Epidemiol. Infect., 125:505–22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  142. Hazeleger, W.G. and Beumer, R.R. (2000) Campylobacter: Detection by latex agglutination techniques. In ‘Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology’. (Eds.) Robinson, R.K. , Batt, C.A. and Patel, P.D. Academic Press, London, pp.347–352. [Google Scholar]
  143. Helms, M. , Vastrup, P. , Gerner‐Smidt, P. and Molbak, K. (2003) Short and long term mortality associated with foodborne bacterial gastrointestinal infections: registry based study. British‐Medical‐Journal, 326: 357. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  144. Hermosilla, A. (2004) Transfer of contamination of Campylobacter spp. from positive to negative broiler flocks during processing. MSc thesis, University of Bristol. [Google Scholar]
  145. Heuer, O.E. , Pedersen, K. , Andersen J.S. and Madsen M. (2001) Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of thermophilic Campylobacter in organic and conventional broiler flocks. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33: 269–274. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  146. Hofshagen, M. and Kruse, H. (2003) Two years with the Norwegian action plan against Campylobacter spp. in broilers. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293 (35): 28. [Google Scholar]
  147. Hoglund, C. , Stenstrom, T. A. and Ashbolt, N. (2002) Microbial risk assessment of source‐separated urine used in agriculture. Waste Management & Research, 20: 150–161. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  148. Holländer, R. (1984) Untersuchungen zur Biologie und humanmedizinischen Bedeutung von Campylobacter jejuni/coli. Osnabrück, Diss. [Google Scholar]
  149. Holme, R. (2003) Drinking water contamination in Walkerton, Ontario: positive resolutions from a tragic event. Water Science and Technology, 47: 1–6. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  150. Hong, Y. , Berrang, M.E. , Liu, T. , Hofacre, C.L. , Sanchez, S. , Wang, L. and Maurer, J.J. (2003) Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni, and Salmonella enterica on poultry carcasses by using PCR‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(6):3492–9. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  151. Hook, H. , Fattah, M.A. , Ericsson, H. , Vågsholm, I. and Danielsson‐Tham, M.L. (2005) Genotype dynamics of Campylobacter jejuni in a broiler flock. Veterinary Microbiology, in press. [DOI] [PubMed]
  152. Hudson, J.A. , Nicol, C. , Wright, J. , Whyte, R. and Hasell, S.K. (1999) Seasonal variation of Campylobacter types from human cases, veterinary cases, raw chicken, milk and water. J. Appl. Microbiol., 87: 115–124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  153. Hudson, P.J. , Vogt, R.L. , Brondum, J. and Patton, C.M. (1984) Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from milk during an outbreak of Campylobacteriosis. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 150 (5): 789. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  154. Hume, M.E. et al. (2002) Campylobacter coli pulsed field gel electrophoresis genotypic diversity among sows and piglets in a farrowing barn. Current Microbiology, 45: 128–132. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  155. Humphrey, T.J. (1989) An appraisal of the efficacy of pre‐enrichment for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from water and food. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 66: 119–126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  156. Humphrey, T.J. (1992) Campylobacter jejuni: some aspects of epidemiology, detection and control. British Food Journal., 94(1): 21–25. [Google Scholar]
  157. Humphrey, T.J. and Beckett P. (1987) Campylobacter jejuni in dairy cows and raw milk. Epidemiol. Infect., 98: 263–269, [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  158. Humphrey, T.J. , Henley, A. and Lanning, D.G. (1993) The colonization of broilers chickens with Campylobacter jejuni: some epidemiological investigations. Epidemiol. Infect., 110: 601–607. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  159. Hunt, J.M. (1992) Campylobacter. In: Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual, pp77–94, 7th edition, Arlington, Virginia, USA: AOAC. [Google Scholar]
  160. Hutchinson, D.N. , Bolton, F.J. , Hinchliffe, P.M. , Dawkins, H.C. , Horsley, S.D. , Jessop, E.G. , Robertshaw, P.A. and Counter, D.E. (1985a) Evidence of udder excretion of Campylobacter jejuni as the cause of milk borne Campylobacter ourbreak. Journal of Hygiene, 94: 205–215. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  161. Hutchinson, D.N. , Bolton, F.J. , Jelley, W.C.N. , Mathews, W.G. , Telford, D.R. , Counter, D.E. , Jessop, E.G. and Horsley, S.D. (1985b) Campylobacter enteritis associated with consumption of raw goat's milk. Lancet, 1 (8436): 1037–1038, [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  162. Hutter, S. (2004) Campylobacter. SFVO Magazine, 3: 30–31. [Google Scholar]
  163. ICMSF (1996) Microorganisms in Foods 5. Characteristics of microbial pathogens, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, pp. 45–65. [Google Scholar]
  164. Inglis, G.D. and Kalischuk, L.D. (2004) Direct quantification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lanienae in feces of cattle by real‐time quantitative PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(4): 2296–306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  165. Inglis, G.D. , Kalischuk, L.D. and Busz, H.W. (2003) A survey of Campylobacter species shed in faeces of beef cattle using polymerase chain reaction. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 49: 655–661. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  166. ISO (International Standards Organisation) (1995) Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – horizontal method for detection of thermotolerant Campylobacter . ISO 10272:1995(E) (including technical corrigenda 1: 1996 and 2: 1997). [Google Scholar]
  167. ISO (International Standards Organisation) (2003) Draft ISO/CD 17995. Water quality – detection and enumeration of thermophilic Campylobacter. 2003‐07‐02.
  168. ISO (International Standards Organisation) (2004) Draft ENISO 10272‐1 Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs – horizontal method for detection and enumeration of Campylobacter growing at 41.5°C – Part 1: detection method. DPC: 04/30112072 DC.
