Abstract
类风湿关节炎(RA)是一种慢性自身免疫病,其发生发展除关节局部炎症和骨破坏外,还与肠道微生态失衡、神经免疫异常及全身炎症放大密切相关。近年来,肠-关节轴相关研究表明,肠道微生态失衡可破坏肠屏障完整性,增加肠道通透性,促进微生物产物和抗原易位入血,诱发系统性炎症和自身免疫反应;短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸和色氨酸等微生物代谢产物异常又可通过影响黏膜稳态、炎症消退及辅助性T细胞17/调节性T细胞平衡推动疾病进展;持续的菌群失调进一步激活外周免疫系统,促进分泌促炎性细胞的免疫细胞向滑膜募集,最终导致滑膜增生、软骨侵蚀和骨破坏。同时,肠源性代谢信号、迷走神经传入及免疫介质共同参与中枢神经系统功能和神经炎症调控,而脑源性应激又可经下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴)及自主神经系统下行作用于肠屏障、菌群组成和肠道免疫环境,进一步放大全身炎症反应。肠、脑与关节之间形成涉及神经通路联动、免疫细胞迁移和募集、内分泌调控,以及代谢信使和炎症轴介导的动态交互网络。针对该轴关键环节,菌群导向策略可通过重塑微生态和修复肠屏障降低炎症起点,代谢干预可通过调控色氨酸和短链脂肪酸等关键信号恢复免疫和骨代谢稳态,神经免疫调节可通过增强胆碱能抗炎反射及调控HPA轴相关通路缓解炎症放大,多靶点协同防治则有望整合菌群、代谢、神经和局部炎症控制的优势,提高综合干预效果。本综述从肠-脑-关节轴视角认识RA,有助于深化对其系统性炎症机制的理解,并为相关干预策略的研究和临床转化提供参考。
Keywords: 类风湿关节炎, 肠-脑-关节轴, 肠道菌群, 神经免疫调节, 炎症, 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴, 综述
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and bone destruction, accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis, neuroimmune dysfunction, and systemic inflammatory amplification. Increasing evidence from the gut-joint axis indicates that microbial dysbiosis disrupts intestinal barrier integrity, enhances permeability, and promotes the translocation of microbial products and antigens, thereby triggering systemic inflammation and autoimmune responses. Meanwhile, alterations in microbial metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, and tryptophan derivatives, drive disease progression by regulating mucosal homeostasis, inflammatory resolution, and the Th17 cells/Tr cells balance. Persistent dysbiosis further activates peripheral immunity and promotes the recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells and mediators to the synovium, resulting in synovial hyperplasia, cartilage degradation, and bone erosion. Concurrently, gut-derived metabolic signals, vagal afferents, and immune mediators modulate central nervous system function and neuroinflammation, whereas brain-derived stress responses regulate intestinal barrier function, microbial composition, and gut immune homeostasis via the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the autonomic nervous system, collectively exacerbating systemic inflammation. Thus, a dynamic cross-system network linking