M T La Chica Lhoëst
M T La Chica Lhoëst
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
1,2,
A Martinez
A Martinez
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
1,2,
L Claudi
L Claudi
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
1,2,
E Garcia
E Garcia
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
1,2,
A Benitez-Amaro
A Benitez-Amaro
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
1,2,
A Polishchuk
A Polishchuk
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
1,2,
J Piñero
J Piñero
3Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
3,
D Vilades
D Vilades
4Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SANTPAU), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
5Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
4,5,
J M Guerra
J M Guerra
4Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SANTPAU), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
5Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
4,5,
F Sanz
F Sanz
3Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
3,
N Rotllan
N Rotllan
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
6Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERDEM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
2,6,
J C Escolà-Gil
J C Escolà-Gil
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
6Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERDEM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
2,6,
V Llorente-Cortés
V Llorente-Cortés
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
5Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
1,2,5,*
1Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
2Department of Cardiovascular, Institut de Recerca Sant Pau (IR SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
3Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences (DCEXS), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
4Department of Cardiology, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-SANTPAU), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
5Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
6Department of Cardiovascular, CIBERDEM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
*Correspondence: Vicenta Llorente Cortes vicenta.llorente@iibb.csic.es; cllorente@santpau.cat
Received 2026 Feb 13; Revised 2026 Mar 10; Accepted 2026 Mar 19; Collection date 2026.
Keywords: apolipoproteins (ApoB100, apoA1, apoC1, apoJ, apoE); foam-like SMC; atherosclerosis; cardiovascular diseases; peptidomimetics; lipoproteins; transcription factors; reverse cholesterol transport
© 2026 La Chica Lhoëst, Martinez, Claudi, Garcia, Benitez-Amaro, Polishchuk, Piñero, Vilades, Guerra, Sanz, Rotllan, Escolà-Gil and Llorente-Cortés.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.