Qiuyu Gong
Qiuyu Gong
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,#,
Mehul Sharma
Mehul Sharma
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,#,
Marla C Glass
Marla C Glass
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Emma L Kuan
Emma L Kuan
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Aishwarya Chander
Aishwarya Chander
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Mansi Singh
Mansi Singh
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Lucas T Graybuck
Lucas T Graybuck
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Zachary J Thomson
Zachary J Thomson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Christian M LaFrance
Christian M LaFrance
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Samir Rachid Zaim
Samir Rachid Zaim
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Tao Peng
Tao Peng
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Lauren Y Okada
Lauren Y Okada
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Palak C Genge
Palak C Genge
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Katherine E Henderson
Katherine E Henderson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Elisabeth M Dornisch
Elisabeth M Dornisch
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Erik D Layton
Erik D Layton
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Peter J Wittig
Peter J Wittig
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Alexander T Heubeck
Alexander T Heubeck
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Nelson M Mukuka
Nelson M Mukuka
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Julian Reading
Julian Reading
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Garrett Strawn
Garrett Strawn
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Teminijesu Titus-Adewunmi
Teminijesu Titus-Adewunmi
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Kathleen Abadie
Kathleen Abadie
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Charles R Roll
Charles R Roll
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Veronica Hernandez
Veronica Hernandez
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Vaishnavi Parthasarathy
Vaishnavi Parthasarathy
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Tyanna J Stuckey
Tyanna J Stuckey
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Blessing Musgrove
Blessing Musgrove
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Elliott Swanson
Elliott Swanson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Cara Lord
Cara Lord
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Morgan D A Weiss
Morgan D A Weiss
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Cole G Phalen
Cole G Phalen
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Regina R Mettey
Regina R Mettey
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Kevin J Lee
Kevin J Lee
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
John B Johanneson
John B Johanneson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Erin K Kawelo
Erin K Kawelo
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Jessica Garber
Jessica Garber
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Upaasana Krishnan
Upaasana Krishnan
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Megan Smithmyer
Megan Smithmyer
2Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
2,
E John Wherry
E John Wherry
3Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
4Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
3,4,
Laura A Vella
Laura A Vella
4Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
5Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
4,5,
Sarah E Henrickson
Sarah E Henrickson
4Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
5Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
4,5,
Mackenzie S Kopp
Mackenzie S Kopp
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Adam K Savage
Adam K Savage
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Lynne A Becker
Lynne A Becker
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Paul Meijer
Paul Meijer
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Ernest M Coffey
Ernest M Coffey
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Jorg J Goronzy
Jorg J Goronzy
6Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
6,
Mikael Sigvardsson
Mikael Sigvardsson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Cate Speake
Cate Speake
2Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
2,
Thomas F Bumol
Thomas F Bumol
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Ananda W Goldrath
Ananda W Goldrath
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Troy R Torgerson
Troy R Torgerson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Xiao-jun Li
Xiao-jun Li
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,
Peter J Skene
Peter J Skene
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,✉,
Jane H Buckner
Jane H Buckner
7Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
7,
Claire E Gustafson
Claire E Gustafson
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
1,✉
1Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, WA USA
2Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
3Department of Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
4Institute for Immunology and Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
5Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
6Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA USA
7Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA USA
Subject terms: Vaccines, Systems biology, Cellular immunity, Transcriptomics
© The Author(s) 2026
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.