the gut, brain, and joints is established, involving neural pathway coupling, immune cell migration and recruitment, endocrine regulation, and metabolic messenger- and inflammatory axis-mediated interactions. Microbiota-directed strategies restore microbial homeostasis and barrier integrity to reduce the initiation of inflammation; metabolic interventions rebalance immune and bone homeostasis through key signaling pathways, e.g., tryptophan and short-chain fatty acid pathways; neuroimmune regulation attenuates inflammatory amplification via the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and HPA axis modulation; and multi-target approaches integrate the advantages of microbiota, metabolism, neural, and local inflammatory control to improve therapeutic efficacy. This review elucidates RA from the integrated perspective of the gut-brain-joint axis, providing mechanistic insights into systemic inflammation and supporting the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Keywords: Rheumatoid arthritis, Gut-brain-joint axis, Intestinal flora, Neuroim-munomodulation, Inflammation, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Review
RA是一种慢性全身性自身免疫病,影响全球0.24%的人口[1]。其特征包括滑膜炎症和增生、软骨和骨骼破坏,心血管、肺和骨骼系统等全身性症状,以及心理异常,最终导致患者严重残疾和过早死亡[2]。RA的发病机制复杂,涉及遗传易感性、环境因素和免疫失调[3-4],但确切的发病机制尚不完全清楚。
近年来,随着微生物组学和高通量测序技术的发展,越来越多的证据揭示了肠道菌群在RA中的作用。有学者提出“肠-关节轴”概念,即肠道菌群通过调节局部免疫稳态、影响Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡、促进促炎性细胞因子(如IL-17)释放以及分子模拟机制(如牙龈卟啉单胞菌模拟瓜氨酸化肽)等方式驱动关节滑膜炎和骨侵蚀[5-9]。然而,肠道菌群对宿主的影响并不局限于关节局部的免疫调节,还涉及屏障稳态、代谢传导及神经-内分泌互作等多层面过程,其引发的全身性炎症提示可能存在更广泛的跨系统调控机制。临床研究发现,RA患者抑郁、慢性疼痛及认知相关问题并不少见,提示除关节炎症外可能还存在与神经炎症或中枢敏化相关的共病机制[10]。这种临床表现上的高度重叠提示肠道菌群可能在连接神经系统功能异常和外周关节炎症中发挥潜在的协同驱动作用。研究发现,肠道菌群可通过代谢产物和免疫-神经内分泌通路与中枢神经系统形成双向调控网络,即脑-肠轴[11-12]。尽管现有研究已初步阐明了肠-关节轴和脑-肠轴各自的作用[13-14],但两者在RA中的协同调控机制尚不明确。如肠道菌群代谢物虽可通过抑制Th17细胞分化或诱导IL-10产生缓解RA[10],但其也可通过脑-肠轴加剧全身炎症[15],这种矛盾与平衡尚未被完全解析。本文基于肠-关节轴和脑-肠轴的研究基础,整合肠道微生态、神经调控和免疫炎症之间的跨系统联系,从屏障与菌群失衡、代谢信使、神经免疫互作及潜在干预策略等方面进行综述,以期为RA相关研究提供参考。
1. 肠-关节轴的核心作用机制
肠既是屏障器官,也是免疫和代谢信号的调控中心。肠道微生态失衡可破坏肠上皮细胞间的紧密连接,增加肠通透性,使微生物产物进入循环,诱发系统性炎症和自身免疫反应;同时,短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸和色氨酸代谢物等代谢物失衡会进一步扰动Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡和炎症消退。上述变化共同驱动免疫异常激活并作用于滑膜微环境,促进关节炎症和骨关节破坏。本节将围绕肠屏障破坏、微生物代谢调控及免疫激活三方面阐述其核心机制。
