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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Apr;40(4):610–615. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202512075

术者利手侧别与入路侧匹配度对单侧双通道脊柱内镜腰椎间盘摘除术操作效率的影响:一项前瞻性队列研究

Impact of surgeon’s dominant hand-side consistency with surgical approach on operational efficiency of unilateral biportal endoscopic lumbar discectomy: a prospective cohort study

Wenqing LI 1, Meng GAO 1, Linlin ZHANG 1, Qihua YU 2, Xiaolong CHEN 2,*
PMCID: PMC13096833  PMID: 41981435

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the impact of the surgeon’s dominant hand-side on the operational efficiency and safety of primary lumbar discectomy under unilateral biportal endoscopy (UBE).

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted in 60 patients with single-level lumbar disc herniation who underwent UBE lumbar discectomy between August 2024 and August 2025 by the same right-handed surgeon, including 30 patients with non-dominant (right approach) (non-matched group) and 30 patients with dominant (left approach) (matched group). No significant difference was observed between the two groups in baseline data including gender, age, body mass index, herniated segment distribution, disease duration, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) (P>0.05). The total operation time, core endoscopic operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and related complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. A self-developed surgeon’s operational fluency assessment score was used for auxiliary subjective evaluation. VAS score and ODI were used to assess pain and functional improvement preoperatively and at 1 and 3 months postoperatively. The modified MacNab criteria was used to evaluate overall surgical outcomes at 3 months postoperatively.

Results

There was no significant difference in the total operation time and intraoperative blood loss between the two groups (P>0.05). The core endoscopic operation time of the matched group was significantly shorter than that of the non-matched group, and the operational fluency assessment score of the matched group was significantly higher than that of the non-matched group (P<0.05). All patients were followed up 3-6 months, with an average of 4.2 months. Complications occurred in 2 cases (6.7%) in the matched group, including 1 case of dural tear and 1 case of postoperative transient nerve root palsy, and 1 case (3.3%) in the non-matched group, which was postoperative epidural hematoma. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). The VAS scores and ODI of the two groups decreased at 1 and 3 months after operation, and improved further at 3 months after operation compared with 1 month after operation, and the differences were significant (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two groups after operation (P>0.05). Modified MacNab standard was used to evaluate the curative effect at 3 months after operation, and there was no significant difference in the evaluation grade and excellent and good rate between the two groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Consistency between the surgeon’s dominant hand side and the surgical approach side significantly improves core endoscopic operational efficiency and surgical fluency in UBE lumbar discectomy, without compromising clinical efficacy or safety. It is suggested that this matching factor should be prioritized in surgical scheduling and beginner training to optimize the operative experience and shorten the learning curve.

Keywords: Unilateral biportal endoscopy, dominant hand-side, core endoscopic operation time, influencing factor


单侧双通道脊柱内镜(unilateral biportal endoscopy,UBE)腰椎间盘摘除术作为微创脊柱外科技术,凭借视野清晰、操作灵活、对脊柱稳定性影响小等优势,已成为腰椎间盘突出症的重要治疗手段[1-3]。然而,其学习曲线陡峭,镜下操作时间、透视次数等效率指标直接影响手术安全性及初期技能掌握[4],优化操作效率是推动UBE规范化应用的关键。

现有研究多聚焦器械改进、入路选择或影像引导技术对UBE的影响[5-7],但对术者自身因素(如利手侧别)关注不足。与同轴操作的经皮脊柱内镜技术不同,UBE采用独特的镜械分离双通道操作模式。该模式下,术者通常一手持镜维持视野,另一手持器械进行操作,其操作空间、器械三角化角度及术者身体位置均与入路侧直接相关。研究显示,右利手术者在患者左侧行椎弓根螺钉植入时植钉错误率更高[8-9];髋臼假体植入中,非优势侧髋臼前倾角偏差更显著[10]。因此,术者利手侧别与入路侧的匹配度,可能直接影响其在镜下操作的人体工程学舒适度、器械操控精细度及双手协调效率,进而影响手术过程的流畅性[1]。在导航技术尚未普及的临床现状下,系统探索术者自身因素对操作效率的影响具有现实意义[11]。与既往研究相比,本研究的创新点在于:将研究视角从“外源性技术辅助”转向“内源性人体工程学优化”,在一个被广泛忽视的维度上探索提升UBE操作效率的普适性路径。

