Abstract
Sixteen classroom observational studies were conducted to determine natural rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval in the classroom. Rates of teacher verbal approval and disapproval were measured by the Teacher Approval and Disapproval Observation Record (TAD) over Grades 1 through 12. Teacher verbal approval rates dropped over grade, with a marked drop after second grade. In every grade after second, the rate of teacher verbal disapproval exceeded the rate of teacher verbal approval. These rates are interpreted in terms of reinforcement theory.
Keywords: classroom reinforcement, teacher approval, teacher disapproval, natural rates
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- KENNEDY W. A., WILLCUTT H. C. PRAISE AND BLAME AS INCENTIVES. Psychol Bull. 1964 Nov;62:323–332. doi: 10.1037/h0042917. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McAllister L. W., Stachowiak J. G., Baer D. M., Conderman L. The application of operant conditioning techniques in a secondary school classroom. J Appl Behav Anal. 1969 Winter;2(4):277–285. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1969.2-277. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thomas D. R., Becker W. C., Armstrong M. Production and elimination of disruptive classroom behavior by systematically varying teacher's behavior. J Appl Behav Anal. 1968 Spring;1(1):35–45. doi: 10.1901/jaba.1968.1-35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zimmerman E. H., Zimmerman J. The alteration of behavior in a special classroom situation. J Exp Anal Behav. 1962 Jan;5(1):59–60. doi: 10.1901/jeab.1962.5-59. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]