1.1. 肠屏障破坏的系统性反应
肠屏障是维持体内平衡的关键结构,其主要由上皮屏障、紧密连接蛋白、黏液层和肠道相关免疫系统组成。正常情况下它们协同作用,形成一个选择性的通透屏障,允许营养物质和代谢物吸收,同时阻止病原体、毒素和膳食抗原进入血液循环。然而,肠道微生态失衡会损害这一屏障功能,导致肠道通透性增加,即肠漏综合征。连蛋白(zonulin)由肠道上皮细胞在饮食和微生物刺激下分泌,可使紧密连接复合物中的紧密连接蛋白-1与闭合蛋白脱离,导致肠屏障受损、通透性增加、细菌产物进入血液,从而引发炎症反应[16]。连蛋白还会诱导T淋巴细胞介导的黏膜炎症,并可能控制免疫细胞从肠道向关节迁移[17]。除紧密连接蛋白和连蛋白外,肠道微生物群还通过调节肠道来源的代谢物影响肠屏障的稳定性。由共生菌产生的短链脂肪酸在维持紧密连接蛋白功能方面发挥重要作用。短链脂肪酸尤其是丁酸可通过激活AMPK通路增加黏蛋白2表达,从而保持肠屏障的完整性[18]。但RA患者体内短链脂肪酸水平降低,可能会加剧屏障功能障碍[19]。此外,色氨酸代谢产物水平升高可通过激活AhR改善肠屏障功能,促进紧密连接蛋白表达[20]。既往研究表明,RA患者存在肠道微生态失衡、肠屏障完整性受损等问题,微生物及其产物更易穿过肠黏膜进入组织乃至血液循环,从而诱发肠道及全身性炎症反应[17]。
1.2. 微生物代谢产物的调控作用
肠道微生物群通过其代谢活动产生多种生物活性代谢物(如短链脂肪酸、胆汁酸和色氨酸等),通过屏障功能、免疫调节和炎症消退将肠道微生物群活动与RA发病相关联[21]。短链脂肪酸是肠道微生物群通过膳食纤维发酵产生的关键代谢产物,能维持黏膜完整性,调节胆汁酸代谢,并通过抑制促炎性细胞因子(如IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α)和增强抗炎细胞因子(如IL-10、IL-13和转化生长因子β)发挥免疫调节作用[22]。短链脂肪酸还可通过与GPR(GPR41、GPR43、GPR109A)、配体激活的转录因子(如AhR)以及组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂相互作用调节宿主免疫[23-24]。胆汁酸作为信号分子调控免疫稳态,其代谢产物通过直接调节Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡控制宿主免疫应答[25]。研究显示,S-丙炔基半胱氨酸可促进双歧杆菌和其他产胆盐水解酶细菌富集,显著降低甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸和甘氨胆酸等胆汁酸代谢产物水平。这反过来又抑制了NF-κB通路激活,导致血清TNF-α和IL-6水平降低,从而改善RA相关炎症反应[26-27]。色氨酸是一种肠道必需氨基酸,在维持肠道菌群与肠黏膜免疫平衡中发挥重要作用。色氨酸衍生代谢产物如吲哚-3-丙烯酸、吲哚-3-丙酸和吲哚-3-乙酸可通过激活AhR信号通路恢复Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡[28]。临床研究发现,RA患者滑液中色氨酸代谢产物及AhR配体水平均降低,导致Tr细胞生成不足并破坏Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡[29],提示补充色氨酸对于改善RA患者Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡可能具有重要意义。
1.3. 肠道微生态失衡与免疫激活
肠道微生物群与宿主免疫系统之间存在持续的双向通信,通过协调病原防御、共生菌耐受及黏膜免疫稳态等方式共同影响机体炎症反应和免疫平衡[30]。肠道菌群失调可导致肠黏膜和组织损伤,引发炎症、免疫耐受丧失和推动自身免疫病发展[31]。RA炎症的主要部位是滑膜,包括一层由巨噬细胞和成纤维样滑膜细胞构成的细胞表面层,以及位于其下的组织层,包含成纤维细胞、血管和淋巴管,排列在疏松的胶原基质中。在RA中,滑膜是免疫异常的重要靶组织之一,分泌促炎性细胞因子的免疫细胞向滑膜募集并持续浸润是滑膜炎发生和进展的关键环节[32]。随后,促炎性细胞因子和趋化因子进一步驱动巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞向滑膜浸润[33]。Th1细胞和Th17细胞释放的炎症介质又可刺激B淋巴细胞产生自身抗体,并促使巨噬细胞持续放大炎症级联反应[34]。这些炎症信号进一步诱导成纤维样滑膜细胞产生基质金属蛋白酶和RANKL,最终导致滑膜增生、血管翳形成,以及软骨和骨破坏[11]。因此,从肠道微生态失衡到外周免疫激活,再到滑膜靶向损伤,构成了肠-关节轴驱动RA炎症进展的重要免疫链条。
2. 脑-肠轴的神经免疫调节
脑-肠轴是肠道与中枢神经系统之间的双向通信网络,整合微生物群、神经通路、神经内分泌和免疫炎症信号。肠道可通过代谢物、迷走神经和免疫介质上行影响脑功能和神经炎症;而脑源性应激又可经HPA轴和自主神经系统改变肠屏障和菌群,促使炎症因子和微生物产物进入循环,从而放大全身炎症。本节将围绕肠源性信号调控中枢神经系统和脑源性应激经肠道驱动炎症两方面展开。