本研究通过前瞻性设计,拟探讨右利手术者利手侧与手术入路侧的匹配度对UBE腰椎间盘摘除术操作效率的影响,以期为初学者手术入路选择及操作培训提供参考依据。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 患者选择标准

纳入标准:① 临床诊断为单侧、单节段(L4、5或L5、S1)腰椎间盘突出症,具有明确的与突出同侧的下肢神经根刺激症状(如根性疼痛、麻木或肌力减退),且影像学检查(MRI/CT)证实为症状同侧的旁中央型或椎间孔型突出,计划行经症状侧入路的UBE单侧髓核摘除、神经根减压术;② 接受规范保守治疗(如药物治疗、物理治疗等)至少6周,但症状改善不显著;③ 影像学检查结果与临床症状、体征相符,且病变节段椎体稳定性良好;④ 由同一名UBE手术经验丰富的医师完成手术,且经爱丁堡利手评估量表[12]评价术者为右利手。

排除标准:① 存在严重心、肺、脑血管等系统性疾病,无法耐受全身麻醉及手术者;② 合并腰椎失稳、脊柱感染、肿瘤、结核、结构性侧凸等其他脊柱病变;③ 既往有腰椎手术史;④ 存在精神心理障碍,无法配合随访及评估者。

2024年8月—2025年8月,安徽中医药大学第七附属医院共60例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,其中非优势侧(右侧入路)30例(非匹配组)、优势侧(左侧入路)30例(匹配组)。样本量估算采用两独立样本均数比较公式,设定显著性水平α=0.05(双侧),把握度(1−β)=0.80,通过PASS软件计算得出每组至少需要24例,考虑约20%的失访或数据脱落率,最终每组纳入30例。两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、突出节段分布、病程及术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

表 1.

Comparison of baseline data between the two groups (n=30)

两组患者基线资料比较(n=30)

基线资料
Baseline data
非匹配组
Non-matched group
匹配组
Matched group
统计量
Statistical value
P
P value
性别(男/女,例) 16/14 17/13 χ2=0.067 0.796
年龄(x±s,岁) 42.4±6.8 41.8±5.6 t=0.382 0.704
身体质量指数(x±s,kg/m2 23.1±2.5 22.8±2.7 t=0.442 0.660
突出节段(L4、5/L5、S1,例) 18/12 19/11 χ2=0.069 0.793
病程 [MQ1Q3),月] 5.5(3.0,8.0) 6.0(3.5,9.0) Z=−0.521 0.602
术前VAS评分(x±s 7.3±3.7 7.3±3.8 t=−0.021 0.984
术前ODI(x±s,%) 37.2±1.7 36.7±1.7 t=1.276 0.207

1.2. 手术方法

患者均于全身麻醉下俯卧位于可透射线的手术台上。术者站立于患者椎间盘突出侧,C臂X线机正位透视确认目标椎间隙位置。于距中线1.0~1.5 cm处确定2个皮肤穿刺点,上位椎板下缘表面作为内镜插入切口,下位椎板上缘表面作为手术器械插入切口。采用射频消融技术对软组织行内镜下电凝,以创建操作空间。显露目标椎间隙处的椎板棘突交界处后,使用电动磨钻行部分椎板切除术,切除部分上位腰椎的下椎板和下位腰椎的上椎板。使用椎板咬骨钳及射频探头分离并去除椎板间韧带,分离并显露突出椎间盘的纤维环。在行椎间盘切除前,仔细电凝过度生长的硬膜外血管以减少出血。使用椎板咬骨钳及髓核钳取出破裂的椎间盘碎片。确认神经根减压充分后,放置引流管,逐层闭合手术切口。