  169. Izat, A.L. , Gardner, F.A. , Denton, J.H. and Golan, F.A. (1988) Incidence and level of Campylobacter jejuni in broiler processing. Poult. Sci., 67: 1568–1572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  170. Jacobs‐Reitsma, W. (2000) Campylobacter in the food supply, In: Campylobacter, 2nd edition, (Eds.) Nachamkin, I. and Blaser, M.J. , ASM Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 467–481. [Google Scholar]
  171. Jacobs‐Reitsma, W. , Fiddelaers, J. , Bolder, N. , Beumer, R. , Wagenaar, J. and Hazeleger, W. (2003) Darkling beetles (Alphitobius diaperinus) and their larvae as vectors for Campylobacter jejuni transmission to broilers. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293 (35): 31. [Google Scholar]
  172. Jacobs‐Reitsma, W.F. , Bolder, N. M. and Mulder, R.W.A. (1994) Cecal carriage of Campylobacter and Salmonella in dutch broiler flocks at slaughter: a 1‐year study. Poult. Sci., 73: 1260–1266. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  173. Jacobs‐Reitsma, W.F. , Van de Giessen, A.W. , Bolder, N.M. and Mulder, R.W. (1995) Epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. at two Dutch broiler farms. Epidemiol. Infect., 114: 413–421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  174. Jay, L.S. , Comar, D. and Govenlock, L.D. (1999) A national Australian food safety telephone survey. J. Food Prot., 62: 921–928. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  175. Jones, I. G. and Roworth, M. (1996) An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 and Campylobacteriosis associated with contamination of a drinking water supply. Public Health, 110: 277–282. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  176. Jones, K. (2001) Campylobacters in water, sewage and the environment. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90: 68S–79S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  177. Jones, P.H. , Willis, A.T. , Robinson, D.A. , Skirrow, M.B. and Josephs, D.S. (1981) Campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk. Journal of Hygiene, 87 (2): 155–162. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  178. Jørgensen, F. , Baily, R. , Williams, S. , Henderson, P. , Wareing, D.R.A. , Bolton, F.J. , Frost, J.A. , Ward, L. and Humphrey, T.J. (2002) Prevalence and numbers of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. on raw, whole, chickens in relation to sampling method. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 76: 151–164. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  179. Kalman, M. , Szollosi, E. , Czermann, B. , Zimanyi, M. , Szekeres, S. and Kalman, M. (2000) Milkborne Campylobacter infection in Hungary, J. Food Prot., 63 (10): 1426–1429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  180. Kapperud, G. (1994) Campylobacter infections. Epidemiology, risk factors and preventive measures (in Norwegian). Tidsskr. Nor. Lægeforen, 114: 795–799. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  181. Kapperud, G. , Espeland, G. , Wahl, E. , Walde, A. , Herikstad, H. , Gustavsen, S. , Tveit, I. , Natås O., Bevanger L. and Digranes, A. (2003) Factors Associated with Increased and Decreased Risk of Campylobacter Infection: A Prospective Case‐Control Study in Norway. Am. J. Epidemiol., 158: 234–242. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  182. Kapperud, G. , Skjerve, E. , Bean, N.H. , Ostroff, S.M. and Lassen, J. (1992) Risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections; results of a case‐control study in south‐eastern Norway. J. Clin. Microbiol., 30: 3117–3121. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  183. Kapperud, G. , Skjerve, E. , Vik, L. , Hauge, K. , Lysaker, A. , Aalmen, I. , Ostroff, S.M. and Potter, M. (1993) Epidemiological investigations of risk factors for Campylobacter colonization in Norwegian broiler flocks. Epidemiol. Infect., 111: 245–255. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  184. Karmali, M.A. , Simor, A.E. , Roscoe, M. , Fleming, P.C. , Smith, S.S. and Lane, J. (1986) Evaluation of a blood‐free, charcoal‐based, selective medium for the isolation of Campylobacter organisms from faeces. J. Clin. Microbiol., 23: 456–459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  185. Kell, D.B. , Kaprelyants, A.S. , Weichart, D.H. Harwood, C.R. and Barer, M.R. (1998) Viability and activity in readily culturable bacteria: a review and discussion of the practical issues. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek, 73: 169–187. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  186. Kelly, A.F. , Park, S.F. , Bovill, R. and Mackey, B.M. (2001) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni during stationary phase: Evidence for the absence of a phenotypic stationary‐phase response. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67: 2248–2254. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  187. Kemp, G.K. , Aldrich, M.L. , Waldroup, A.L. (2000) Acidified sodium chlorite antimicrobial treatment of broiler carcasses. J. Food Prot., 63: 1087–1092. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  188. Keramas, G , Bang, D.D. , Lund, M. , Madsen, M. , Rasmussen, S.E. , Bunkenborg, H. , Telleman, P. and Christensen, C.B. (2003) Development of a sensitive DNA microarray suitable for rapid detection of Campylobacter spp. Mol. Cell Probes, 17(4): 187–96. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  189. Kirk, M. , Wadell, R. , Dalton, C. , Creaser, A. and Rose, N. (1997) A prolonged outbreak of Campylobacter infection at a training facility. Communicable Disease Intelligence, 21: 57–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  190. Koenraad, P. , Hazeleger, W. C. , Vanderlaan, T. , Beumer, R. R. and Rombouts, F. M. (1994) Survey of Campylobacter Spp in Sewage Plants in the Netherlands. Food Microbiology, 11: 65–73. [Google Scholar]
  191. Koenraad, P. , JacobsReitsma, W. F. , Beumer, R. R. and Rombouts, F. M. (1996) Short‐term evidence of Campylobacter in a treatment plant and drain water of a connected poultry abattoir. Water Environment Research, 68: 188–193. [Google Scholar]
  192. Koenrad, P.M.F.J. , Ayling, R. , Hazeleger, W.C. , Rombouts, F.M. and Newell, D.G. (1995) The speciation and subtying of Campylobacter isolates from sewage plants and waste water from a commertial poultry abattoir using molecular techniques. Epidemiol. Infect., 115: 485–494. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  193. Koidis, P. and Doyle, M.P. (1983) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in fresh and heated meat. J. Food Prot., 46: 771–774 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  194. Korhonen, L. K. , Niskanen, M. , HeinonenTanski, H. , Martikainen, P. J. , Salonen, L. and Taipalinen, I. (1996) Groundwater quality in wells in central rural Finland: A microbiological and radiochemical survey. Ambio., 25: 343–349. [Google Scholar]
  195. Kramer, J.M. , Frost, J.A. , Bolton, F. and Wareing, D.R.A. , (2000) Campylobacter contamination of raw meat and poultry at retail sale: Identification of multiple types and comparison with isolates from human infection. J. Food Prot., 63: 1654–1659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  196. Kramer, M. H. , Herwaldt, B. L. , Craun, G. F. , Calderon, R. L. and Juranek, D. D. (1996) Waterborne disease: 1993 and 1994. American Journal, Water Works Association, 88: 66–80. [Google Scholar]
  197. Kruse, H. and Skov Simonsen, G. (Eds.), (2002) NORM/NORM‐VET 2001. Consumption of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in Norway. ISSN 1502‐2307, Tromsø / Oslo. [Google Scholar]
  198. Kruse, H. , Nødtvedt, A. , Hofshagen, M. , Stavnes, T. and Lassen, J. , (2002) Prevalence of resistance in Campylobacter jejuni from humans in Norway linked to travel abroad. 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC, 42nd), San Diego, California, USA, September 27‐30. [Google Scholar]
  199. Kumar, A. , Agarwal, R. K. , Bhilegaonkar, K. N. , Shome, B. R. and Bachhil, V. N. (2001) Occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 67: 153–155. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  200. Kusumaningrum, H.D. , Riboldi, G. , Hazeleger, W.C. and Beumer, R.R. (2003) Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross‐contamination to foods. Int. J. Food. Microbiol. 85, 227–236. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  201. Kwiatek, K. , Wojton, B. , and Stern, N.J. (1990) Prevalence and distribution of Campylobacter spp. on poultry and selected red meat carcasses in Poland. J. Food Prot., 53: 127–130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  202. Laisney, M. J. , Salvat, G. , Ragimbeau, C. and Ermel, G. (1999) Epidemiology of Campylobacter in broiler production: influence of the rearing period. Food Microbiology. 99. Veldhoven (NL): 13‐17 September, 1999. [Google Scholar]
  203. Laisney, M.J. , Colin, J., P. and Jacobs‐Reitsma, W. F. (1991) Influence of water chilling procedures on the Campylobacter contamination of broiler carcasses, using several isolation mehtods. In: Mulder, R. W. A. W. Prevention and control of potentially pathogenic microorganisms in poultry and poultry meat processing 4. Hygenic aspects of processed poultry meat.
  204. Laisney, M.J. , Gillard, M.O. and Salvat, G. (2004) Influence of bird strain on competitive exclusion of Campylobacter jejuni in young chicks. Br. Poult. Sci., 45(1): 49–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  205. Lammerding, A.M. (1997) An overview of microbial food safety risk assessment. J. Food Prot., 60: 1420–1425. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  206. Lammerding, A.M. , Garcia, M. M. , Mann, E.D. Robinson, Y. , Dorward, W.J. , Truscott, R.B. and Tittiger, F. (1988) Prevalence of salmonella and thermophilic Campylobacter in fresh pork, beef, veal and poultry in Canada. J. Food Prot., 51: 47–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  207. Layton, M.C. , Calliste, S.G. , Gomez, T.M. , Patton, C. and Brooks, S. (1997) A mixed outbreak with Salmonella heidelberg and Campylobacter jejuni in a nursing home. Infectious Control Hospital Epidemiology, 18:115–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  208. Lecuit, M. , Abachin, E. , Martin, A. , Poyart, C. , Pochart, P. , Suarez, F. , Bengoufa, D. , Feuillard, J. , Lavergne, A. , Gordon, J.I. , Berche, P. , Guillevin, L. and Lortholary, O. (2004) Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni . N. Engl. J. Med., 350(3): 239–48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  209. Ledergerber, U. , Regula, G. , Danuser, J. Bissig‐Choisat, B. , Jemmi, T and Stark, K.D.C. (2003) Prevalence of latent zoonoses in pigs and pork from animal‐friendly farms. Archiv fur Lebensmittelhygiene, 54: 90–94. [Google Scholar]
  210. Ley, E.C. , Morishita, T.Y. , Brisker, T. and Harr, B.S. (2001) Prevalence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli on ostrich carcasses and the susceptibility of ostrich‐origin E. coli isolates to various antibiotics. Avian Dis., 45(3): 696–700. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  211. Li, Y. , Yang, H. and Swem, B.L. (2002) Effect of high‐temperature inside‐outside spray on survival of Campylobacter jejuni attached to prechill chicken carcasses. Poult. Sci., 81: 1371–1377. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  212. Lillard, H.S. (1994) Decontamination of poultry skin by sonification. Food. Technol., 48: 72–73. [Google Scholar]
  213. Lindblad, M , and Lindqvist, R. 2003. Mikroprofil Kyckling ‐ Kartläggning av mikroorganismer på slaktkroppar (Microprofile chicken ‐ Survey of microorganisms on broiler carcasses). In Swedish. SLV Report 21‐2003.