2.1. 肠源性信号调控中枢神经系统
肠源性信号主要依赖代谢产物、迷走神经传入及免疫介质三条途径影响中枢神经系统。肠道菌群产生的短链脂肪酸、次级胆汁酸和色氨酸代谢产物可进入循环,影响神经炎症、神经递质合成及血脑屏障的完整性,进而调节脑功能。如短链脂肪酸能进入血液循环并穿过血脑屏障,通过影响神经递质合成、神经炎症和神经可塑性调节大脑功能[35];次级胆汁酸(脱氧胆酸和石胆酸)通过与特定受体相互作用影响神经炎症和认知功能[36]。迷走神经作为脑-肠轴的关键组成部分,将来自肠道几乎所有部位的感觉信息传递到大脑。肠道微生物代谢产物能够刺激迷走神经传入神经元[37],向脑干发送信号,进而影响情绪、认知和自主神经调节相关的高级脑区[38]。因此,迷走神经通路是肠道微生物群与大脑之间主要的调节性交流通路。同时,菌群可以调控HPA轴活性,改变皮质醇等应激激素分泌,从而影响神经内分泌稳态,并将外周器官与中枢神经系统相关联[39]。肠道微生物群还可与免疫细胞相互作用,介导炎症介质及其他影响大脑功能介质产生[40]。小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞及边界相关巨噬细胞(border-associated macrophage)的发育、成熟和功能均受菌群依赖性信号调控,菌群相关免疫启动不足会削弱机体对脑损伤和炎症刺激的应答能力[41]。如短链脂肪酸能调节小胶质细胞的活化状态,最终调控宿主的神经炎症反应[42]。这些机制共同构成了肠道作为“第二大脑”向中枢发送调控信号的多维网络。
2.2. 脑源性应激经肠道驱动全身炎症
脑源性应激可通过HPA轴和自主神经系统向下调控肠道,从而放大全身炎症。长期应激或情绪障碍者常伴随肠道微生态失衡[43],后者可增加肠道通透性,使脂多糖等微生物相关分子进入血液循环,并诱导IL-6、TNF-α等促炎性细胞因子升高;这些炎症信号可进一步影响血脑屏障、神经可塑性和神经元功能[44]。在应激状态下,下丘脑释放促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素,HPA轴被激活。这种激素会刺激脑垂体分泌促肾上腺皮质激素,当其在血液中循环时,会刺激肾上腺释放糖皮质激素(如皮质醇),这是人类的主要应激激素[45]。HPA轴调节的一个关键组成部分是负反馈调节,即皮质醇抑制促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素和促肾上腺皮质激素生成。此外,HPA轴释放的皮质醇等激素直接影响胃肠道内IgA产生,而IgA对于保护肠黏膜、中和病原体和毒素,以及维持微生物群的稳态至关重要。研究表明,在特定压力情况下,HPA轴活动改变会导致IgA水平降低,从而削弱机体预防性应对外部威胁的能力,并破坏微生物平衡[46]。由紧密连接的上皮细胞层构成的肠屏障是分隔肠腔与循环系统的关键结构,而HPA轴释放的糖皮质激素能调节紧密连接蛋白表达。当炎症或感染等导致HPA轴过度活跃时,这种调节机制遭到破坏,使得肠道通透性增加,导致微生物、毒素和促炎性细胞因子更易进入血液,从而激活全身性炎症反应;在感染期间,HPA轴的激活会改变肠道微生物群组成以及抗菌代谢物产生,这种相互作用对于调节宿主免疫反应以及在感染期间维持微生物群功能至关重要[47]。
大脑还可以通过自主神经系统实现对肠道的实时调控。交感神经释放的去甲肾上腺素可减缓肠蠕动,减少黏液分泌,并在应激状态下改变肠道相关淋巴组织的免疫应答[48]。副交感神经(主要通过传出迷走神经)则发挥胆碱能抗炎通路作用。迷走神经末梢释放乙酰胆碱,后者可特异性结合肠道驻留巨噬细胞表面的α7nAChR,有效激活NF-κB信号通路,减少促炎性细胞因子(如TNF-α、IL-1β等)释放,维持肠道免疫稳态和耐受[49]。
综上,肠与脑之间存在双向神经免疫调节关系:一方面,肠道菌群及其代谢产物可经体液、迷走神经和免疫介质途径上行影响中枢炎症和神经内分泌状态;另一方面,脑源性应激又可通过HPA轴和自主神经系统下行重塑肠屏障、菌群组成及肠道免疫环境,导致全身免疫稳态失衡和促炎反应增强,从而为RA关节滑膜炎症的持续和进展提供条件。
3. 肠-脑-关节轴交互网络
肠-脑-关节轴是由神经、免疫、内分泌和代谢信号共同构成的跨器官网络。肠道菌群及其产物可上行影响中枢和免疫稳态,而中枢应激和自主神经反馈又可重塑肠屏障和菌群,从而放大全身炎症并导致关节损伤。以下将从神经通路联动、免疫细胞定向迁移和募集、内分泌调控、代谢信使和炎症轴介导这四个关键环节概述其交互机制。
3.1. 神经通路联动