1.3. 术后处理

待患者麻醉清醒后,指导其开始行下肢踝泵运动。术后24~48 h视引流情况(引流量<50 mL/24 h)拔除引流管,指导患者行腰背肌功能锻炼。常规应用抗生素,补液,定期换药;术后2周切口无红肿、渗出时拆线。

1.4. 疗效评价指标

记录并比较两组患者总手术时间、镜下核心操作时间、术中出血量及相关并发症发生情况。其中,镜下核心操作时间定义为:从内镜进入椎板间隙、建立稳定操作视野后开始进行神经探查与减压操作起,至髓核摘除完毕、术者确认神经根减压充分、准备结束主要镜下操作为止的连续时间。该时间段涵盖了纤维环切开、髓核摘除、神经根松解等核心步骤,排除了通道建立、止血、冲洗及缝合等操作时间。术前及术后1、3个月采用VAS评分及ODI评估疼痛及功能改善情况[13]。术后3个月,采用改良MacNab标准[14]评估手术总体疗效。

本研究同时采用自制的术者操作流畅度评估量表进行辅助性主观评价。该量表参考李克特量表[15]形式制定,评分范围为1~5分(1分:非常不流畅;5分:非常流畅),由同一名不参与核心操作的高年资助手或巡回护士,根据其对术中器械传递交接的顺畅程度、内镜视野的稳定程度以及术者指令语调所反映的操作节奏等方面的综合观察进行即时评分。该评分作为一项主观体验的探索性指标,旨在为客观时间指标提供补充性参考。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS26.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk检验,符合正态分布的数据以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;两组多个时间点比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点比较采用Bonferroni法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。不符合正态分布的数据以MQ1Q3)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。分类资料以频数和率表示,组间比较采用四格表卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

两组患者总手术时间及术中出血量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);匹配组镜下核心操作时间短于非匹配组,操作流畅度评分高于非匹配组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。所有患者均获随访,随访时间3~6个月,平均4.2个月。匹配组发生并发症2例(6.7%),其中硬膜撕裂1例、术后一过性神经根麻痹1例;非匹配组发生并发症1例(3.3%),为术后硬膜外血肿。两组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后1、3个月两组VAS评分和ODI均较术前下降,术后3个月较术后1个月进一步改善,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);但术后两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后3个月采用改良MacNab标准评估疗效,两组评价等级和优良率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2图1

表 2.

Comparison of outcome indicators between the two groups (n=30)

两组患者结局指标比较(n=30)

结局指标
Outcome indicator
非匹配组
Non-matched group
匹配组
Matched group
效应值(95%CI
Effect value (95%CI)
P
P value
总手术时间(x±s,min) 78.84±20.8 72.46±21.6 MD=6.38(−4.62,17.38) 0.252
镜下核心操作时间(x±s,min) 53.62±10.40 45.22±8.70 MD=8.40(3.21,13.59) 0.001
术中出血量(x±s,mL) 45.8±15.2 42.3±14.6 MD=3.5(−4.2,11.2) 0.355
操作流畅度评分 [MQ1Q3)] 3.6±0.8 4.2±0.6 MD=0.6(0.2,1.0) 0.001
并发症发生率 [例(%)] 1(3.3) 2(6.7) 1.000
改良MacNab标准评估(优/良/中/差,例) 18/9/2/1 20/8/2/0 0.614
改良MacNab标准评估优良率 [例(%)] 27(90.0) 28(93.3) RR=1.56(0.24,10.1) 0.640

图 1.