  214. Linton, D. , Lawson, A.J. , Owen, R.J. and Stanley, J. (1997) PCR detection, identification to species level, and fingerprinting of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli direct from diarrheic samples. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35(10): 2568–72. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  215. Logan, J.M.J. , Edwards, K.J. , Saunders, N.A. and Stanley, J. (2001) Rapid identification of Campylobacter spp. by melting peak analysis of bioprobes in real‐time PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol., 39: 2227–2232. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  216. Logue, C.M. , Sherwood, J.S. , Elijah, L.M. , Olah, P.A. and Dockter, M.R. (2003) The incidence of Campylobacter spp. on processed turkey from processing plants in the Midwestern United States. J. Appl. Microbiol., 95: 234–241. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  217. Lucey, B. , Cryan, B. , O'Halloran, F. , Wall, P.G. , Buckley, T. , Fanning, S. , (2002) Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility among isolates of Campylobacter species in Ireland and the emergence of resistance to ciprofloxacin. Vet. Rec., 151: 317–320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  218. Luechtefeld, N. and Wang, W.‐L.L. (1981) Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni in a turkey processing plant. J. Clin. Microbiol., 15: 761–768. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  219. Lund, V. (1996) Evaluation of E. coli as an indicator for the presence of Campylobacter jejuni and Yersinia enterocolitica in chlorinated and untreated oligotrophic lake water. Water Research, 30: 1528–1534. [Google Scholar]
  220. Madden, R. H. , Moran, L. and Scates, P. (1998) Frequency of occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in red meats and poultry in Northern Ireland and their subsequent subtyping using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism and the random amplified polymorphic DNA method. J. Appl. Microbiol., 84: 703–708. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  221. Manning, G. , Dowson, C.G. et al., (2003) Multilocus sequence typing for comparison of veterinary and human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni . Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 6370–6379. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  222. Manser, P.A. and Dalziel, R.W. (1985) A survey of Campylobacters in animals. Journal of hygiene (Cambridge), 95: 15–21. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  223. Martinez‐Rodriguez, A. , Kelly, A.F. , Park, S.F. and Mackey, B.M. (2004) Emergence of variants with altered survival properties in stationary phase cultures of Campylobacter jejuni . Int. J. Food Microbiol., 90: 321–329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  224. Mason, M.J. , Humphrey, T.J. and Martin, K.W. (1999) Isolation of sublethally injured Campylobacters from poultry and water sources. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 56: 2–5. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  225. Maurer, A. M. and Sturchler, D. (2000) A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, Campylobacter and shigella co‐infections in La Neuveville, Switzerland, 1998. Epidemiol. Infect., 125: 325–332. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  226. McMahon, M. A. S. and Wilson, I. G. (2001) The occurrence of enteric pathogens and Aeromonas species in organic vegetables. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 70: 155–162. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  227. Mead, G.C. , Hudson, W.R. and Hinton, M.H. (1995) Effect of changes in processing to improve hygiene control on contamination of poultry carcasses with Campylobacter . Epidemiol. Infect., 115: 495–500. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  228. Mead, G.C. , Scott, M.J. , Humphrey, T.J. and McAlpine, K. (1996) Observations on the control of Campylobacter jejuni infection of poultry by competitive exclusion. Avian Pathol., 25: 69–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  229. Mead, P.S. , Slutsker, L. , Dietz, V. , McCaig, L.F. , Bresee, J.S. , Shapiro, C. , Griffin, P.M. and Tauxe, R.V. (1999) Food‐related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Inf. Dis., 5: 607–625. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  230. Megraud, F. , Chevrier, D. , Desplaces, N. , Sedallian, A. and Guesdon, J.L. (1988) Urease‐positive thermophilic Campylobacter (Campylobacter laridis variant) isolated from an appendix and from human feces. J. Clin. Microbiol., 26: 1050–1051. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  231. Melby, K. K. , Svendby, J. G. , Eggebo, T. , Holmen, L. A. , Andersen, B. M. , Lind, L. , Sjogren, E. and Kaijser, B. (2000) Outbreak of Campylobacter infection in a subartic community. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 19: 542–544. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  232. Meldrum, R.J. and Ribeiro, C.D. (2003) Campylobacter in ready‐to‐eat foods: The result of a 15‐month survey. J. Food Prot., 66(11): 2135–2137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  233. Miettinen, I.T. , Zacheus, O. , von Bonsdorff, C.H. and Vartiainen, T. (2001) Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998‐1999. Water Science and Technology, 43: 67–71. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  234. Minihan, D. , Whyte, P. , et al. (2004) An investigation of transport, lairage and hide cleanliness on Campylobacter prevalence in feedlot cattle and dressed carcasses. Journal of Food Safety, 24: 37–52. [Google Scholar]
  235. Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2000) Campylobacter jejuni/coli in: Annual Report on Zoonoses in Denmark 2000.
  236. Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2001) Campylobacter jejuni/coli in: Annual Report on Zoonoses in Denmark 2001.
  237. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries (2003) Annual report on zoonoses in Denmark, 2002.