肠-脑-关节轴中的神经通路联动关键在于阐明神经信号如何经中枢整合后特异性调控关节微环境、炎症进程和骨代谢动态平衡。大脑和肠道通过迷走神经和中枢神经系统进行双向交流,通过复杂的神经体液途径影响彼此的功能。肠道代谢产物可激活肠壁迷走神经传入纤维,将炎症或代谢信号经孤束核上传至下丘脑、杏仁核及脑干自主神经中枢[50]。同时,神经系统通过中枢神经系统介导的神经通路参与关节代谢调控,其中交感神经、副交感神经及感觉神经系统可通过释放神经递质影响骨骼中枢调节因子及脑源性分子表达,而骨细胞和骨髓释放的骨源性介质亦可反向调节大脑功能,提示骨关节与神经系统之间存在双向调控网络[51-52]。研究显示,中枢神经系统介导的神经肽网络在维持成骨细胞和破骨细胞以及骨形成和骨吸收平衡中发挥重要作用[53]。此外,肠神经系统在调节关节代谢和维持骨健康方面也发挥着重要作用,其通过多种信号分子(包括神经肽和神经递质等)与骨细胞交流,如肠神经系统神经元产生的神经肽P物质可通过提高成骨细胞活性刺激骨形成[54]。综上,“肠道感知(菌群代谢信号)→中枢整合(脑干/下丘脑自主调控)→关节效应”的跨器官神经联动网络为RA等疾病的神经调控提供了新视角。
3.2. 免疫细胞定向迁移和募集
肠道微生物群与全身免疫细胞相互作用共同维持肠道上皮屏障稳态。肠道微生态失衡可导致肠道通透性增加和炎症反应增强,进而促进多种疾病的发生发展。此外,中枢神经系统损伤所引发的应激反应可进一步干扰肠道菌群,诱导肠道及外周免疫细胞活化,并促进其向中枢神经系统聚集和迁移,从而放大神经炎症反应[55-56]。Th17细胞和IL-17是RA和骨质疏松症等骨质流失疾病发病的主要驱动力。肠道微生物群可通过影响肠道局部免疫微环境,调控CD4+ T细胞不同亚群的分化平衡。正常情况下,特定共生菌及其代谢产物有助于诱导结肠固有层中Tr细胞优先积累,并维持其免疫抑制功能,从而促进肠道免疫耐受及骨代谢稳态[57]。肠道微生态失衡时炎症微环境发生改变,促炎性细胞因子表达增加,削弱了Tr细胞的诱导、维持及功能稳定性,同时促进初始CD4+ T细胞向Th17细胞分化,最终导致Th17细胞/Tr细胞失衡[58]。IL-17可显著上调RANKL及其受体RANK表达,增强破骨细胞活性,从而破坏骨代谢平衡,加剧骨破坏[59]。因此,肠道菌群失衡介导的Th17细胞/Tr细胞失衡是连接肠道免疫异常与骨代谢紊乱的重要机制之一,在RA等骨质流失性疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。神经炎症信号的传入(影响肠道免疫和屏障)、肠屏障渗漏、免疫细胞迁移以及关节局部的持续性炎症破坏等核心病理环节相互交织、彼此促进,形成了“神经炎症→肠屏障损伤/免疫失衡→关节炎症靶向破坏”的自我延续性恶性循环,其中免疫细胞迁移网络将肠道局部的免疫激活直接转化为关节组织的实质性损伤。
3.3. 内分泌调控
HPA轴是神经内分泌系统的核心调控通路之一,广泛参与应激反应。HPA轴激活会导致皮质醇释放,调节影响胃肠道微环境的内分泌细胞、免疫细胞、细胞因子和其他因素,增加肠道通透性的同时影响肠道细菌组成[60-61]。HPA轴还在调节骨密度和强度方面发挥重要作用。HPA轴失调可导致糖皮质激素长期异常升高,进而抑制成骨细胞的活性、促进破骨细胞的活性,扰乱钙代谢及相关内分泌调控,导致骨吸收增加和骨密度降低,从而引发骨质疏松症等[62]。总之,HPA轴在大脑、肠道和关节的多种生理过程调节中发挥至关重要的作用,其失调会导致各种紊乱和疾病。
肠道微生物群可通过调节5-羟色胺、多巴胺和γ-氨基丁酸等神经递质及其前体物质的代谢,改变相关前体的体内可利用性;部分前体可穿过血脑屏障,进一步影响中枢神经系统内神经递质合成[63]。肠道微生物群也能合成神经活性物质,如乳酸菌能产生γ-氨基丁酸和5-羟色胺,这两种物质是大脑中重要的抑制性神经递质[64]。源自肠道微生物群的神经递质通过内分泌途径向大脑发送信号,影响大脑神经元活动和神经递质平衡。肠道微生物群与内分泌系统之间的相互作用还会影响骨稳态。例如,特定胆汁酸代谢物(如脱氧胆酸)作为配体,通过激活肠道上皮细胞及免疫细胞上的FXR,对肠道局部免疫环境产生精细的调控作用[65];激活的FXR信号通路能直接或间接影响T淋巴细胞分化过程,促进具有免疫抑制功能的Tr细胞生成及功能,同时抑制促炎的Th17细胞异常扩增;当FXR信号通路活性受损或缺失时,这种稳态被打破,导致Th17细胞过度增殖并大量分泌关键促炎性细胞因子IL-17,同时减少Tr细胞数并抑制其功能;这种肠道局部的免疫失衡状态(Th17细胞/Tr细胞失衡)和升高的循环IL-17水平等效应分子能通过循环系统扩散至远端关节部位[66]。综上所述,肠道微生物群通过整合激素样代谢物、胆汁酸受体信号及应激相关内分泌轴等多重途径构建了连接肠道、大脑和关节组织的重要内分泌调控网络。
3.4. 代谢信使和炎症轴介导
肠道微生物群及其代谢产物是连接肠道、大脑和关节的重要桥梁,在肠-脑-关节轴的动态调控中发挥重要作用。肠道菌群可产生大量代谢物,这些代谢物不仅作用于肠道局部,还可通过体液循环、免疫调节及神经传导等途径影响远端器官功能[67]。例如,短链脂肪酸可通过与GPR或组蛋白去乙酰化酶相互作用,经由体液、免疫等途径作用于大脑[68];还可促进肠道5-羟色胺合成及分泌,进而调节血脑屏障通透性、神经元发育分化及情绪相关神经信号传递,从而影响脑功能[69]。另有研究表明,短链脂肪酸不仅在免疫系统中发挥调节作用,还直接影响破骨细胞和成骨细胞的形成;其中,抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性是短链脂肪酸抑制骨髓来源细胞向破骨细胞分化的重要机制之一[70]。因此,肠道菌群及其代谢产物在维持关节稳态和骨密度方面可能具有重要意义。
