Skip to main content
PMC home page
Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society logoLink to Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society
. 1976;74:637–660.

Prostaglandins, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and eye disease.

S M Podos
PMCID: PMC1311530  PMID: 194383

Abstract

The prostaglandins produce elevation of intraocular pressure and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier. They act via the secondary messenger system, cyclic AMP. Although the pathogenesis of many forms of ocular inflammation, both external and internal, is unclear, it is evident that some forms of ocular inflammation are prostaglandin-mediated, at least in part. Others may be totally mediated by prostaglandin synthesis. At present the corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy of these conditions. However, the corticosteroids are poor inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis and have many deleterious side effects such as induction of ocular hypertension, cataract, and infection. The search for new agents that will obviate these side effects and be more specific for the disease process is crucial. The discovery that the mode of action of many nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents is via inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis places a premium on elucidating which of these agents is most effective and least toxic in the eye and by which route of administration. The arachidonic acid screening model is ideal for initially choosing which agent has the greatest potential clinically. Arachidonic acid, a PGE2 precursor, when given topically also elevates intraocular pressure and aqueous humor protein, and these effects are blocked by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This occurs if the arachidonic acid is injected into the vitreous humor, too, providing evidence that this in vivo model involves intraocular mechanisms. Utilizing the arachidonic acid system, a comparative study of nonsteroidal inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis shows that the most effective of 14 agents were flurbiprofen solution and suspensions of polysorbate-dispersed indoxole, meclofenamic acid, indomethacin, and clonixin. Animal uveitis is not an ideal model for the human condition. Nevertheless, proving the superior efficacy of a screened drug in this system will identify those drugs to be tested in the human disease states. Only after the very few best drugs of this nature are identified should the ultimate steps of human testing be initiated.

Full text

PDF
637

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. AMBACHE N., KAVANAGH L., WHITING J. EFFECT OF MECHANICAL STIMULATION ON RABBITS' EYES: RELEASE OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER PERFUSATES. J Physiol. 1965 Feb;176:378–408. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1965.sp007557. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. AMBACHE N. Properties of irin, a physiological constituent of the rabbit's iris. J Physiol. 1957 Jan 23;135(1):114–132. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ambache N. P., Brummer H. C. A simple chemical procedure for distinguishing E from F prostaglandins, with application to tissue extracts. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1968;33:162–170. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BUTCHER R. W., SUTHERLAND E. W. Adenosine 3',5'-phosphate in biological materials. I. Purification and properties of cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase and use of this enzyme to characterize adenosine 3',5'-phosphate in human urine. J Biol Chem. 1962 Apr;237:1244–1250. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Baldwin H. A., Borgmann A. R. An improved immunogenic uveitis test in rabbits for evaluation of anti-inflammatory compounds. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1970 Apr;133(4):1326–1330. doi: 10.3181/00379727-133-34682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Beitch B. R., Eakins K. E. The effects of prostaglandins on the intraocular pressure of the rabbit. Br J Pharmacol. 1969 Sep;37(1):158–167. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1969.tb09533.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Bethel R. A., Eakins K. E. The mechanism of the antagonism of experimentally induced ocular hypertension by polyphloretin phosphate. Exp Eye Res. 1972 Jan;13(1):83–91. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(72)90128-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bhattacherjee P., Eakins K. E. A comparison of the inhibitory activity of compounds on ocular prostaglandin biosynthesis. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Dec;13(12):967–972. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bhattacherjee P., Eakins K. E. Inhibition of the ocular effects of sodium arachidonate by anti-inflammatory compounds. Prostaglandins. 1975 Feb;9(2):175–182. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(75)90022-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Bhattacherjee P., Eakins K. E. Inhibition of the prostaglandin synthetase systems in ocular tissues by indomethacin. Br J Pharmacol. 1974 Feb;50(2):227–230. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb08565.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Bito L. Z., Salvador E. V. Intraocular fluid dynamics. 