  238. Miwa, N. , Takegahara, Y. , Terai, K. , Kato, H. and Takeuchi, T. (2003) Campylobacter jejuni contamination on broiler carcasses of C. jejuni‐negative flocks during processing in a Japanese slaughterhouse. Int. J. Food. Microbiol., 84: 105–109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  239. Moore, J.E. , Lanser, J. , Heuzenroeder, M. , Ratcliff, R.M. , Millar, B.C. and Madden, R.H. (2002a) Molecular diversity of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from pigs at slaughter by flaA‐RFLP analysis and ribotyping. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series B – Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 49: 388–393. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  240. Moore, J.E. , Wilson, T.S. , Wareig, D.R.A. , Humphrey, T.J. and Murphy, P.G. (2002b) Prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter ssp in ready‐to‐eat foods and raw poultry in Northen Ireland. J. Food Prot., 65(8): 1326–1328. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  241. Moore, J. E. , Caldwell, P. S. , Millar, B. C. and Murphy, P. G. (2001a) Occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in water in Northern Ireland: implications for public health. Ulster Medical Journal, 70: 102–107. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  242. Moore, J.E. , Crowe, M. , Heaney, N. and Crothers, E. , (2001b) Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter spp. isolated from human faeces (1998‐2000) and foods (1997‐2000) in Northern Ireland: an update. J. Antimicr. Chemother., 48: 455–457. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  243. Moore, J.E. and Madden, R.H. (2000) The effect of thermal stress on Campylobacter coli . J. Appl. Microbiol., 89: 892–899. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  244. Moore, J.E. and Madden, R.H. (1998) Occurrence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in porcine liver in Northern Ireland. J. Food Prot., 61: 409–413. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  245. Moreno, Y. , Hernandez, M. , Ferrus, M.A. , Alonso, J.L. , Botella, S. , Montes, R. and Hernandez, J. (2001) Direct detection of thermotolerant campylobacters in chicken products by PCR and in situ hybridization. Res. Microbiol., 152(6): 577–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  246. Moreno, Y. , Botella, S. , Alonso, J.L. , Ferrus, M.A. , Hernandez, M. , Hernandez, J. (2003) Specific detection of Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains in water and sewage by PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69(2): 1181–6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  247. Morishita, T.Y. , Aye, P.P. , Harr, B.S. , Cobb, C.W. and Clifford, J.R. (1997) Evaluation of an avian‐specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of Campylobacter jejuni in broilers. Avian Dis., 41: 850–855. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  248. Musgrove, M.T. , Cason, J.A. , Fletcher, D.L. , Stern, N.J. , Cox, N.A. and Bailey, J.S. (1997) Effect of cloacal plugging on microbial recovery from partially processed broilers. Poult. Sci., 76: 530–533. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  249. Nachamkin, I. , Allos, B.M. and Ho, T.W. (2000) Campylobacter jejuni infection and the association with Guillain‐Barré syndrome, In: Campylobacter, 2nd edition, (Eds.) Nachamkin, I. and Blaser, M.J. , ASM Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 155–175. [Google Scholar]
  250. Nachamkin, I. , Ung, H. and Li, M. , (2002) Increasing fluoroquinolones resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, Pennsylvania, USA, 1982‐2001. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8, 1501–1503. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  251. NACMCF , (1994) Generic HACCP for Raw Beef. Food Microbiol. 10:449–488. Is this National Advisory Committee on Microbiological Criteria in Foods at FDA, USA. [Google Scholar]
  252. Nadeau, E. , Messier, S. and Quessy, S. (2002) Prevalence and comparison of genetic profiles of Campylobacter strains isolated from poultry and sporadic cases of Campylobacteriosis in humans. J. Food Prot., 65: 73–78. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  253. Neill, S.D. , Campbell, J.N. and Greene, J.A. (1984) Campylobacter species in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol., 13: 777–785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  254. Neimann, J. , Engberg, J. , Molbak, K. and Wegener, H.C. (2003) A case‐control study of risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infections in Denmark. Epidemiol. Infect., 160: 353–366. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  255. Nesbakken, T. , Eckner, K. , Hoidal, H.K. and Rotterud, O.J. (2003) Occurrence of Yersinia enterocolitica and Campylobacter spp. in slaughter pigs and consequences for meat inspection, slaughtering, and dressing procedures. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 80: 231–240. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  256. Newell, D. , Hartnett, E. , Madsen, M. , Engberg, J. , Hald, T. , Wedderkopp, A. and Engvall, A. (1999) The comparison of seasonality in Campylobacter infections in humans and chickens from three European countries. 10th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms, Baltimore, Maryland, pp.41. [Google Scholar]
  257. Newell, D.G. , Frost, J.A. , Duim, B. , Wagenaar, J.A. , Madden, R.H. , Van der Plas, J. and On, S.L.W. (2000) New developments in the subtyping of Campylobacter species, In: Campylobacter, 2nd edition, (Eds.) Nachamkin, I. and Blaser, M.J. , ASM Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 27–44. [Google Scholar]
  258. Newell, D.G. , Sheeve, J.E. , Toszeghy, M. , Domingue, G. , Bull, S. , Humphrey, T. and Mead, G. (2001) Changes in the carriage of Campylobacter strains by poultry carcasses during processing in abattoirs. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67: 2636–2640. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  259. Nguyen‐The, C. and Carlin, F. (2000) Fresh and processed vegetables, In: The Microbiological Quality and Safety of Food, (Eds.) Lund, B. M. , Baird‐Parker, A. C. and Gould, G.W. , Aspen Publishers, pp. 620–684. [Google Scholar]
  260. Nielsen, E.M. and Nielsen, N.L. (1999) Serotypes and typability of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from poultry products. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 46: 199–205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  261. Nielsen, E.M. , Engberg, J. and Madsen, M. (1997) Distribution of serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from Danish patients, poultry, cattle and swine. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 19: 47–56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  262. Northcutt, J.K. , Berrang, M.E. , Dickens, J.A. , Fletcher, D.L. and Cox, N.A. (2003) Effect of broiler age, feed withdrawal, and transportation on levels of coliforms, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli and Salmonella on carcasses before and after immersion chilling. Poult. Sci., 82: 169–173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  263. Obiri‐Danso, K. , Paul, N. and Jones, K. (2001) The effects of UVB and temperature on the survival of natural populations and pure cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli, Camp. lari and urease‐positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) in surface waters. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90: 256–267. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  264. Odumeru, J. A. , Mitchell, S. J. , Alves, D. M. , Lynch, J. A. , Yee, A. J. , Wang, S. L. , Styliadis, S. and Farber, J. M. (1997) Assessment of the microbiological quality of ready‐to‐use vegetables for health‐care food services. J. Food Prot., 60: 954–960. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  265. Oldfield, E.C. and Wallace, M.R. (2001) The role of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diarrhea. Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Amer., 30: 817–36. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  266. On, S.L.W. (1996) Identification methods for campylobacters, helicobacters and related organisms. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 9: 405–422. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  267. On, S.L.W. (2001) Taxonomy of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and related bacteria: current status, future prospects and immediate concerns. J. Appl. Microbiol., 90, 1S–15S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  268. On, S.L.W. and Jordan, P.J. (2003) Evaluation of 11 PCR assays for species‐level identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . J. Clin. Microbiol., 41: 330–336. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  269. On, S.L.W. , Nielson, E.M. , Engberg, J. and Madsen M. (1998) Validity of SmaI‐defined, KpnI and BamHI polymorphisms: evidence of identical clones infecting humans, poultry and cattle. Epidemiol. Infect., 120: 231–237. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  270. Oosterom, J. , de Wilde, G.J.A. , de Boer, E. , de Blaauw, L.H. and Karman, H. (1983a) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni during poultry processing and pig slaughtering. J. Food Prot., 46: 702–706. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  271. Oosterom, J. , Notermans, S. , Karman, H. , and Engels, G.B. (1983b) Origin and prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry processing. J. Food Prot., 46: 339–344. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  272. Orla, M.J. , Flynn, I. , Blair, S. and Mcdowell, D.A. (1994) Prevalence of Campylobacter species on fresh retail chicken wings in Northern Ireland. J. Food Prot., 57: 334–336 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  273. Orr, K. E. , Lightfoot, N. F. , Sisson, P. R. , Harkis, B. A. , Tweddle, J. L. , Boyd, P. , Carroll, A. , Jackson, C. J. , Wareig, D.R.A. and Freeman, R (1995). Direct milk excretion of Campylobacter jejuni in a dairy cow causing cases of human enteritis Epidemiol. Infect., 114: 15–24. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  274. O'Sullivan, N.A. , Fallon, R. , Carroll, C. , Smith, T. and Maher, M. (2000) Detection and differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in broiler chicken samples using a PCR/DNA probe membrane based colorimetric detection assay. Mol. Cell Probes, 14(1): 7–16. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  275. Oyarzabal, O.A. , Conner, D.E. and Hoerr, F.J. (1995) Incidence of campylobacters in the intestine of avian species in Alabama. Avian Dis., 39(1): 147–51. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  276. Paluszak, Z. and Olszewska, H. (2000) The influence of temperature on Campylobacter jejuni survival in cattle slurry. Tierarztliche Umschau, 55: 45–48. [Google Scholar]
  277. Paluszak, Z. and Olszewska, H. (2002) The survival of Campylobacter coli in slurry stored at different temperatures. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 58: 899–901. [Google Scholar]
  278. Park, C.E. and Sanders, G.W. (1991) A sensitive enrichment procedure for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from frozen foods, In: “Campylobacter V”, “Proceedings of 5th International Workshop on Campylobacter Infections (Eds.) Riuz‐Palacios, G.M. , Calva, F. and Ruiz‐Palacios, B.R. , Puerto Vallarta, Mexico: National Institute of Nutrition, p102. [Google Scholar]
  279. Park, C.E. and Sanders, G.W. (1992) Occurrence of Thermotolerant campylobacters in Fresh Vegetables Sold at Farmers Outdoor Markets and Supermarkets. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 38: 313–316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  280. Park, H. , Hung, Y.C. and Brackett, R.E. (2002) Antimicrobial effect of electrolyzed water for inactivating Campylobacter jejuni during poultry washing. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 72: 77–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  281. Park, S.F. (2002) The physiology of Campylobacter species and its relevance to their role as foodborne pathogens. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 74: 177–188. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  282. Pearson, A.D. , Colwell, R.R. , Rollins, D. , Hanninen, M.L. , Jones, M.W. , Healing, T.D. , Greenwood, M. , Hood, M. , Shahamat, M. , Jump, E. and Jones, D.M. (1987) Campylobacter IV. (Eds.) Kaijser, B. , Falsen, E. , University of Goteborg, Sweden, p 281. [Google Scholar]
  283. Pearson, A.D. , Greenwood, M. , Healing, T.D. , Rollins, D. , Shahamat, M. , Donaldson, J. and Colwell, R.R. (1993) Colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne Campylobacter jejuni . Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59: 987–996. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  284. Pearson, A.D. , Greenwood, M.H. , Donaldson, J. , Healing, T.D. , Jones, D.M. , Shamat, M. , Feltham, R.K. and Colwell, R.R. 2000. Continuous source of outbreak of campylobacteriosis traced to chicken. J. Food Prot., 63: 309–314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  285. Pearson, A.D. , Greenwood, M.H. , Feltham, R.K. , Healing, T.D. , Donaldson, J. , Jones, D.M. and Colwell, R.R. (1996) Microbial ecology of Campylobacter jejuni in a United Kingdom chicken supply chain: intermittent common source, vertical transmission, and amplification by flock propagation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62: 4614–4620. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  286. Pearsson, A.D. and Healing, T.D. , (1992) The surveillance and control of Campylobacter infection. Comm. Disease Review, 2: 133–8. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  287. Percival, S.L. and Walker, J.T. (1999) Potable water and biofilms: a review of the public health implications. Biofouling, 14: 99–115. [Google Scholar]
  288. Peterson, M.C. (2003) Campylobacter jejuni enteritis associated with consumption of raw milk. Journal of Environmental Health, 65 (9): 20–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  289. Petersen, L. and Wedderkopp, A. (2001) Evidence that certain clones of Campylobacter jejuni persist during successive broiler flock rotations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67: 2739–2745. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  290. Pezzotti, G. , Serafin, A. , Luzzi, I. , Mioni, R. , Milan, M. and Perin, R. (2003) Occurrence and resistance to antibiotics of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in animals and meat in northeastern Italy. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 82: 281–287. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  291. Phebus, R.K. , Draughton, F.A. and Mount, J.R. (1991) Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in modified asmosphere packaged turkey roll. J. Food Prot., 54(3): 194–199. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  292. Phillips, C.A. (1995) Bird attacks on milk bottles and Campylobacter infection. Lancet, 346(8971): 386. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  293. Piddock, L.J.V. (1995) Quinolone resistance and Campylobacter spp. J. Antimicr. Chemother., 36: 891–898. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  294. Pigrau, C. , Bartolome, R. , Almirante, B. , Planes, AM , Gavalda, J. and Pahissa, A. , (1997) Bacteremia due to Campylobacter species: clinical findings and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Clin. Infect. Dis., 6: 1414–20. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  295. Porter, I.A. and Reid, T. M. S. (1980) A milk‐borne outbreak of Campylobacter infection. Journal of Hygiene, 84(3): 415–419. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  296. Potter, M.E. , Blaser, M.J. Sikes, R.K. , Kaufmann, A.F. and Wells, J.G. (1983) Human Campylobacter infection associated with certified raw milk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 117(4): 475–483. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  297. Ramabu, S.S. , Boxall, N. S. , Madie, P. and Fenwick, S.G. (2004) Some potential sources for transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to broiler flocks. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 39: 252–256. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  298. Rees, J.H. , Soudain, S.E. , Gregson, N.A. and Hughes, R.A.C. , (1995) Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain‐Barre syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med., 333: 1374–1379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  299. Refregier‐Petton, J. , Rose, N. , Denis, M. and Salvat, G. (2001) Risk factors for Campylobacter spp. contamination in French broiler‐chicken flocks at the end of the rearing period. Prev. Vet. Med., 50: 89–100. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  300. Reiersen, J. , Briem, H. Hardardottir, H. , Gunnarsson, E. , Georgsson, F. and Kristinsson, K. (2003) Human campylobacteriosis epidemic in Iceland 1998‐2000 and long term effect of interventions. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293: 31. [Google Scholar]
  301. Reinhard, R.G. , McAdam, T.J. , Flick, G.J. , Croonenberghs, R.E. , Wittman, R.F. , Diallo, A.A. and Fernandes C.C. (1996) Analysis of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in fresh hand piced blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat. J. Food Prot., 59: 803–807. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  302. Rice, B.E. , Rollins, D.M. , Mallinson, E.T. , Carr, L. and Joseph, SW. (1997) Campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens: colonisation and humoral immunity following oral vaccination and experimental infection. Vaccine, 15: 1922–1932. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  303. Richardson, I.R. and Stevens, A.M. (2003) Microbiological examination of ready‐to‐eat stuffing from retail premises in the north‐east of England. The ‘Get Stuffed’ survey. J. Appl. Microbiol., 94: 733–737. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  304. Rivoal, K. (2000) Les Campylobacter dans la filière avicole. Caractérisation génomique et origine de la contamination dans les élevages. Thèse de l'Université de Bretagne Occidentale.