除对神经和骨代谢的直接调控外,菌群代谢异常还可通过影响黏膜屏障和固有免疫感受通路间接放大炎症信号。当菌群失调导致短链脂肪酸等保护性代谢物减少、肠屏障稳态受损时,微生物相关分子更易接触肠黏膜免疫系统,从而促进AIM2炎症小体等先天免疫感受通路激活。AIM2炎症小体作为模式识别受体之一,在不同组织中具有差异化激活特征:在肠道中,其可通过识别微生物来源双链DNA诱导IL-1β和IL-18成熟释放,破坏帕内特细胞抗菌功能并重塑回肠菌群结构[71];在关节局部,则可通过IL-6反式信号通路上调表达,直接促进滑膜炎症[72]。研究显示,AIM2缺失可抑制IL-17A/IL-23等Ⅲ型细胞因子产生,能缓解银屑病小鼠皮肤-关节轴炎症[73]。肠黏膜源性的IL-23驱动固有样T细胞产生IL-17/IL-22,经循环迁移至关节促进滑膜侵蚀[74];该轴同时调控Th17细胞亚群分化(非致病性亚群在IL-23抑制后比例上升),并在脂肪组织中介导γδ17 T细胞通过RORγt依赖性机制产生具有昼夜波动特性的IL-17A(夜间达峰)[75],提示菌群介导的代谢调控与免疫节律调节密切相关。
此外,菌群代谢谱改变还可通过表观遗传重编程和昼夜节律失衡放大全身炎症反应。例如,肠道菌群失衡可通过调控组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性,进而重塑免疫细胞的DNA甲基化模式,影响IgG Fc受体的功能状态,进而促进普雷沃菌属相关异常免疫应答及自身抗体生成,从而参与RA的发生发展[76]。核心时钟基因Bmal1异常可扰乱节律基因网络并促进炎症因子IL-6升高;在昼夜节律紊乱的哮喘小鼠模型及气道上皮细胞中,IL-6与Bmal1基因、FOXA2蛋白表达呈负相关,提示昼夜节律失衡可能通过BMAL1/FOXA2相关通路放大炎症反应[77]。
总之,肠道微生物群可通过代谢产物及其下游诱导的炎症放大、表观遗传重编程和昼夜节律调控等多重机制将肠、大脑和关节连接为一个动态耦联的整体。这不仅有助于解释中枢神经异常、免疫失衡和关节损伤之间的内在联系,也为RA的机制研究和治疗策略开发提供了新的理论依据。
4. 调控肠-脑-关节轴的策略
现有证据提示,类风湿关节炎往往由菌群失衡、代谢信号紊乱、神经免疫调节失效共同驱动,并在全身炎症和关节破坏中形成放大环路。因此,干预策略可分别聚焦于四个层面:通过微生态重构降低炎症起点和肠漏风险;靶向关键代谢轴和代谢物补充以修复化学信号传递;重启迷走神经和HPA轴等神经内分泌抗炎通路以恢复内源性炎症抑制功能;采用多靶点联合方案实现跨系统协同控制。
4.1. 菌群导向策略
菌群导向策略旨在从源头切断炎症启动信号。益生菌和益生元可以对肠道微生物群的组成和功能产生积极影响,还能纠正脑-肠轴失衡,改善与脑-肠轴调节相关的行为或疾病[78-79]。例如,普拉梭菌(Faecalibisterium prausnitzii)通过调节Th17细胞/Tr细胞平衡重塑肠道免疫稳态,显著减轻关节炎症反应[8,80]。该菌还能增强肠屏障功能,有效抑制细菌易位及系统性炎症发展[81]。目前,多种针对肠道微生物群的治疗方法成为研究热点。如移植富含短链脂肪酸(尤其是丁酸)的粪便会促使微生物重塑,增加乳酸杆菌数,改善肠道微生物群[82];粪菌移植则可以通过移植健康供体的全谱系菌群来逆转RA患者肠道微生态失衡状态。临床前研究证实,粪菌移植通过逆转菌群失调降低TNF-α、IL-6等促炎性细胞因子水平,并依赖短链脂肪酸等代谢物介导关节保护效应[83-85]。这一策略的核心在于其能够同步改善肠道通透性和系统性炎症,从而阻断肠漏引发的关节病变。
随着研究的发展,菌群导向干预正在由“整体调菌”逐步转向“关键菌株”的精准重构模式。Sun等[86]研究发现,狄氏副拟杆菌(Parabacteroides distasonis)缺失与RA活动度相关,且该菌及其胆汁酸代谢物在动物实验及体外机制研究中表现出抗炎作用;同时,人参皂苷Rg2可作为益生元促进其生长,提示“特定益生菌+益生元”联合策略具有潜在应用价值。Li等[87]基于APRAC(Asia Pacific rheumatoid arthritis cohort)队列构建了RA相关肠道微生物组与环境暴露数据集,为后续筛选干预靶菌和分层治疗提供了重要资源。此外,Huang等[88]建立了RA肠道菌群生物库并定义核心菌群,提示部分菌株可能具有促炎效应。总体来看,菌群导向疗法不仅可作为降低炎症起点的前置策略,也可能与代谢调控及屏障修复形成互补,从而成为RA系统干预的重要切入点。
4.2. 代谢干预策略
代谢干预策略通过补充关键活性分子或调节代谢酶活性以恢复肠-脑与肠-关节间的化学信号传递。研究表明,代谢干预策略通过神经免疫交叉调控影响RA进展:主要通过色氨酸-犬尿氨酸-AhR信号轴以代谢产物犬尿氨酸为内源性配体激活AhR,诱导其核转位形成AhR/AhR核转位子转录复合物,直接调控IL-22基因表达[89]。该过程在神经系统中抑制小胶质细胞活化(降低TNF-α/活性氧水平),在骨关节系统则通过抑制RANKL介导的破骨细胞分化和激活STAT3依赖的成骨细胞活性维持骨代谢稳态[90]。临床前研究表明,AhR拮抗剂CH223191及色氨酸代谢酶抑制剂可显著减轻关节破坏及中枢神经炎症[91]。短链脂肪酸缺乏会引发炎症级联反应,而岩藻多糖不仅能促进肠道菌群产生短链脂肪酸,还能通过结合DC-SIGN受体促进分泌型IgA生成,从而强化黏膜免疫屏障;同时,其独特的竞争性抑制机制可阻断补体系统激活(如C3a/C5a生成),从而减轻滑膜血管翳形成[92-93]。提示岩藻多糖具有脑-肠轴双向调节的潜力——既可经肠道免疫调控阻断炎性因子向中枢迁移,又能穿越血脑屏障直接发挥神经抗炎作用,为RA神经并发症提供协同干预的新路径。