The change trends of VAS score and ODI in the two groups

两组患者VAS评分及ODI变化趋势

a. VAS评分;b. ODI

a. VAS score; b. ODI

图 1

3. 讨论

良好的操作效率与流畅性是外科医师安全、稳定掌握UBE技术的关键,对处于学习曲线早期的初学者而言尤为重要。尽管器械与导航技术的进步为精准操作提供了辅助,但术者自身的人体工程学因素,如利手侧别,对操作效能的基础性影响及其在技术学习中的作用尚未得到充分探讨。本研究通过控制术者经验这一变量(由同一名经验丰富的右利手术者完成全部操作),聚焦于探讨利手侧别与入路侧一致性这一纯粹人体工程学因素对UBE操作效率的客观影响。 结果显示,即使对于经验丰富的术者,当其利手侧与手术入路侧匹配(即左侧入路)时,仍能显著提升镜下核心操作效率与主观流畅度,且该优势未以牺牲临床疗效为代价,表明利手侧别本身即为一个独立影响操作效率的因素。因此可以合理推论,对于正处于学习曲线陡峭阶段的初学者,利手侧别匹配所带来的操作流畅性优势可能更为关键。提示利手侧别是优化UBE手术过程、提升初学者学习体验的一个重要且可调节的因素。

本研究所揭示的“效率有异而疗效无差”现象,其根源在于UBE技术的本质,最终疗效取决于神经减压的彻底性[16],而操作效率则深受镜下空间认知与器械操作协调性的影响。既往研究已在脊柱内固定[8-9]与关节置换[10]等领域证实,非优势侧操作可增加植入物偏差风险,其核心机制在于非习惯性空间方位引发的器械操控精准性下降[17]。本研究结果与上述宏观共识高度契合,但相较于既往主要关注“结果准确性”(如假体角度[18]、螺钉位置[19-20])的研究,本研究进一步在强调“双手分离操作与深度感知”的UBE技术中,量化了这种因素对“过程效率”的显著影响。

我们认为,效率差异主要源于以下两个相互关联的层面:① 镜下解剖结构的认知与操作视角反转:对于右利手术者,在左侧(匹配侧)入路时,镜下解剖结构(如椎板、关节突、神经根)的空间关系与日常训练和空间记忆模型更为契合[21]。而在右侧(非匹配侧)入路时,所有解剖结构的左右方位完全反转,这就要求术者在术中实时进行“心理旋转”,以重新映射解剖位置与操作指令,从而增加了认知负荷与决策时间,导致操作迟疑[22]。② 操作习惯与切口设计导致的人体工程学劣势:UBE的双通道(观察通道与操作通道)具有固定的相对位置关系。在非匹配侧入路时,术者必须更多地依赖“非优势手”执行髓核摘除、精细分离等核心操作,而优势手则承担相对被动的辅助任务。这种“优势手与非优势手执行角色的对调”违背了长期形成的神经肌肉运动模式,直接导致器械操控灵活性下降、力度反馈精准度降低,表现为镜下器械三角化构建困难、双手协同效率降低[23]。这恰好解释了为何效率差异主要体现在高度依赖手眼协调的“镜下核心操作时间”上,而对总手术时间影响不大。

本研究存在以下局限性:① 为单中心、单术者设计,结论外推性仍需多中心、不同年资术者的研究进一步验证;② 自定的操作流畅度评分尚未经过严格的效度与信度检验,评估结果具有一定主观性,未来研究可采用经过验证的标准化评估工具,或引入器械运动轨迹、手部震颤频率等[24]客观技术指标进行分析;③ 随访时间较短,利手侧别对长期手术熟练度维持、术者疲劳度及罕见并发症的潜在影响有待进一步观察;④ 本研究对象为单一经验丰富的术者,虽间接提示利手因素对初学者可能存在更大影响,但确切的“学习初期”效应仍需以不同年资、特别是初学者为对象的前瞻性研究加以验证。

综上述,术者利手侧别是影响UBE手术操作效率及术者主观体验的重要因素,其机制主要与非匹配侧入路导致的镜下空间认知挑战和操作习惯的人体工程学劣势有关。本研究结论具有明确的临床应用价值,在UBE技术培训初期,有意识地安排学员从其利手优势侧患者入手,有助于其更快建立正确的镜下空间感与器械感,降低初期学习挫败感,从而更平稳地度过学习曲线[25-26]。未来研究可进一步探索针对性的模拟训练(如镜像训练),以帮助术者更有效地克服非优势侧操作的固有挑战。

Funding Statement

安徽省中医药传承创新科研项目(2024CCC174)

Anhui Provincial Traditional Chinese Medicine Inheritance and Innovation Research Project (2024CCC174)

References

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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