  305. Roberts, D. (1985) Microbiological aspects of goats' milk. A public health laboratory service survey. Goat Veterinarian Society Journal, 6: 10–13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  306. Robinson, D.A. and Jones, D.M. (1981) Milk‐borne Campylobacter infection. British‐Medical‐Journal, 282 (6273):1374–1376. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  307. Robinsson, D.A. , (1981) Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. British‐Medical‐Journal, 282:1584. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  308. Roels, T.H. , Wickus, B. , Bostrom, H.H. , Kazmierczak, J.J. , Nicholson, M.A. , Kurzynski, T.A. and Davis, J.P. (1998) A foodborne outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni (O:33) infection associated with tuna salad: a rare strain in an unusual vehicle. Epidemiol. Infect., 121(2): 281–287. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  309. Ronveaux, O. , Quoilin, S. , Van Loock, F. , Lheureux, P. , Struelens, M. and Butzler, J. P. (2000) A Campylobacter coli foodborne outbreak in Belgium. Acta. Clinica. Belgica, 55: 307–311. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  310. Rosef, O. and Kapperud, G. (1983) House flies (Musca domestica) as possible vectors of Campylobacter fetus subsp. jejuni . Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45: 381–3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  311. Rosenquist, H. and Nielsen, N.L. (1999) Surveillance program on thermophilic Campylobacter spp. (C. jejuni, C. coli and C. lari) in raw meat products from Danish retail outlets. 10th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms, Baltimore, Maryland, pp. 70. [Google Scholar]
  312. Rosenquist, H. , Nielsen, N.L. , Sommer, H.M. , Nørrung, B. and Christensen, B.B. (2003) Quantitative risk assessment of human campylobacteriosis associated with thermophilic Campylobacter species in chickens. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 83: 87–103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  313. Rothman, K.J. and Greenland, S. (1998) Modern epidemiology. 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. [Google Scholar]
  314. Rudi, K. , Hoidal, H.K. , Katla, T. , Johansen, B.K. , Nordal, J. and Jakobsen, K.S. (2004) Direct real‐time PCR quantification of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken fecal and cecal samples by integrated cell concentration and DNA purification. Appl Environ Microbiol., 70(2): 790–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  315. Sàenz, Y. , Zarazago, M. , Lantero, M. , Gastañares, MJ , Baquero, F. and Torres, C. , (2000) Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter strains isolated from animals, foods, and humans in Spain in 1997‐1998. Antimicr. Agents Chemother., 44: 267–271. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  316. Sagoo, S.K. , Little, C.L. , Griffith, C.J. and Mitchell, R.T. (2003a) Study of cleaning standards and practices in food premises in the United Kingdom. Communicable Disease and Public Health, 6(1): 6–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  317. Sagoo, S.K. , Little, C. L. and Mitchell, R. T. (2003b) Microbiological quality of open ready‐to‐eat salad vegetables: Effectiveness of food hygiene training of management. J. Food Prot., 66: 1581–1586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  318. Sagoo, S.K. , Little, C.L. and Mitchell, R.T. (2001) The microbiological examination of ready‐to‐eat organic vegetables from retail establishments in the United Kingdom. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 33: 434–439. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  319. Said, B. , Wright, F. , Nichols, G. L. , Reacher, M. and Rutter, M. (2003) Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplies in England and Wales 1970‐2000. Epidemiol. Infect., 130: 469–479. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  320. Sails, A.D. , Fox, A.J. , Bolton, F.J. , Wareing, D.R.A. , Greenway, D.L.A. and Borrow, R. (2001) Development of a PCR ELISA assay for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Mol. Cell Probes, 15: 291–300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  321. Sails, A.D. , Swaminathan, B. and Fields, P.I. (2003) Utility of multilocus sequence typing as an epidemiological tool for investigation of outbreaks of gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni . J. Clin. Microbiol., 41: 4733–4739. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  322. Sala, F.J. , Burgos, J. , Condon, S. , Lopez, P. and Raso, J. (1995) Effect of heat and ultrasound on microorganisms and enzymes. In Gould G.W. (Ed.) New Methods for Food Preservation, Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 176–204. [Google Scholar]
  323. Salvat, G. , Colin, P. and Allo, J.C. (1992) Evolution of Microbiological Contamination of Poultry Carcasses during Slaughtering: a survey on 12 french abattoirs, In “Other pathogens of concern”. FLAIR N°6/COST 906. Proceedings of a meeting held in Helsinki, Finland, 11‐14 June 1992. 25–37. [Google Scholar]
  324. Salvat, G. , Laisney, M.J. (2002) Reducing Campylobacter contamination of poultry Carcasses by dynamic dry chilling: is it or not? workshop on Campylobacter prevention and control. Marks and Spencer. Christ college; Cambridge. 12 April 2002. [Google Scholar]
  325. Sanchez, M.X. , Fluckey, W.M. , Brashears, M.M. and McKee, S.R. (2002) Microbial profile and antibiotic susceptibility of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. in broilers processed in air‐chilled and immersion‐chilled environments. J. Food. Prot., 65: 948–956. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  326. Sandberg, M. , Bergsjø B., Hofshagen M., Skjerve E., and Kruse H.. (2002) The occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in Norwegian cats and dogs. Prev. Vet. Med., 55: 241–253. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  327. Savill, M.G. , Hudson, J.A. , Ball, A. , Klena, J. D. , Scholes, P. , Whyte, R. J. , McCormick, R. E. and Jankovic, D. (2001) Enumeration of Campylobacter in New Zealand recreational and drinking waters. J. Appl. Microbiol., 91: 38–46. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  328. Scates, P. , Moran, L. and Madden, R.H. (2003) Effect of incubation temperature on isolation of Campylobacter jejuni genotypes from foodstuffs enriched in Preston broth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69: 4658–4661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  329. Schlundt, J. (1999) Principles of food safety risk management. Food Control, 10: 299–302. [Google Scholar]
  330. Schoeni, J.L. and Wong, A.C.L. (1994) Inhibition of Campylobacter jejuni colonization in chicks by defined competitive exclusion bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60: 1191–1197. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  331. Schönberg‐Norio, D. , Takkinen, J. , Hänninen, M. L. , Katila, M. L. , Kaukoranta, S. S. , Mattila, L. and Rautelin, H. (2004) Swimming and Campylobacter infections. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10: 1474–1477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  332. Schønheyder, H.C. , Søgaard, P. and Frederiksen, W. , (1995) A survey of Campylobacter bacteremia in three Danish counties, 1989 to 1994. Scand. J. Infect. Dis., 27: 145–148. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  333. Schrot, S. (1990) Vorkommen und Verbreitung thermophiler Campylobacter Spezies bei Puten in Baden‐Württemberg. München, Tierärztl. Fakultät d. Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Univ., Diss. [Google Scholar]
  334. Scientific Committee for Food, (SCF) , (2002) European Commission, (EC), Risk Profile on Microbiological Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables Eaten Raw, European Commission. [Google Scholar]
  335. Scientific Committee on Veterinary Measures relating to Public Health (SCVMPH) (2000) Opinion on food‐borne zoonoses. European Commission. [Google Scholar]
  336. Scott, E. , Bloomfield, S.F. and Barlow, C.G. (1982) An investigation of microbial contamination in the home. J. Hyg., 89: 279–293. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  337. Shane, S.M. , Montrose, M.S. and Harrington, K.S. (1985) Transmission of Campylobacter jejuni by the housefly (Muca domestica). Avian Dis., 29: 384–391. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  338. Shreeve, J.E. , Toszeghy, M. , Pattison, M. and Newell, D.G. (2000) Sequential spread of Campylobacter infection in a multipen broiler house. Avian Dis., 44: 983–988. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  339. Shreeve, J.E. , Toszeghy, M. , Ridley, A. and Newell, D.G. (2002) The carry‐over of Campylobacter isolates between sequential poultry flocks. Avian Dis., 46: 378–385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  340. Shreeve, J.E. , Toszeghy, T. , Pattison, M. and Newell, D.G. (1999) Sequential spread of Campylobacter infection through a multi‐pen broiler house, In: Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Campylobacter, Helicobacter and Related Organism. (Eds.) Mobley, L.T. , Nachamckin, I. and McGee, D. , Baltimore, USA. [Google Scholar]
  341. Skirrow, M.B. (1977) Campylobacter enteritis: a new disease. British‐Medical‐Journal, 2: 9–11. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  342. Skirrow, M.B. , Merry, T.J. and Vickery, C.R. (1991) Hydrogen facilitates the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni, In: Campylobacter V”. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Campylobacter Infection, (Eds.) Ruiz‐Palacios, G.M. , Calva, F. and Ruiz‐Palacios, B.R. , Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Mexico 1400, DF, p109. [Google Scholar]