近年研究发现,代谢干预已逐渐从“代谢异常表征”拓展至“关键代谢节点识别—靶向干预—精准递送”的连续研究路径。临床研究发现,合并代谢综合征的RA患者往往表现出更高的疾病活动度,且腰围、血糖及血脂等指标与病情严重程度密切相关,提示代谢失衡并非单纯伴随现象,而可能是RA炎症放大和病程迁延的重要促进因素[94]。进一步的研究还表明,代谢组学特征有望用于预测RA患者对甲氨蝶呤、TNF抑制剂及IL-6抑制剂等药物的治疗应答,从而为个体化治疗提供依据[95]。在机制层面,鞘磷脂—神经酰胺代谢循环、脂肪酸合成通路及炎性滑膜细胞代谢重编程等均被视为潜在治疗靶点[96]。与此同时,基于纳米载体的联合递送系统和来源于寄生虫或天然产物的活性多肽也显示出通过重塑局部代谢环境、抑制滑膜成纤维样细胞异常激活来减轻RA损伤的潜力[97-98]。由此可见,代谢干预不仅是连接肠道菌群紊乱与免疫炎症失衡的重要桥梁,也是推动RA精准化治疗的重要方向。
4.3. 神经免疫调节策略
针对迷走神经胆碱能抗炎通路受损及HPA轴功能紊乱,神经免疫调节旨在重启机体的内源性抗炎反射,其对RA的作用通过靶向神经-免疫交互轴实现双向干预。例如,光生物调节疗法通过630~850 nm光辐射刺激迷走神经颈部分支,激活α7nAChR介导的胆碱能抗炎通路;该刺激可降低胶原诱导性关节炎大鼠的炎症评分和踝关节肿胀,并改善关节组织学损伤,提示迷走神经调控在缓解关节局部炎症方面具有潜在价值[99]。同时,其通过调节Th17细胞/Treg细胞平衡缓解神经性疼痛的独特优势在Ⅱ期临床验证中已展现治疗潜力[100]。在药物方面,研究显示苦参碱可重塑“菌群-神经递质-免疫”三联回路:口服苦参碱使厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比值上升,促进双歧杆菌等γ-氨基丁酸产生菌扩增,提高结肠γ-氨基丁酸浓度,后者经迷走神经传入纤维抑制下丘脑室旁核的HPA轴过度活化,降低皮质酮释放(循环CD4⁺ T细胞糖皮质激素受体表达下降35%)[101],最终通过减少γ干扰素⁺CD4⁺细胞、增强Foxp3⁺ Tr细胞功能来协同改善关节炎症和中枢敏化。
从近年研究进展来看,神经免疫调节是当前最具转化潜力的方向之一。部分临床研究显示,迷走神经刺激虽然在改善RA疾病活动度方面的效果尚不稳定,但在改善患者功能状态方面可能具有一定益处,提示神经免疫调节的治疗价值可能更多体现在综合获益而非单一炎症指标改善[102]。流行病学研究则提示迷走神经完整性与机体炎症稳态维持密切相关,进一步支持了胆碱能抗炎反射在RA中的潜在保护作用[103]。与此同时,研究还发现α7nAChR激动剂可通过抑制外周血单个核细胞向滑膜迁移和减少巨噬细胞浸润而减轻关节炎症,从机制层面强化该通路作为治疗靶点的可行性[104]。此外,经皮耳迷走神经刺激及低强度神经刺激等在神经炎症调控中的初步研究结果也为RA及其相关神经症状的干预提供了新的技术储备[105-106]。总体而言,神经免疫调节可能可以作为RA综合治疗体系中的增强模块,与免疫抑制剂(如甲氨蝶呤)、菌群重塑及代谢干预联合应用,而非替代传统治疗。
4.4. 多靶点协同策略
鉴于RA是由多种因素共同作用所致,单一疗法常难以实现疾病有效控制,多靶点联合干预策略成为关注重点。短链脂肪酸与脑源性神经营养因子协同作用可通过调节肠道菌群代谢和神经可塑性改善RA炎症和骨破坏[82,89,107]。饮食干预能调节肠道菌群及其代谢物,也有望成为RA的有效管理手段。如富含果胶和菊粉的饮食通过丁酸盐激活AMPK信号通路,重塑CD4+ T细胞代谢并缓解关节炎症[108]。在RA治疗中,生物制剂已被证明具有调节肠道微生物群的能力。以依那西普(一种TNF-α拮抗剂)为例,该生物制剂能升高RA患者肠道中部分蓝藻门相关菌群丰度,降低δ-变形菌门及梭菌科等菌群丰度,这证实依那西普能显著影响RA患者的肠道微生物群组成[109]。此外,中药复方(如清风膏)可通过多靶点重塑免疫稳态:其活性成分(苦参碱、雷公藤内酯)双向调节IL-17/IL-22网络,抑制RORγt介导的Th17细胞分化并促进Tr细胞的免疫抑制功能;同时经肠道菌群调控增加色氨酸代谢物犬尿氨酸,激活AhR信号通路并诱导IL-10分泌,从而恢复免疫平衡[103,110]。中药复方NBTL、代谢递送系统HTDD、LACK156-173多肽以及胆碱能通路激动剂等研究均提示RA治疗有望突破单一免疫抑制模式,转向兼顾菌群生态、代谢稳态、神经免疫调节和局部滑膜微环境的联合干预框架[111]。多靶点协同防治不仅是对现有治疗思路的整合,更是推动RA向分层化、系统化和精准化治疗发展的重要策略。
针对肠-脑-关节轴不同环节的治疗策略对比见表1。
表1.