3. The site and mechanism of prostaglandin transfer across the blood intraocular fluid barriers. Exp Eye Res. 1972 Nov;14(3):233–241. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(72)90008-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Bito L. Z. The effects of experimental uveitis on anterior uveal prostaglandin transport and aqueous humor composition. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Dec;13(12):959–966. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Calin A., Grahame R. Double-bind cross-over tiral of flurbiprofen and phenylbutazone in ankylosing spondylitis. Br Med J. 1974 Nov 30;4(5943):496–499. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5943.496. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Casey W. J. Prostaglandin E2 and aqueous humor dynamics in the rhesus monkey eye. Prostaglandins. 1974 Nov 25;8(4):327–337. doi: 10.1016/s0090-6980(74)80097-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cole D. F. Formaldehyde-induced ocular hypertension: the effects of polyphloretin phosphate and (plus)-catechin. Exp Eye Res. 1974 Dec;19(6):533–542. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(74)90090-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cole D. F., Nagasubramanian S. The effect of natural and synthetic vasopressins and other substances on active transport in ciliary epithelium of the rabbit. Exp Eye Res. 1972 Jan;13(1):45–57. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(72)90124-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Cole D. F. PREVENTION OF EXPERIMENTAL OCULAR HYPERTENSION WITH POLYPHLORETIN PHOSPHATE. Br J Ophthalmol. 1961 Jul;45(7):482–489. doi: 10.1136/bjo.45.7.482. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cole D. F., Unger W. G. Prostaglandins as mediators for the responses of the eye to trauma. Exp Eye Res. 1973 Nov 25;17(4):357–368. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(73)90245-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Davies E. F., Avery G. S. Ibuprofen: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in rheumatic disorders. Drugs. 1971;2(5):416–446. doi: 10.2165/00003495-197102050-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Dhawan B. N., Srimal R. C. Anti-inflammatory and some other pharmacological effects of 3,4-trans-2,2-dimethyl-3-phenyl-4-(p-(beta-pyrrolidinoethoxy)-phenyl)-7-methoxy-chroman (Centchroman). Br J Pharmacol. 1973 Sep;49(1):64–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08268.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Eakins K. E., Atwal M., Bhattacherjee P. Inactivation of prostaglandin E, by ocular tissues in vitro. Exp Eye Res. 1974 Aug;19(2):141–146. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(74)90029-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Eakins K. E. Increased intraocular pressure produced by prostaglandins E1 and E2 in the cat eye. Exp Eye Res. 1970 Jul;10(1):87–92. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4835(70)80014-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Eakins K. E., Whitelocke R. A., Bennett A., Martenet A. C. Prostaglandin-like activity in ocular inflammation. Br Med J. 1972 Aug 19;3(5824):452–453. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5824.452. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Eakins K. E., Whitelocke R. A., Perkins E. S., Bennett A., Unger W. G. Release of prostaglandins in ocular inflammation in the rabbit. Nat New Biol. 1972 Oct 25;239(95):248–249. doi: 10.1038/newbio239248a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. FORBES M., BECKER B. The transport of organic anions by the rabbit eye. II. In vivo transport of iodopyracet (Diodrast). Am J Ophthalmol. 1960 Nov;50:867–875. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(60)90339-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Ferreira S. H., Moncada S., Vane J. R. Indomethacin and aspirin abolish prostaglandin release from the spleen. Nat New Biol. 1971 Jun 23;231(25):237–239. doi: 10.1038/newbio231237a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Flower R. J. Drugs which inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis. Pharmacol Rev. 1974 Mar;26(1):33–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Flower R. J. Drugs which inhibit prostaglandin biosynthesis. Pharmacol Rev. 1974 Mar;26(1):33–67. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Flower R., Gryglewski R., Herbaczyńska-Cedro K., Vane J. R. Effects of anti-inflammatory drugs on prostaglandin biosynthesis. Nat New Biol. 1972 Jul 26;238(82):104–106. doi: 10.1038/newbio238104a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Fried J., Santhanakrishnan T. S., Himizu J., Lin C. H., Ford S. H., Rubin B., Grigas E. O. Prostaglandin antagonists: synthesis and smooth muscle activity. Nature. 1969 Jul 12;223(5202):208–210. doi: 10.1038/223208a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Gilman A. G. A protein binding assay for adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1970 Sep;67(1):305–312. doi: 10.1073/pnas.67.1.305. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Greaves M. W., McDonald-Gibson W. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by corticosteroids. Br Med J. 1972 Apr 8;2(5805):83–84. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5805.83. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Green K., Podos S. M. Antagonism of arachidonic acid-induced ocular effects by delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Jun;13(6):422–429. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Gruber C. M., Jr Antipyresis with fenoprofen. J Clin Pharmacol. 1974 Apr;14(4):215–218. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1974.tb01400.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Gruber C. M., Jr, Ridolfo A. S., Nickander R., Mikulaschek W. M. Delay of erythema of human skin by anti-inflammatory drugs after ultraviolet irradiation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1972 Jan-Feb;13(1):109–113. doi: 10.1002/cpt1972131109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Hanna C., Keatts H. C. Indomethacin in ocular inflammation in rabbits. Arch Ophthalmol. 1967 Apr;77(4):554–558. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1967.00980020556022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Hanna C., Sharp J. D. Ocular absorption of indomethacin by the rabbit. Arch Ophthalmol. 1972 Aug;88(2):196–198. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1972.01000030198012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Harris L. S., Kahanowicz Y. Ocular anti-inflammatory effect of fenoprofen. Dose-response study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975 Jul;93(7):501–503. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1975.01010020517006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Higgins C. B., Braunwald E. The prostaglandins. Biochemical, physiologic and clinical considerations. Am J Med. 1972 Jul;53(1):92–112. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(72)90119-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Huskisson E. C., Wojtulewski J. A., Berry H., Scott J., Hart F. D., Balme H. W. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with fenoprofen: comparison with aspirin. Br Med J. 1974 Feb 2;1(5900):176–180. doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5900.176. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Jaffe B. M., Podos S. M., Becker B. Indomethacin blocks arachidonic acid-associated elevation of aqueous humor prostaglandin E. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973 Aug;12(8):621–622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Jampol L. M., Neufeld A. H., Sears M. L. Pathways for the response of the eye to injury. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Mar;14(3):184–189. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Kass M. A., Neufeld A. H., Sears M. L. Systemic aspirin and indomethacin do not prevent the response of the monkey eye to trauma. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Aug;14(8):604–606. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Kass M. A., Podos S. M., Moses R. A., Becker B. Prostaglandin E 1 and aqueous humor dynamics. Invest Ophthalmol. 1972 Dec;11(12):1022–1027. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Katchen B., Buxbaum S., Meyer J., Ning J. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of a new nonsteroid, anti-inflammatory agent, 2-(3-chloro-o-toluidino) nicotinic acid (clonixin) in rats, dogs and monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973 Feb;184(2):453–464. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Kelly R. G., Starr M. S. Effects of prostaglandins and a prostaglandin antagonist on intraocular pressure and protein in the monkey eye. Can J Ophthalmol. 1971 Jul;6(3):205–211. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lee R. E. The influence of psychotropic drugs on prostaglandin biosynthesis. Prostaglandins. 1974 Jan 10;5(1):63–68. doi: 10.1016/s0090-6980(74)80132-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Leopold I. H. Advances in ocular therapy: noncorticosteroid anti-inflammatory agents. Fifth annual Jules Stein Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974 Nov;78(5):759–773. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(74)90298-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Lewis G. P., Piper P. J. Inhibition of release of prostaglandins as an explanation of some of the actions of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Nature. 1975 Mar 27;254(5498):308–311. doi: 10.1038/254308a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Lorenzetti D. W., Ellison E. M., Kaufman H. E. Quantitative steroid effect on graft reaction. Arch Ophthalmol. 1968 Jan;79(1):64–68. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.03850040066018. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Meyers R. L., Shabo A. L., Maxwell D. S. Effect of prostaglandin on the blood aqueous barrier in the rabbit ciliary process. Prostaglandins. 1975 Feb;9(2):167–173. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(75)90021-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Miller J. D., Eakins K. E., Atwal M. The release of PGE2-like activity into aqueous humor after paracentesis and its prevention by aspirin. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973 Dec;12(12):939–942. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Neufeld A. H., Chavis R. M., Sears M. L. Cyclic-AMP in the aqueous humor: the effects of repeated topical epinephrine administration and sympathetic denervation. Exp Eye Res. 1973 Aug 10;16(4):265–272. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(73)90092-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Neufeld A. H., Chavis R. M., Sears M. L. Degeneration release of norepinephrine causes transient ocular hyperemia mediated by prostaglandins. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973 Mar;12(3):167–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Neufeld A. H., Dueker D. K., Vegge T., Sears M. L. Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate increases the outflow of aqueous humor from the rabbit eye. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Jan;14(1):40–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Neufeld A. H., Jampol L. M., Sears M. L. Aspirin prevents the disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier in the rabbit eye. Nature. 1972 Jul 21;238(5360):158–159. doi: 10.1038/238158a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Neufeld A. H., Jampol L. M., Sears M. L. Cyclic-AMP in the aqueous humor: the effects of adrenergic agents. Exp Eye Res. 1972 Nov;14(3):242–250. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(72)90009-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Neufeld A. H., Sears M. L. Cyclic-AMP in ocular tissues of the rabbit, monkey, and human. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Jun;13(6):475–477. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Neufeld A. H., Sears M. L. Prostaglandin and eye. Prostaglandins. 1973 Aug;4(2):157–175. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(73)90036-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Obstbaum S. A., Podos S. M. Ocular compression and noncorticosteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975 Jun;79(6):1008–1011. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(75)90686-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Paterson C. A., Pfister R. R. Intraocular pressure changes after alkali burns. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974 Mar;91(3):211–218. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1974.03900060219014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Paterson C. A., Pfister R. R. Prostaglandin-like activity in the aqueous humor following alkali burns. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Mar;14(3):177–183. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Perkins E. S. Prostaglandins and the eye. Adv Ophthalmol. 1975;29:2–21. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Podos S. M., Becker B. Fenoprofen and ocular prostaglandin production. Invest Ophthalmol. 1974 Mar;13(3):235–237. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Podos S. M., Becker B., Kass M. A. Indomethacin blocks arachidonic acid-induced elevation of intraocular pressure. Prostaglandins. 1973 Jan;3(1):7–16. doi: 10.1016/0090-6980(73)90133-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Podos S. M., Becker B., Kass M. A. Prostaglandin synthesis, inhibition, and intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973 Jun;12(6):426–433. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Podos S. M., Jaffe B. M., Becker B. Prostaglandins and glaucoma. Br Med J. 1972 Oct 28;4(5834):232–232. doi: 10.1136/bmj.4.5834.232. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Puig-Parellada P., García-Gasulla G., Puig-Muset P. Pharmacological properties of imidazole. I. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions. Pharmacology. 1973;10(3):161–168. doi: 10.1159/000136436. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Rajan K. T., Hill A. G., Barr A., Whitwell E. Flufenamic acid in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1967 Jan;26(1):43–46. doi: 10.1136/ard.26.1.43. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Roszkowski A. P., Rooks W. H., 2nd, Tomolonis A. J., Miller L. M. Anti-inflammatory and analgetic properties of d-2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)-propionic acid (naproxen). J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1971 Oct;179(1):114–123. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Samuelsson B. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Fed Proc. 1972 Sep-Oct;31(5):1442–1450. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Sears D., Sears M. Blood-aqueous barrier and alpha-chymotrypsin glaucoma in rabbits. Am J Ophthalmol. 1974 Mar;77(3):378–383. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(74)90744-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sears M. L., Neufeld A. H., Jampol L. M. Prostaglandins. Invest Ophthalmol. 1973 Mar;12(3):161–164. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Shanta T. R., Woods W. D., Waitzman M. B., Bourne G. H. Histochemical method for localization of cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase. Histochemie. 1966;7(2):177–190. doi: 10.1007/BF00309721. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Smith J. B., Willis A. L. Aspirin selectively inhibits prostaglandin production in human platelets. Nat New Biol. 1971 Jun 23;231(25):235–237. doi: 10.1038/newbio231235a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Thomas A. H., Hanna C. Oxyphenbutazone in ocular inflammation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973 Apr;89(4):340–341. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1973.01000040342017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Tomlinson R. V., Ringold H. J. Relationship between inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and drug efficacy: support for the current theory on mode of action of aspirin-like drugs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1972 Jan 31;46(2):552–559. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(72)80174-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Unger W. G., Cole D. F., Hammond B. Disruption of the blood--aqueous barrier following paracentesis in the rabbit. Exp Eye Res. 1975 Mar;20(3):255–270. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(75)90139-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Unger W. G., Perkins E. S., Bass M. S. The response of the rabbit eye to laser irradiation of the iris. Exp Eye Res. 1974 Oct;19(4):367–377. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(74)90022-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Valk L. E. Proceedings: A new possibility to treat superficial eye injuries with an ointment, presenting the advantages, but not the disadvantages of local application of corticosteroids. A double-blind trial in the effect of oxyphenbutazone 10 percent eye ointment (Tanderil) as a therapy in superficial eye injuries. Ophthalmologica. 1973;167(5):422–428. doi: 10.1159/000306986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Vane J. R. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nat New Biol. 1971 Jun 23;231(25):232–235. doi: 10.1038/newbio231232a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. WERNER L. E. Hydroxy-phenylbutazone (Tanderil) in the treatment of ocular disease. A preliminary survey. Br J Ophthalmol. 1960 Dec;44:755–760. doi: 10.1136/bjo.44.12.755. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Waitzman M. B., King C. D. Prostaglandin influences on intraocular pressure and pupil size. Am J Physiol. 1967 Feb;212(2):329–334. doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1967.212.2.329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Waitzman M. B. Possible new concepts relating prostaglandins to various ocular functions. Surv Ophthalmol. 1970 Jan;14(4):301–326. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Waitzman M. B., Woods W. D. Some characteristics of an adenyl cyclase preparation from rabbit ciliary process tissue. Exp Eye Res. 1971 Jul;12(1):99–111. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(71)90134-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Walsh D. A., Ashby C. D., Gonzalez C., Calkins D., Fischer E. H. Krebs EG: Purification and characterization of a protein inhibitor of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinases. J Biol Chem. 1971 Apr 10;246(7):1977–1985. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Wastila W. B., Stull J. T., Mayer S. E., Walsh D. A. Measurement of cyclic 3',5'-denosine monophosphate by the activation of skeletal muscle protein kinase. J Biol Chem. 1971 Apr 10;246(7):1996–2003. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Watnick A. S., Taber R. I., Tabachnick I. I. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of clonixin (2-(2' methyl-3' chloro anilino) nicotinic acid). Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther. 1971 Mar;190(1):78–90. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Watson P. G., Lobascher D. J., Sabiston D. W., Lewis-Faning E., Fowler P. D., Jones B. R. Double-blind trial of the treatment of episcleritis-scleritis with oxyphenbutazone or prednisolone. Br J Ophthalmol. 1966 Aug;50(8):463–481. doi: 10.1136/bjo.50.8.463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Watson P. G., McKay D. A., Clemett R. S., Wilkinson P. Treatment of episcleritis. A double-blind trial comparing betamethasone 0.1 per cent, oxyphenbutazone 10 per cent, and placebo eye ointments. Br J Ophthalmol. 1973 Nov;57(11):866–870. doi: 10.1136/bjo.57.11.866. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Whitelocke R. A., Eakins K. E. Vascular changes in the anterior uvea of the rabbit produced by prostaglandins. Arch Ophthalmol. 1973 Jun;89(6):495–499. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1973.01000040497011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Wyllie A. M., Wyllie J. H. Prostaglandins and glaucoma. Br Med J. 1971 Sep 11;3(5775):615–617. doi: 10.1136/bmj.3.5775.615. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Zimmerman T. J., Gravenstein N., Sugar A., Kaufman H. E. Aspirin stabilization of the blood-aqueous barrier in the human eye. Am J Ophthalmol. 1975 May;79(5):817–819. doi: 10.1016/0002-9394(75)90742-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Zink H. A., Podos S. M., Becker B. Modification by imidazoles of ocular inflammatory and pressure responses. Invest Ophthalmol. 1975 Apr;14(4):280–285. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. van Dorp D. A., Jouvenaz G. H., Struijk C. B. The biosynthesis of prostaglandin in pig eye iris. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1967 Apr 4;137(2):396–399. doi: 10.1016/0005-2760(67)90117-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. von Euler U. S. On the specific vaso-dilating and plain muscle stimulating substances from accessory genital glands in man and certain animals (prostaglandin and vesiglandin). J Physiol. 1936 Nov 6;88(2):213–234. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1936.sp003433. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society are provided here courtesy of American Ophthalmological Society

RESOURCES