  343. Skjerve, E. and Brennhovd, O. (1992) A multiple logistic model for predicting the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in water. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 73(1): 94–98. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  344. Slader, J. , Domingue, G. , Jorgensen, F. , McAlpine, K. , Owen, R.J. , Bolton, F.J. and Humphrey, T.J. (2002) Impact of transport crate reuse and of catching and processing on Campylobacter and Salmonella contamination of broiler chickens. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68: 713–719. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  345. Slavik, M.F. , Kim, J.‐W. , Pharr, M.D. , Raben, D.P. , Tsai, S. and Lobsinger, C.M. (1994) Effect of trisodium phosphate on Campylobacter attached to post‐chill chicken carcasses. J. Food Prot., 57: 324–326. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  346. Slutsker, L. , Altekruse, S.F. and Swerdlow, D.L. (1998) Foodborne Diseases – emerging trends and pathogens. Infectious Disease Clics of North America, 12(I):199–216. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  347. Smith, K. , Reimers, N. , Barnes, H.J. , Lee, B.C. , Siletsky, R. Kathariou, S. (2004) Campylobacter colonisation of sibling turkey flocks reared under different management conditions. J. Food Prot., 67: 1463–1468. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  348. Smith, K.E. , Besser, J.M. , Hedberg, C.W. , Leano, F.T. , Bender, J.B. and Wicklund, J.H. , (1999) Quinolone‐resistant Campylobacter jejuni infections in Minnesota, 1992‐1998. N. Engl. J. Med., 340: 1525–1532. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  349. Sorqvist, S. (1989) Heat resistance of Campylobacter and Yersinia strains by three methods. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 67: 543–549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  350. Southern, J.P. , Smith, R.M.M. and Palmer, S.R. , (1990) Bird attack on milk bottles: possible mode of transmission of Campylobacter jejuni to man. Lancet, 336:1425–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  351. Stampi, S. , De Luca, G. , Varoli, O. and Zanetti, F. (1999) Occurrence, removal and seasonal variation of thermophilic Campylobacters and Arcobacter in sewage sludge. Zentralblatt Fur Hygiene Und Umweltmedizin, 202: 19–27. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  352. Stampi, S. , Varoli, O. , Zanetti, F. and Deluca, G. (1993) Arcobacter‐Cryaerophilus and Thermophilic Campylobacters in a Sewage‐Treatment Plant in Italy ‐ 2 Secondary Treatments Compared. Epidemiol. Infect., 110: 633–639. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  353. Stanley, K. and Jones, K. (2003) Cattle and sheep farms as reservoirs of Campylobacter . J. Appl. Microbiol., 94: 104S–113S. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  354. Stanley, K. , Cunningham, R. and Jones, K. (1998) Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from groundwater. J. Appl. Microbiol., 85: 187–191. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  355. Stanley, K.N. , Wallace, J.S. , Currie, J.E. , Diggle, P.J. and Jones, K. (1998) The seasonal variation of thermophilic Campylobacters in beef cattle, dairy cattle and calves. J. Appl. Microbiol., 85: 472–480. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  356. Steele, T.W. and McDermott, S.W. (1984) The use of membrane filters applied directly to the surface of agar plates for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from faeces. Pathology, 16: 263–265. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  357. Steinhauserova, I. , Fojtikova, K. and Matiasovic, J. (2001) Subtyping of Campylobacter spp. strains and their incidence in piglets. Acta. Veterinaria Brno., 70: 197. [Google Scholar]
  358. Stelzer, W. and Jacob, J. (1992) The Occurrence of Campylobacter in a Mountain River. Zentralblatt Fur Mikrobiologie, 147: 45–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  359. Stern, N.J. (1981) Recovery rate of Campylobacter fetus ssp jejuni on eviscerated pork, lamb, and beef carcasses. J. Food Sci., 46: 1291. [Google Scholar]
  360. Stern, N.J. and Kazmi, S.U. (1989) Campylobacter jejuni p. 71–110. In Doyle M.P. (ed.) Foodborne bacterial pathogens. Marcel Dekkel Inc., New York. [Google Scholar]
  361. Stern, N.J. and Robach, M.C. (2003) Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. in broiler feces and in corresponding processed carcasses. J. Food. Prot., 66: 1557–1563. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  362. Stern, N.J. , Clavero, M.R.S. , Bailey, J.S. , Cox, N.A. and Robach, M.C. (1995) Campylobacter spp. in broilers on the farm and after transport. Poult. Sci., 74: 937–941. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  363. Stern, N.J. , Fedorka‐Cray, P. , Bailey, J.S. , Cox, N.A. , Craven, S.E. , Hiett, K.L. , Musgrove, M.T. , Ladely, S. , Cosby, D. and Mead, G.C. (2001) Distribution of Campylobacter spp. in selected U.S. poultry production and processing operations. J. Food. Prot., 64: 1705–1710. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  364. Stern, N.J. , Hiett, K.L. , Alfredsson, G.A. , Kristinsson, K.G. , Reiersen, J. , Hardardottir, H. , Briem, H. , Gunnarsson, E. , Georgsson, F. , Lowman, R. , Berndtson, E. , Lammerding, A.M. , Paoli, G.M. and Musgrove, M.T. , (2003) Campylobacter spp in Icelandic operations and human disease. Epidemiol. Infect., 130:23–32. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  365. Stern, N.J. , Myszewski, M.A. , Barnhart, H.M. and Dreesen, D.W. (1997) Flagellin A gene restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of Campylobacter spp. isolates from broiler production sources. Avian Dis., 41: 899–905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  366. Stern, N.J. , Rothenberg, P.J. and Stone, J.M. (1985) Enumeration and reduction of Campylobacter jejeuni in poultry and red meats. J. Food Prot., 48: 606–610. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  367. Studahl, A. and Andersson, Y. (2000) Risk factors for indigenous Campylobacter infection: a Swedish case‐control study. Epidemiol. Infect., 125 (2): 269–275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  368. Svetoch, E.A. , Stern, N.J. , Eruslanov, B.V. , Kovalev, Y.N. , Volodina, L.I. , Perelygin, V.V. , Mitsevich, E.V. , Levchuk, V.P. , Pokhilenko, V.D. , Borzenkov, V.N. , Levchuk, V.P. Svetoch, O.E. and Kudriavtseva, T.Y. (2003) Use of Bacillus and Paenibacillus produced bacteriocins for therapeutic control of Campylobacter jejuni in chickens. Int. J. Med. Microbiol., 293(35): 26–27. [Google Scholar]
  369. Tam, C.C. , O'Brien, S.J. , Adak, G.K. , Meakins, S.M. and Frost, J.A. (2003) Campylobacter coli – an important foodborne pathogen. Journal of Infection, 47: 28–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  370. Taylor, D.N. , Porter, B.W. , Williams, C.A. , Miller, H.G. , Bopp, C.A. and Blake, P.A. (1982) Campylobacter enteritis: a large outbreak traced to commercial raw milk. Western‐Journal‐of‐Medicine, 137(5): 365–369. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  371. Teunis, P.F.M. , Nagelkerke, N.J.D. and Haas, C.N. , (1999) Dose‐response models for infectious gastroenteritis. Risk analysis, 19:1251–1260. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  372. Teunis, P. , van den Brandhof, W. , Nauta, M. , Wagenaar, J. , van den Kerkhof, H. and van Pelt, W. (2005) A reconsideration of the Campylobacter dose response relation. In press. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  373. Thomas, L.M. , Long, K.A. , Good, R.T. , Panaccio, M. and Widders, P.R. (1997) Genotypic diversity among Campylobacter jejuni isolates in a commercial broiler flock. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63: 1874–1877. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  374. Threlfall, E.J. , Frost, J.A. and Rowe, B. , (1999) Fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonellas and Campylobacters from humans. British Medical Journal, 318: 943–944. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  375. Thunberg, R.L. , Tran, T.T. , Bennett, R.W. , Matthews, R. N. and Belay, N. (2002) Microbial evaluation of selected fresh produce obtained at retail markets. J. Food Prot., 65: 677–682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  376. Thurm, V. , Stark, R. , Maede, D. , Fanghaehnel, S. , Berger, W. , Knobloch, H. and Lange, D. (2000) Raw milk as a source of foodborne Campylobacter infections. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 43(10): 777–780. [Google Scholar]