基于肠-脑-关节轴机制的类风湿关节炎治疗策略
| 治疗策略 | 核心作用靶点 | 主要干预手段/药物 | 优势 | 局限性和挑战 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 菌群导向 | 肠屏障和免疫源头 | 益生菌和益生元;粪菌移植 | 直接修复肠屏障,阻断脂多糖易位;安全性较好 | 菌株定植难持久;粪菌移植标准化及供体筛选标准尚未统一 |
| 代谢干预 | 跨系统化学信使 | 色氨酸、犬尿氨酸调节剂;短链脂肪酸;岩藻多糖 | 分子机制明确;具有中枢与外周双重调节潜力 | 代谢物在体内的半衰期及组织特异性递送仍需优化 |
| 神经免疫调节 | 神经反射和内分泌反馈 | 迷走神经刺激;α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体激动剂;苦参碱 | 激活内源性抗炎通路;非药物疗法避免了药物代谢副作用 | 最佳刺激参数待定;神经调节的长期疗效需大样本验证 |
| 多靶点协同防治 | 整体作用机制 | 饮食干预;中药复方;生物制剂联合微生态调节 | 发挥协同增效作用,覆盖免疫、代谢等多个靶点 | 方案复杂,疗效评价及个体化配伍难度大 |
5. 结语
综上,肠-脑-关节轴为理解RA的系统性免疫失衡及关节损伤与神经炎症相关表现提供了整合性框架,提示肠道微生态、代谢信号、神经免疫调节之间存在跨系统耦联关系,并为从源头和关键节点开展干预提供了新的理论依据和潜在靶点。近三年,RA干预主要围绕菌群导向疗法、代谢干预和神经免疫调节三个方向展开,并呈现出由实验研究向临床转化的趋势,见附表1。在菌群导向方面,益生菌、益生元、粪菌移植及中药复方被视为改善肠道微生态的新路径;在代谢干预方面,多组学研究和纳米递送技术揭示了代谢失衡的可逆性,并推动个体化治疗和标志物开发;在神经免疫调节方面,迷走神经及其相关通路正逐步进入临床验证。然而,现有临床证据仍参差不齐:益生菌/益生元多停留在小样本或动物实验;粪菌移植因方法学缺陷和随访不足难以形成高质量结论;神经免疫调节的长期疗效和安全性亦待确认。与此同时,RA患者在血清学、病程及合并症等方面差异显著,不同人群对同一干预反应可能不同。未来须开展标准化、机制与临床并重的大样本研究和长期随访,明确关键驱动节点和可验证生物标志物,优化分层和联合治疗策略,建立相应证据分级体系以指导个体化治疗,推动肠-脑-关节轴相关干预策略在RA精准诊疗中的临床转化。
Supplementary information
本文附加文件见电子版。
Acknowledgments
本研究得到国家自然科学基金(82405575)、湖北省中医药管理局中医药科研重大项目(ZY2025Z014)、湖北省自然科学基金(2024AFD305)和国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20240445)支持. 文章修改过程中浙江工业大学岳思青副教授、浙江大学医学院附属第一医院传染病诊治国家重点实验室靳昌忠助理研究员、《浙江大学学报(医学版)》编辑部余方编辑提出中肯建议
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82405575), Major Scientific Research Project of Hubei Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ZY2025Z014), Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2024AFD305), and National Postdoctoral Fellowship Program (GZC20240445). The authors also thank associate professor YUE Siqing from Zhejiang University of Technology, assistant researcher JIN Changzhong from State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and YU Fang from the Editorial Department of the Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences), for their valuable suggestions during manu-script revision
[缩略语]
类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA);辅助性T细胞(helper T cell,Th细胞);调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Tr细胞);AMP活化的蛋白质激酶(AMP-activated protein kinase,AMPK);芳烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor,AhR);肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α);G蛋白偶联受体(G protein-coupled receptor,GPR);核因子κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB);NF-κB受体活化因子(receptor activator of NF-κB,RANK);RANK配体(RANK ligand,RANKL);下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA轴);免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin,Ig);α7烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nicotinic acetylcholine receptor,α7nAChR);法尼酯X受体(farnesoid X receptor,FXR);黑色素瘤缺乏因子2炎症小体(absent in melanoma 2 inflammasome,AIM2);维甲酸相关孤儿受体γt(retinoid-related orphan receptor γt,RORγt);脑和肌肉ARNT样蛋白(brain and muscle ARNT-like 1,Bmal1);叉头框蛋白质A2(forkhead box protein A2,FOXA2);信号转导及转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)
利益冲突声明
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Conflict of Interests
The study declare that there is no conflict of interests
作者贡献
伊伸珑、何启旺、李亚楠和万碧江参与论文选题和设计或参与资料获取、分析或解释,起草研究论文或修改重要智力性内容. 所有作者均已阅读并认可最终稿件,并对数据的完整性和安全性负责. 具体见电子版
医学伦理
研究不涉及人体或动物实验
Ethical Approval
This study does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors
数据可用性
本研究未生成任何新数据集,所有分析数据均已公开,并已在文中明确标引
Data Availability
This study did not generate any new datasets, all data analyzed are publicly available, and have been properly cited
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Supplementary Materials
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Data Availability Statement
本研究未生成任何新数据集,所有分析数据均已公开,并已在文中明确标引
This study did not generate any new datasets, all data analyzed are publicly available, and have been properly cited
