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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 Apr;40(4):571–577. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202510006

3D打印个体化截骨导板辅助中足Cole截骨术的临床应用研究

Clinical application research of three-dimensional printed patient-specific cutting guides in Cole midfoot osteotomy

Zhiyuan ZHANG 1, Boquan QIN 1,△,#, Jia LI 1, Shijiu YIN 1, Yi REN 1, Yu CHEN 1, Xi LIU 1, Hui ZHANG 1,*
PMCID: PMC13096841  PMID: 41981429

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate effectiveness of three-dimensional (3D) printed patient-specific cutting guides (PSCGs) in Cole midfoot osteotomy for treatment of rigid pes cavus deformity associated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, and to analyze learning curve for PSCGs-assisted surgery.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted of 20 patients (40 feet) with rigid pes cavus deformity associated with CMT who were admitted between March 2021 and July 2023 and met the inclusion criteria. The cohort comprised 13 men and 7 women, with ages ranging from 17 to 62 years (mean, 37.3 years). All patients underwent whole-genome sequencing, which identified 17 patients with CMT type 1 and 3 patients with CMT type 2. Preoperatively, 3D models of bilateral feet were reconstructed based on CT data, and PSCGs were designed and fabricated accordingly. All patients underwent a Cole midfoot osteotomy assisted by the guides. Operation time, number of intraoperative fluoroscopic exposures, and intraoperative complications were recorded. Pre- and post-operative outcomes were compared using the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for pain, the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and domain scores of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), as well as radiographic parameters including the Meary’s angle, Pitch angle, talo-first metatarsal angle (T1MT), talocalcaneal angle (TCA), and Djian-Annonier angle, to assess the corrective effect of the osteotomy. A modified cumulative sum analysis was performed to evaluate the learning curve for PSCGs-assisted surgery.

Results

All procedures in the 20 patients (40 feet) were completed successfully, with no cases of massive hemorrhage or injury to critical neurovascular or tendinous structures. The operation time ranged from 63 to 129 minutes (mean, 82.9 minutes), and fluoroscopy was performed 2-11 times (mean, 4.7 times). Postoperatively, 1 patient (1 foot) developed a mild superficial surgical-site infection, which resolved with symptomatic treatment; no deep infections occurred. All patients were followed up 8-43 months (mean, 17 months). At last follow-up, the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score and all domain scores of the SF-36 were significantly higher than preoperative values, and the VAS score, the Meary’s angle, T1MT, TCA, and Djian-Annonier angle significantly decreased, Pitch angle significantly increased (P<0.05). The imaging confirmed osteotomy union in all feet, and no fixation-related complications was observed. Learning-curve analysis indicated that both operation time and fluoroscopy usage plateaued after the 13th case, suggesting stabilization of surgical performance from that point onward.

Conclusion

The use of PSCGs during Cole midfoot osteotomy enables precise and efficient correction of complex midfoot deformities while significantly reducing intraoperative fluoroscopic exposure. Moreover, this technique appears to have a short learning-curve and good reproducibility, which may facilitate its broader adoption in clinical practice.

Keywords: Pes cavus, Cole midfoot osteotomy, three-dimensional technique, personalized navigation plate


高弓足是一种常见足部畸形,主要表现为内侧纵弓异常增高,“三点支撑”力学结构失衡,足底负重区域减小,常伴有步态异常等功能障碍[1-3]。对于存在明显临床症状的僵硬型高弓足患者,尤其是Charcot-Marie-Tooth综合征(CMT)患者,通常首选截骨术矫正,中足Cole截骨术联合软组织平衡为临床标准术式[14-11]。高弓足是一种三维结构畸形,手术需同时矫正矢状面、冠状面和横断面。但是目前截骨术前规划多依赖X线二维影像,难以全面反映复杂畸形特征[12-13]。传统中足 Cole 截骨术中截骨位置、截骨面方向及楔形骨块大小多依赖术者基于解剖标志的经验判断,常需在 C 臂X线机透视反复验证下以克氏针标记截骨平面并逐步调整楔形切除量,易导致术前规划与术中执行偏差,从而出现矫正不足或过度矫正、残余畸形及症状持续等问题,同时也导致手术时间延长、术中放射暴露风险高[7]。此外,高弓足(尤其是 CMT 相关高弓足)在畸形顶点位置、跖屈与内翻成分比例、骨形态特征及邻近关节代偿方式等方面存在显著个体差异,“标准化”截骨方案往往难以满足不同患者矫正需求。

近年来,计算机辅助设计与3D打印技术在足踝外科的应用逐渐成熟[14-15]。术前获取患者足部 CT 影像并建立三维模型,结合足部力学分析,可以行个体化矫形模拟,准确规划截骨路径;同时,3D打印个体化截骨导板(patient-specific cutting guides,PSCGs)辅助手术按照术前规划准确完成。Bosma等[16]采用PSCGs辅助穹顶状胫骨截骨术,与传统徒手截骨相比,可提高畸形矫正准确性,缩短手术时间、减少术中出血。Sobrón等[17]将 PSCGs 用于辅助 Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型距跟联合病灶切除,结果显示手术准确性明显提高,且术中透视次数减少。我们团队基于中足Cole截骨术设计了一种PSCGs,用于辅助矫正以中足为畸形顶点的CMT相关僵硬型高弓足[8],并于2021年3月开始临床应用。现回顾2021年3月—2023年7月采用该术式治疗的患者临床资料,评估PSCGs辅助手术效果及临床适用性,并总结其学习曲线。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:① 双侧僵硬型高弓足,畸形顶点位于中足;② 经全基因组检测确诊为CMT且分型为1型或2型;③ 年龄≥16 岁;④ 接受PSCGs辅助中足Cole截骨术治疗;⑤ 随访时间≥6个月且随访资料完整。排除标准:① 存在“非CMT”的严重进行性神经肌肉疾病;② 足部存在未控制的皮肤、软组织或骨骼感染。

2021年3月—2023年7月,共20例(40足)患者符合选择标准纳入研究。男13例,女7例;年龄17~62岁,平均37.3岁。CMT 1型17例、2型3例。术前疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、美国矫形足踝协会(AOFAS)踝-后足评分、简明健康调查量表(SF-36量表)各维度评分,以及Meary角、距骨-第1跖骨角(talo-first metatarsal angle,T1MT)、足弓倾斜角(Pitch角)、距跟角(talocalcaneal angle,TCA)、足内侧纵弓角(Djian-Annonier角)见表1

表 1.

Comparison of clinical outcomes and radiographic parameters between pre- and post-operation (n=40, x±s)

手术前后临床疗效及影像学评价指标比较(n=40,x±s

指标
Indicator
术前
Preoperative
末次随访
Last follow-up
t
t value
P
P value
Meary角(°) 22.80±5.17 1.78±0.59 18.065 <0.001
T1MT(°) 19.16±5.56 4.53±2.79 10.518 <0.001
TCA(°) 23.06±6.13 8.74±3.11 9.317 <0.001
Djian-Annonier角(°) 125.06±7.94 115.67±3.56 6.825 <0.001
Pitch角(°) 15.20±5.93 23.23±5.17 −4.565 <0.001
AOFAS踝-后足评分 50.9±4.8 97.7±0.8 −43.010 <0.001
VAS评分 5.5±1.1 1.2±0.5 15.915 <0.001
SF-36量表
 生理功能 33.6±12.0 84.7±5.6 −19.173 <0.001
 生理职能 24.7±16.1 85.8±8.3 −17.892 <0.001
 躯体疼痛 40.8±7.4 85.2±3.9 −28.639 <0.001
 一般健康状况 60.7±7.1 86.8±3.3 −20.183 <0.001
 活力 66.2±7.2 90.4±3.8 −15.124 <0.001
 社会功能 34.0±11.7 80.1±5.7 −22.041 <0.001
 情感职能 84.1±8.7 100.0±0.0 −9.211 <0.001
 心理健康 62.7±9.0 86.6±4.2 −15.746 <0.001
 健康变化感知 47.2±11.0 91.8±5.7 −18.953 <0.001

1.2. 术前PSCGs制备

患者取仰卧位,足底固定挡板使踝关节保持 90° 中立位,采用 64排螺旋CT(Philips Brilliance公司,英国)扫描双足踝上 5 cm 至足底区域;扫描参数:120 kV、50 mA、螺距0.7、层厚1 mm。将扫描图像以 DICOM 格式导入 Mimics 21.0软件, 行骨组织阈值分割与区域增长,经去噪、孔洞修补、边缘修整及光顺处理重建足部骨性三维模型;以STL格式导入 Geomagic Studio 2013 软件进行逆向优化(去噪、补洞、光顺与曲面拟合);以 IGES 格式导入 Abaqus 2019 软件建立足部三维有限元模型,骨/软骨采用四面体实体单元 C3D4,韧带与足底筋膜以 Truss 单元按骨附着点连线简化,关节面设置为无摩擦弹性接触并主要由韧带约束关节运动,地面支撑板用于模拟足-地相互作用,摩擦系数0.6;在此基础上结合患者三维多平面畸形完成 PSCGs设计,目标为截骨后恢复正、侧位 T1MT至0° 中立位[18]。设计完成后,采用3DSLM-6000光固化3D打印机(上海曙皓机电科技有限公司)制作导板实体,并进行手术模拟。

1.3. 手术方法

所有患者均为双足分期手术,两期手术间隔>16周。术前30 min静脉滴注抗生素预防感染,切皮前给予1 g氨甲环酸以减少术中出血风险。全身麻醉下,患者取仰卧位,于大腿根部加用气压止血带控制术中出血。于中足背侧作长10 cm正中纵切口,逐层锐性分离,注意保护神经血管束。充分显露舟骨、楔骨及骰骨等中足结构,并延伸至距舟关节区域。将PSCGs准确匹配于舟骨-楔骨-骰骨结构表面,通过导板预设的引导孔使用3枚2.0 mm克氏针进行临时固定。沿导板预设的截骨轨迹,使用摆动锯完成楔形截骨操作,保证截骨方向和角度与术前规划完全一致。然后,按照传统中足Cole截骨术流程完成肌腱转位重建操作,转位肌腱使用加压螺钉固定于预定位置,增强足部力线矫正的稳定性。采用交叉克氏针联合X形中足锁定钢板(Wright Medical公司,美国)固定截骨。术中采用C臂X线机透视动态监测骨折复位与内固定位置,确认截骨复位准确、内植物固定可靠。术区彻底止血后,逐层缝合切口,无菌敷料加压包扎。

1.4. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后 5~7 d更换敷料后患者开始佩戴踝关节固定支具,将踝关节固定于中立位或轻度背伸位,待拔除克氏针可以下地后拆除支具。第3周拆除缝线,第8周拔除克氏针,在康复治疗师指导下,分阶段开展负重康复训练,重点包括踝关节活动及步态训练,以逐步恢复日常生活功能。术后1、3、6、12个月及之后每年1次定期随访。

记录手术时间、术中透视次数及术中并发症发生情况。随访期间采用VAS评分、AOFAS踝-后足评分及SF-36量表评分评价临床疗效。术后定期复查双足负重位X线片,由 3 名足踝外科专科医师独立测量 Meary角、Pitch角、T1MT、TCA及 Djian-Annonier角,取均值用于统计分析;同时评估截骨部位对位对线与矫形维持情况,观察截骨愈合及内固定状态,记录内固定相关并发症(螺钉/克氏针松动、断裂、移位或穿出,内固定刺激痛需取出,深部感染,延迟愈合/不愈合及矫形丢失等)。

1.5. 统计学方法

采用 SPSS20.0 统计软件进行分析。计量资料经 Shapiro-Wilk 检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,手术前后比较采用配对t检验;检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

采用修正累积和(cumulative sum,CUSUM)分析法评估PSCGs辅助手术学习曲线,为更准确反映术者非连续手术经验和既有技术基础,分析中引入时间加权和经验衰减系数(α=0.15),并假设术者术前已有≥5例相关经验。以患者序号为横坐标,结合手术时间及术中透视次数变化趋势对学习过程进行分析,并进行曲线拟合;以P<0.05 为拟合有统计学意义,并采用拟合系数(R2)评价拟合优度。根据修正 CUSUM 法分析结果,将学习过程划分为学习提高期与熟练掌握期,其中分界病例数定义为术者跨越学习曲线、进入相对熟练阶段所需累积的最低病例数。

2. 结果

2.1. 临床疗效评价

本组手术均顺利完成,术中均未发生大出血或重要结构损伤。手术时间63~129 min,平均82.9 min;术中透视2~11次,平均4.7次。术后1例(1足)发生轻度切口浅表感染,经清创、换药,静脉输注抗生素后愈合;均无深部感染发生。术后患者均获随访,随访时间8~43个月,平均17个月。末次随访时,AOFAS踝-后足评分、SF-36量表各维度评分均较术前提高,VAS评分较术前降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。X线片复查示患者足纵弓恢复,足弓力线趋于正常,前足与中足间关系重建良好,背屈畸形矫正充分;末次随访时Meary角、T1MT、TCA、Djian-Annonier角均较术前减小,Pitch角增大,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);患者截骨均已愈合,随访期间无内固定相关并发症发生。见表1图1

图 1.

A 32-year-old female patient with rigid pes cavus deformity associated with CMT type 1

患者, 女,32岁,双足CMT 1型高弓足

a、b. 术前足部负重外观;c、d. 术前足部负重位X线片示足部高弓内翻畸形;e. 术前于Mimics 21.0软件构建足弓畸形三维有限元模型并设计截骨(黄色);f. 术中沿导板预设截骨轨迹完成楔形截骨;g、h. 术后17个月足部负重外观,畸形矫正满意;i、j. 术后17个月足部负重位X线片示Meary角均矫正至正常范围

a, b. Preoperative weight-bearing appearance of the feet; c, d. Preoperative weight-bearing X-ray films, showing cavovarus deformity; e. A patient-specific 3D finite element model was reconstructed and the osteotomy (yellow) was planned using Mimics 21.0 software; f. Intraoperative wedge osteotomy was performed along the predesigned cutting trajectory guided by the guide plate; g, h. Weight-bearing clinical appearance at 17 months after operation, demonstrating satisfactory correction; i, j. Weight-bearing X-ray films at 17 months after operation, showing that the Meary’s angle restored to the normal range

图 1

2.2. 学习曲线分析

随手术例数增加,手术时间整体呈下降趋势,术中透视次数亦逐步减少。进一步采用修正CUSUM法分析学习过程。二次曲线拟合显示最佳拟合方程:y=−0.829n2+21.545n−46.531(其中n为患者序号,y为拟合值;R2=0.665,P<0.05)。综合分析结果提示,第13例为学习提高期与熟练掌握期分界点,即术者于第13例后进入相对熟练阶段。手术时间自第9例起逐渐趋于稳定,术中透视次数于第14例后趋于稳定。与初始阶段比较,熟练阶段手术时间由(98.2±10.1)min 缩短至(71.4±5.2)min,术中透视次数由(6.0±1.2)次减少至(3.3±0.7)次,差异均有统计学意义(t=7.775,P<0.001;t=6.285,P<0.001)。 见图2

图 2.

图 2

Scatter plots of operation time and intraoperative fluoroscopy exposures with fitted trend lines

手术时间与术中透视次数散点图及拟合趋势线

3. 讨论

3.1. PSCGs辅助手术优势及不足

传统徒手截骨多依赖术者经验、需要反复透视定位截骨平面并逐步调整楔形切除量,普遍认为其存在定位误差风险、透视依赖性强及手术时间相对较长等问题[19]。本研究中,PSCGs 辅助中足 Cole 截骨术手术时间与透视次数均明显降低,且未发生大出血、重要结构损伤或深部感染等严重并发症,提示在保证安全性同时能提升术中效率。

在矫形效果方面,术后多项影像学参数均较术前改善,提示 PSCGs 在多平面畸形矫正中具有较好的稳定性与可重复性。与传统截骨术“术前二维规划-术中经验执行”相比,PSCGs 核心优势在于:基于 CT 三维重建进行术前虚拟规划,可在术前明确截骨平面、楔形骨块切除量与预期对线目标,并在术中通过与骨面唯一性贴合及导向结构将规划“落地”,从而减少人为误差导致的截骨偏差,提高矫形一致性与结果可预测性。此外,本研究随访中 VAS评分、AOFAS踝-后足评分、SF-36 量表评分均改善,也提示其在足弓结构恢复基础上,对负重分布与步态功能重建具有积极意义[1220-22]。与既往应用传统非导板系列报道相比,传统 Cole中足楔形截骨虽可获得畸形纠正与功能改善,但末次随访常残留一定矢状面畸形;在长期随访中亦有一定比例出现影像学欠矫正,提示在将 Meary 线稳定恢复至更接近中立位方面可能存在一定局限性[723-25]。 CMT 患者往往需联合多步骤软组织与骨性手术以提高多平面校正完成度,也从侧面反映出传统技术在复杂中足几何下实现“高一致性、接近中立位”的矫形难度较大。本研究末次随访影像学对线整体更接近中立位,提示 PSCGs 可能通过提高截骨执行一致性与可预测性来降低残余畸形,但鉴于本研究为单队列回顾性分析,上述比较仅为跨研究间接参照,仍需前瞻性对照研究进一步验证。

在临床疗效方面,既往传统手术后患者疼痛缓解、功能评分提高,但总体提升幅度可能存在一定上限。本研究随访显示疼痛与功能结局进一步改善,提示在骨性对线与足弓结构恢复基础上,患者日常负重与步态功能亦可获得相应获益。然而,由于缺乏同期对照组,尚无法完全排除联合软组织平衡、康复依从性及随访时长差异等因素对功能结局的影响,后续仍需更大样本与前瞻性研究进一步验证。

尽管 PSCGs 展现出优势,但仍存在局限。本研究中个别患者术后结果与术前规划存在差异,可能与截骨过程热量导致导板材料轻度变形、导板固定强度不足或制造/装配误差有关[26]。因此,需在临床实施中加强导板材料与结构设计、制造精度控制及术者培训,以减少系统误差并提高一致性。与此同时,PSCGs 依赖 CT 数据获取与数字化建模流程,存在一定时间与成本投入,且对于合并严重软组织挛缩、畸形复合或需多项联合软组织平衡术的病例,仍需强调“骨性截骨 + 软组织平衡”的整体策略,避免将矫形效果完全归因于导板本身[2227]

3.2. 学习曲线分析及应用经验总结

本研究进一步通过CUSUM 分析法对学习过程进行了量化评估。学习曲线显示导板辅助手术呈三相特征:手术时间自第 9 例起趋于稳定,第 13 例达到操作熟练阶段;透视次数亦呈下降趋势并在第 14 例后趋于稳定。该结果提示 PSCGs 学习周期相对较短,但在早期病例中仍需重视规范化操作要点。结合本团队临床应用经验,建议重点把控以下环节以缩短学习过程并降低误差。① 术前规划阶段明确畸形顶点、截骨平面与楔形切除量,确保导板贴合区避开骨赘/软组织干扰;② 术中放置导板前充分清理贴合骨面、去除骨赘并确认导板“无翘起、无间隙”;③ 采用足够数量的克氏针/固定孔实现稳固固定,避免截骨过程导板微移位;④ 截骨时保持充分冷却冲洗,降低热量对导板材料的影响,并在截骨完成后用有限透视快速确认关键对线即可,避免反复透视[2228]。在临床应用层面,PSCGs的价值在于提高截骨执行一致性,但前提是适应证选择与整体矫形策略正确。建议在术前评估中把握3个关键点:① 明确畸形顶点是否位于中足且属于僵硬型;② 区分主要畸形成分(前足跖屈/内翻为主或合并明显后足成分),必要时将后足矫形与中足截骨分步规划;③ 对软组织挛缩(跟腱/腓肠肌、足底筋膜等)进行分层评估,提前制定“骨性截骨+软组织平衡”的组合方案。导板能提高“截骨做得像计划”,但不能替代“计划本身是否合理”,因此更应强调术前决策的标准化。

结合本研究学习曲线结果,PSCGs 辅助截骨在早期存在适应过程但可在较少病例数内趋于稳定。更具可实施性的推广路径是建立固定团队完成“建模-设计-术中放置-截骨-复盘”的闭环;早期病例优先选择畸形构成相对单纯且贴合区骨面清晰者;形成标准化培训要点(贴合面处理、固定方式、关键透视确认、冷却冲洗、闭合楔形后对线检查),并将每例的手术时间、透视次数与术后对线偏差纳入常规记录,用于持续优化流程。上述做法可在不增加过多资源投入前提下,提高导板技术可复制性与临床实用性[2729-31]

综上述, PSCGs辅助中足Cole截骨术可获得较好疗效,总结的关键操作要点可为规范化开展提供参考。受单队列回顾性研究及随访时长所限,相关研究结论仍需进一步研究验证。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金资助项目(82302544);四川省自然科学基金资助项目(2023YFS0147)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (82302544) ; Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2023YFS0147)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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