  377. Trachoo, N. and Frank, J.F. (2002) Effectiveness of chemcial sanitizers against Campylobacter jejuni‐containing biofilms. J. Food Prot., 65: 1117–1121. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  378. Trachoo, N. , Frank, J.F. and Stern, N.J. (2002). Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms isolated from chicken houses. J. Food Prot. 65: 1110–1116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  379. Urwin, R. and Maiden, M.C.J. (2003) Multi‐locus sequence typing: a tool for global epidemiology. Trends in Microbiology, 11: 479–487. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  380. Van de Giessen, A.W. , Tilburg, J.J. , Ritsmeester, W.S. and Van der Plas, J. (1998) Reduction of Campylobacter infections in broiler flocks by application of hygiene measures. Epidemiol. Infect., 21: 57–66. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  381. Van de Giessen, A.W. , Mazurier, S.I. , Jacobs‐Reitsma, W. , Jansen, W. , Berkers, P. , Ritmeester, W. and Wernars, K. (1992) Study on the epidemiology and control of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry broiler flocks. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58: 1913–1917. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  382. Velázquez, J.B. , Jiménez, A. , Chomón, B. and Villa, G. , (1995) Incidence and transmission of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli . Antimicr. Agents Chemother., 32: 1170–1173. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  383. Vellinga, A. and Van Loock, F. (2002) The dioxin crisis as experiment to determine poultry‐related Campylobacter enteritis . Emerg. Infect. Dis., 8(1): 19–22. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  384. Verwoerd, DJ. (2000) Ostrich diseases. Rev. Sci. Tech., 19(2):638–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  385. Waage, A.S. , Vardund, T. , Lund, V. and Kapperud, G. (1999) Detection of small numbers of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli cells in environmental water, sewage, and food samples by a seminested PCR assay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65(4): 1636–43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  386. Wahl, E. (1999) Outbreak of Campylobacter poisoning from non‐pasteurized milk and probable causes. Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift, 11: 25–26. [Google Scholar]
  387. Waldenström, J. , Broman, T. , Carlsson, I. , Hasselquist, D. , Achterberg, R.P. , Wagenaar, J.A. and Olsen, B. (2002) Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68:5911–7. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  388. Wallace, J.S. , Stanley, K.N. and Jones, K. (1998): The colonization of turkeys by thermophilic Campylobacters. J. Appl. Microbiol., 85: 224–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  389. Wassenaar, T.M. , On, S.L.W. and Meinersmann, R.J. (2000) Genotyping and the consequences of genetic instability, In: Campylobacter, 2nd edition (Eds.) Nachamkin, I. and Blaser, M.J. , ASM Press, Washington, D.C. pp. 369–380. [Google Scholar]
  390. Watabe, M. , Rao, J. R. , Stewart, T. A. , Xu, J. , Millar, B. C. , Xiao, L. , Lowery, C. J. , Dooley, J. S. G. and Moore, J. E. (2003) Prevalence of bacterial faecal pathogens in separated and unseparated stored pig slurry. Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 36: 208–212. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  391. Weijtens, M.J.B.M. et al., (1997) The transmission of Campylobacter in piggeries; an epidemiological study. J. Appl. Microbiol., 83: 693–698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  392. Weijtens, M.J.B.M. et al., (1999) Campylobacter infections in fattening pigs; excretion pattern and genetic diversity. J. Appl. Microbiol., 86: 63–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  393. Wempe, J.M. , Genigeorgis, C.A. , Farver, T.B. and Yusufu, H.I. (1983) Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in two California chicken processing plants. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45: 355–359. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  394. Wesley, I.V. , Wells, S.J. , Harmon, K.M. , Green, A. , Schroeder‐Tucker, L. , Glover, M. and Siddique, I. (1999) Fecal shedding of Campylobacter and Arcobacter spp. in dairy cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66: 1994–2000. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  395. Wheeler, J.G. , Sethi, D. , Cowden, J.M. , Wall, P.G. , Rodrigues, L.C. , Tompkins, D.S. , Hudson, M.J. and Roderick, P.J. , (1999) Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. British Medical Journal, 318: 1046–1050. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  396. WHO (World Health Organisation) , (2000) Fact sheet No. 255, Nov. 2000.
  397. WHO (World Health Organization) , (2001). The Increasing Incidence of Human Campylobacteriosis. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts, Copenhagen, Denmark, 21‐25 November 2000. World Health Organization, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response. www.who.int/emc‐documents/zoonoses/whocdscsraph20017c.html [Google Scholar]
  398. Whyte, P. , Collins, J.D. , McGill, K. , Monahan, C. and O'Mahony, H. (2001a) Quantitative investigation of the effects of chemical decontamination procedures on the microbiological status of broiler carcasses during processing. J. Food Prot., 64: 179–183. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  399. Whyte, P. , Collins, J.D. , McGill, K. , Monahan, C. and O'Mahony, H. (2001b) Distribution and prevalence of airborne microorganisms in three commercial processing plants. J. Food Prot., 64: 388–391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  400. Widders, P.R. , Perry, R. , Muir, W.I. , Husband, A.J. , Long, K.A. (1996) Immunisation of chickens to reduce intestinal colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni . Br. Poult. Sci., 37: 765–778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  401. Wieliczko, A. (1994) Occurrence of Campylobacter and Salmonellas in relation to liver changes in slaughtered poultry. Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr., 107 (4): 115–121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  402. Williamson, D.M. , Gravani, R.B. and Lawless, H. (1992) Correlating food safety knowledge with home food‐preparation practices. Food Tech., May, 94–100.
  403. Willis, W.L. and Murray, C. (1997) Campylobacter jejuni seasonal recovery observations of retail market broilers. Poult. Sci., 76: 314–317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  404. Wilkins, L.J. , Brown, S.N. , Phillips, A.J. and Warriss, P.D. (2003) Cleanliness of broilers when they arrive at poultry processing plants. Vet Rec., 153(23):701–3. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  405. Winters, D.K. and Slavik, M.F. (2000) Multiplex PCR detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Arcobacter butzleri in food products. Mol. Cell Probes, 14(2):95–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  406. Wilson, I.G. and Moore, J.E. (1996) Presence of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in shellfish. Epidemiol. Infect., 116: 147–153. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  407. Worsfold, D. , and Griffith, C.J. (1997) Assessment of the standard consumer food safety behavior. J. Food Prot., 60: 399–406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  408. Yang, H. Wang, S. , Li, Y. and Johnson, M.G. (2002) Predictive model for the survival/death of Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella typhimurium in poultry scalding and chilling. J. Food Sci., 67(5): 1863–1843. [Google Scholar]
  409. Yang, H. , Li, Y. and Johnson, M.G. (2001) Survival and death of Salmonella typhimurium and Campylobacter jejuni in processing water and on chicken skin during poultry scalding and chilling. J. Food. Prot., 64: 770–776. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  410. Yang, S. , Leff, M.G. , Mctague, D. , Horvath, K.A. , Jackson‐Thompson, J. , Murayi, T. , Boeselager, G.K. , Melnik, T.A. , Gildemaster, M.C. , Ridings, D.L. , Altekruse, S.F. and Angulo, F.J. (1998) Multistate surveillance for food‐handling, preparation, and consumption behaviors associated with food‐borne diseases: 1995 and 1996 BRFSS Food‐Safety Questions. Morb. Mort. Weekly Rep. CDC Surv. Sum. September 11, 1998 / 47(SS‐4); 33–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  411. Yogasundram, K. and Shane, S.M. (1986) The viability of Campylobacter jejuni on refrigerated chicken drumsticks. Vet. Res. Commun., 10: 479–486. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  412. Yoon, K.S. Burnette, C.N. and Oscar, T.P. (2004) Development of predictive models for the survival of Campylobacter jejuni (ATCC 43051) on cooked chicken breast patties and in broth as a function of temperature. J. Food Prot., 67(1): 64–70. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  413. Yusufu, H.I. , Genigeorgis, C. , Farver, T.B. , Wempe, J.M. (1983) Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni at different sampling sites in two California turkey processing plants. J. Food Sci., 46 (10): 868–87. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  414. Zhao, P. , Zhao, T. , Doyle, M.P. , Rubino, J.R. and Meng, J. (1998) Development of a model for evaluation of microbial cross‐contamination in the kitchen. J. Food Prot., 61: 960–963. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  415. Zhao, T. Doyle, M.P. and Berg, D.E. (2000) Fate of Campylobacter jejuni in butter. J. Food Prot., 63(1): 120–122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  416. Zhao, T. , Ezeike, G.O.I. , Doyle, M.P. , Hung, Y.‐C. and Howell, R.S. (2003) Reduction of Campylobacter jejuni on poultry by low‐temperature treatment. J. Food Prot., 66: 652–655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  417. ZMP (2004) Zentrale Markt‐ und Preisberichtstelle für Erzeugnisse der Land‐, Forst‐ und Ernährungswirtschaft GmbH, Bonn, Germany. www.zmp.de. [Google Scholar]

Articles from EFSA Journal are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES