A scoping review of dementia education programs for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese communities

Abstract

This scoping review explored characteristics and impacts of community‐based dementia education programs developed for East and Southeast Asian diaspora, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese communities. Studies involving community‐dwelling adults and people impacted by dementia were identified through several databases. Data on study characteristics, program design, implementation, and impact were extracted. Of the 3431 records screened, 26 met inclusion criteria: 11 targeted general community members and 15 involved caregivers. Only 10 programs engaged individuals living with dementia or caregivers in their development. Community‐focused initiatives improved literacy and attitudes, while caregiver‐focused programs showed feasibility and preliminary effectiveness in reducing caregiver burden. Most initiatives were at the pilot stage and required cultural tailoring. To address gaps in dementia awareness, stigma, and accessibility, culturally tailored education, developed with meaningful community involvement, will be essential for strengthening dementia care and support within Asian diaspora populations.

Highlights

• East and Southeast Asians face rising dementia disparities with limited resources.

• We identified 26 programs improving literacy, attitudes, and caregiver outcomes.

• Most programs remain in the pilot stage and need cultural tailoring and rigorous testing.

• Scalable, community‐driven programs are essential to reduce disparities globally.

1. BACKGROUND

East Asian immigrants and their children are among the fastest growing cultural groups in Western nations. Based on available census and immigration data from Australia, Aotearoa New Zealand, the UK, and the United States, the most numerous Asian populations are from China, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Vietnam. ¹ , ² , ³ , ⁴ The Asian diaspora can experience health disparities and inequities due to myriad factors, including language barriers, acculturation experiences, and the limited availability of culturally appropriate services. ⁵ Consequently, these older migrants are anticipated to experience greater risk factors for chronic non‐communicable diseases, including the progressive neurological condition of dementia. For example, the number of Asian‐born migrants living with dementia in Australia is projected to increase by up to 600% between 2016 and 2051. ⁶ The economic burden of dementia is immense, costing on average US$42,898 per person with dementia in the United States and US$1313.4 billion worldwide. ⁷ This necessitates the provision of culturally appropriate interventions and care services to support this growing population.

1.1. Dementia in East and Southeast Asian cultures

Cultural, traditional, as well as spiritual values and practices within East Asian communities often intersect and impact family caregivers’ handling of psychosocial and financial stress. ⁵ , ⁸ , ⁹ Adherence to Confucian values of filial piety and self‐sacrifice can enforce caring expectations, particularly on children, limiting engagement with support services. ¹⁰ , ¹¹ Placing loved ones in a residential aged care facility can be considered shameful, and only acceptable as a last resort. ⁵ , ⁸ Such stigma is similarly experienced within some Buddhist‐practicing families, in which the diagnosis is hidden to protect family reputation. ¹² Many Southeast Asian people believe that dementia is caused by familial issues, such as limited love/attention or conflict, and specifically for Vietnamese people—a bad family bloodline. ¹⁰ , ⁵⁸ Such beliefs about dementia's causes might lead to social stigma, prejudice, and discrimination toward people living with dementia and their families, perpetuating isolation and barriers to help‐seeking. ¹¹ , ¹² , ¹³ , ¹⁴

The stigma and discrimination reported among East and Southeast Asian communities is engendered with the language used to describe people living with dementia. For instance, the Vietnamese terminology, such as điên (crazy), ngu (foolish), and trẻ con (childish) is commonly expressed more so than the diagnostic term for dementia (chứng sa sút trí tuệ). ¹⁰ Furthermore, some Korean Americans view dementia as a form of insanity, ¹⁴ while some Chinese participants from China and Australia perceive dementia as a “scary and hopeless condition” and “tragedy for the whole family.” ¹³ All of this is important to recognize and be mindful of when considering interventions to address stigma, dementia literacy, care strategies, and ensuring the cultural safety of research, education, and clinical services.

1.2. Dementia awareness efforts in Asian nations and diaspora

The global dementia action plan advocates for more awareness‐raising initiatives to destigmatize the condition and promote diagnostic and care support. ¹⁵ These are typically realized through government‐led policies or national dementia plans, such as Japan's Dementia Friends initiative, ¹⁶ which has since been adopted by Australia, Canada, the UK, and the United States. Awareness raising typically occurs in the community, university, or online for the public and caregivers who can speak the mainstream language, with a handful reaching the Asian diaspora. ¹⁷ , ¹⁸

Prior reviews scoped the characteristics of dementia education initiatives for the public ¹⁷ and systematically reviewed dementia knowledge interventions in racial or ethnic minority groups with very few supporting immigrant caregivers. ¹⁸ , ¹⁹ Given the intersecting and compounding impacts of culture, spirituality, language, immigration, education, and stigma, families from East and Southeast Asian backgrounds might benefit from culturally competent psychoeducational interventions that address dementia misperceptions and beliefs to facilitate help‐seeking. ⁵ , ⁸ , ⁹ The aim of this scoping review is to thus summarize the evidence in and experiences of designing and delivering dementia educational programs for five East and Southeast Asian communities with the largest diaspora (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Filipino, and Vietnamese).

2. METHODS

A scoping review of academic literature was conducted according to the JBI methodology ²⁰ and reported according to the preferred reporting standards for systematic reviews framework. ²¹ A preliminary search of PROSPERO and CINAHL for existing reviews on the same topic was conducted and none were identified.

2.1. Eligibility criteria

The following keywords guided the scoping review search strategy and eligibility criteria. For participants, publications involving adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from China, Japan, Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam (including adults who resided in and outside of these countries and identified with these ethnicities) were included. In terms of concept, community‐based, non‐clinical, dementia education programs were included. Programs involving only clinical and/or care workforces or settings were excluded. Looking at context, studies conducted with community‐dwelling adults, the public, and in community settings were included. Studies involving assisted living, nursing homes, or inpatient settings were excluded. Mixed cohorts of community and clinical or care settings were included if educational outcome(s) and/or program logistics were reported separately for the community‐dwelling population. Eligible study designs included quantitative (e.g., surveys, trials, quasi‐experimental), observational (cohort, cross‐sectional), qualitative (e.g., interview‐based, focus groups, grounded theory, qualitative description, and action research), or mixed methods results presented in original research articles, theses, editorials, opinion papers, letters to the editor, and book chapters. Reviews, protocols, conference abstracts, and publications that promoted a program without evidence were excluded. Publications in a language other than English were excluded. Translation tools and services were not used due to the potential risk in mistranslating and/or misunderstanding the text.

RESEARCH IN CONTEXT

1. Systematic Review: Academic, census, and gray literature concerning dementia literacy and stigma among Chinese‐, Japanese‐, Korean‐, Filipino‐, and Vietnamese‐speaking people were reviewed. Many misperceptions and negative attitudes prevail between generations and immigrant contexts.

2. Interpretation: Among the 26 unique dementia education programs targeting general community members and caregivers identified in this review, many improved literacy and attitudes toward dementia, and reduced burden among care partners. However, few engaged community stakeholders in program development, and most were short‐term pilots.

3. Future Directions: Future research should co‐develop culturally tailored, sustainable education programs with Asian immigrant communities and caregivers. Building global partnerships and resource‐sharing networks will be essential to strengthen the evidence base and scale community benefits.

2.2. Search strategy

An initial limited search of CINAHL was undertaken with a university librarian to identify publications on the topic and refine search terms. The text words contained in the titles and abstracts of relevant publications, and the index terms used to describe the publications were used to develop a full search strategy (see Table 1). The search strategy, including all identified keywords and index terms, was adapted for each included database and search engine. When applicable, search strings consisted of medical subject heading (MeSH) terms and subject headings, free terms, and controlled vocabulary based on earlier reviews. Manual checks of the reference lists for all included articles were screened for additional eligible studies; however, none were identified.

TABLE 1.

Example search strategy in MEDLINE (Ovid).

Search	Terms
1	Asia* OR Chin* OR Filipin* OR Philippin* OR Korea* OR Japan* OR Vietnam* OR Mandarin OR Cantonese OR Tagalog OR South East Asia OR Southeast Asia
2	Dement* [MeSH] OR Alzheimer* [MeSH] OR cognitive dysfunction [MeSH] OR Neurocognitive disorder [MeSH] OR AD OR cognitive impairment OR MCI OR memory loss OR memory decline OR memory disorder OR Neurocognitive impairment OR Neurodegeneration OR cognitive decline OR cognitive change OR memory change OR cognitive aging
3	Educati* OR Information OR literacy OR learning OR knowledge
4	Intervention OR session OR workshop OR training OR initiative OR campaign OR program* OR outreach
5	#1 AND #2 AND #3 AND #4

Abbreviation: MeSH, medical subject heading.

Publications in the English language, published from January 1993 to December 2023, were identified through database searches of Scopus, CINAHL Plus, PsycINFO, Embase, and Ovid (MEDLINE and Emcare). Alerts were activated to capture additional publications up to July 2024. The year 1993 was selected as it represents the last three decades of research when the earliest articles related to this review were published. ¹⁷ , ¹⁸ Identified records were imported into Covidence where the title and abstract of each record were screened independently by two authors according to the eligibility criteria. Disagreements were resolved through discussion with a third author.

2.3. Data extraction and analysis

The following data were extracted from the included publications into a form using Covidence: author, title, year, nation(s) of study, setting, design, aim, sample characteristics (n, mean age ± standard deviation [SD] or range in years, % of females), recruitment method(s), program development methods and content (including terminology used when discussing dementia with participants), implementation characteristics (delivery duration, facilitation techniques), impact measures and outcomes (e.g., reach, pre‐to‐post changes, qualitative feedback, feasibility, acceptance), and logistical considerations (attrition rates, grant/funding support, enablers, barriers). The data extraction tool was piloted and refined among three researchers using two articles and subsequently implemented across all included articles. Extracted data were independently verified by two authors and any discrepancies were resolved through discussion. These data were exported into a table, organized according to targeted cohorts (general community or families), and narratively synthesized with input from bilingual and bicultural researchers.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Study selection and characteristics

A total of 3431 records were identified after duplicates were removed, with 34 articles deemed eligible for inclusion (see Figure 1). These 34 articles represented 26 unique programs, with three programs being reported through multiple papers and thus grouped together. ²⁷ , ³³ , ³⁸ Most programs reported on quantitative (n = 16) or mixed methods data (n = 7); few were qualitative (n = 2; see Table 2). The language groups targeted in these publications included Chinese (n = 8), Filipino (n = 1), Japanese (n = 9), Korean (n = 6), and Vietnamese (n = 4), with most programs conducted in their home nation (n = 16); few were conducted with the diaspora (n = 8). Program locations of the diaspora included Australia (n = 2) and the United States (n = 6). Program settings varied, with 21 conducted face to face at community services or centers (n = 7), outpatient or academic clinics (n = 6), residential complexes or convenience stores (n = 4), and respite or dementia support centers (n = 4); three involved the use of online/digital platforms; and one used a combination of both (hybrid delivery).

FIGURE 1.

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) flow chart of article identification process.

TABLE 2.

Characteristics of included programs (N = 26), 11 of which targeted members of the community and 15 targeted families or informal caregivers of people living with dementia.

Main author (year); location	Study aim; design	Sample (n, mean age ± SD or range [years], % female); recruitment	Program development and content	Program delivery	Impact(s)	Logistics
Target: General community
Ali et al. (2024); Australia 22 Setting: online	Aim: To establish the impact, helpers and hinderers of an online multilingual dementia awareness initiative co‐created with and for English‐, Arabic‐, and Vietnamese‐speaking people Design: mixed methods case study	Sample: Vietnamese adults (n = 33, aged > 18 years, no other demographics reported) Recruitment: Language‐specific flyers distributed via e‐mail and social media through local networks	Development: Co‐created initiative with a representative advocacy group following Dementia Australia's Dementia Friendly Community Toolkit Content: dementia risk factors, causes, impacts, care strategies, community supports, and dementia‐related services Terminology: not reported	Duration: 2 hours; one‐off event Facilitation: online, synchronously via Zoom by trained bilingual community workers delivering lecture and group discussions	Knowledge: self‐developed quizzes showed the online dementia information session successfully supported understanding of dementia causes, impacts, and care strategies	The initiative was helped by the support of an established organization and feedback mechanisms; while competing priorities and its limited accessibility hindered implementation; this work was supported through several grants.
Arakawa & Anme (2020); Japan 23 Setting: respite service	Aim: To examine the effectiveness of an experiential learning program in increasing dementia supporters’ motivation and community engagement Design: pre–post intervention using mixed methods	Sample: Japanese‐trained dementia supporters (n = 37, aged 68 ± 11 years, 84% female) Recruitment: used existing dementia volunteer training database	Development: used existing dementia supporter training service and added an experiential learning activity based on Kolb's theory Content: dementia supporter training covered causes, symptoms, care strategies, and this was supplemented by a reflective conversational exercise with a person that lives with dementia Terminology: not reported	Duration: 2 hours for initial training followed by 3 hours of experiential learning over 3 months Facilitation: face to face by respite service manager	Knowledge: self‐developed survey showed knowledge scores improved post‐training and at 3‐month follow‐up Behavior: SOC‐13J scale showed increased motivation to engage people living with dementia in activities Attitude: interviews identified improved attitudes concerning the communication abilities and independence of people with dementia	1:1 debriefs with the facilitator helped integrate their learning and training; no funding was received for this project
Braun et al. (1994); United States 24 Setting: community‐based centers	Aim: To test whether co‐created outreach materials impacted knowledge of dementia and sources of help among Asian and Pacific Islander Americans Design: mixed methods case study	Sample: Filipino (n = 26, aged 28–82, 76% female); Korean (n = 57, aged 19–70, 73% female); Vietnamese (n = 11, aged 30–75, 81% female) Recruitment: Convenience sampling through churches, seniors’ centers, and English language classes	Development: conducted surveys, literature review, and focus groups to develop culturally appropriate brochures and videos Content: family‐centered drama, concerning symptoms and sources of help Terminology: Alzheimer's disease	Duration: timing not reported; one‐off event Facilitation: face to face by bilingual professionals	Knowledge: self‐developed evaluation forms showed improved familiarization of “Alzheimer's disease”; recognition of symptoms; and importance of consulting physicians Beliefs: qualitative findings reflected recognition that dementia is not a normal part of aging	Some groups viewed the video 2–3 times and the accompanying brochure helped members retain information from the video. Facilitators regarded the group discussions as more impactful than stand‐alone interventions. This work was supported by a grant.
Haralambous et al. (2018); Australia 25 Setting: community‐based service	Aim: To examine whether a dementia education program improved referrals to a local memory service among older Chinese and Vietnamese adults Design: qualitative research	Sample: Older people of Chinese and Vietnamese backgrounds (N not reported; other sample details not reported) Recruitment: radio, Vietnamese and Chinese newspapers, and community groups	Development: conducted literature review and participatory action research to produce an evidence‐based education program and resource packs for community workers in collaboration with researchers, service providers, and community representatives Content: symptoms and management of dementia Terminology: all groups revealed the sensitivities and stigma within the community in relation to the term dementia	Duration: timing not reported; series of one‐off events Facilitation: face to face in‐language delivery with general practitioners present at events	Behavior: referrals to the memory service increased during the project's implementation	Caregivers valued having health professionals providing guidance, support, and knowledge. Refreshments were provided, information sessions were brief and held at a convenient time. This work was supported by a grant.
Igarashi et al. (2019); Japan 26 Setting: community‐based services	Aim: To evaluate an educational program and promote collaboration between communities and convenience stores in Japan Design: mixed methods research	Sample: Convenience store staff, community support professionals, and community members (n = 184, aged 49 ± 15 years, 56% female) Recruitment: convenience stores, support centers, care providers, and volunteer agencies	Development: conducted interviews with convenience store owners, managers, and staff and incorporated a gaming tool (by Yamori et al., 2005) Content: how to support people with dementia and foster connections between communities and service providers Terminology: not reported	Duration: 90 minutes; series of one‐off events Facilitation: face‐to‐face group sessions involving a mini lecture and discussions using a gaming tool to explore support strategies	Attitude: self‐developed surveys showed improved attitudes toward dementia	Most participants (> 70%) found the gaming tool interesting, informative, and easy to understand. This work was supported by a grant.
Lam & Woo (2018); multi‐paper and multi‐national study 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 Setting: online	Aim: To examine the reach of a YouTube campaign among Chinese adults Design: cross‐sectional using quantitative measures	Sample: Chinese adults (n = 4333, aged > 55 years, 51% female) Recruitment: social media	Development: collaborated with community partners to develop two education videos with a North American Chinese television station in Cantonese Content: dementia causes, management, and prevention. Terminology: dementia (癡呆症) and brain degeneration (腦退化)	Duration: Two 25‐minute videos; engagement tracked for 2 years Facilitation: online, asynchronously via YouTube videos featuring a board‐certified psychiatrist	Reach: Study showed YouTube as a viable platform for disseminating dementia information; average watch time on any mobile device varied from 6–9 minutes	No additional considerations or funding noted.
Matsumoto (2023); multi‐paper study; Japan 33 , 34 Setting: convenience stores	Aim: To evaluate a Dementia‐Friendly micro‐learning training program for store workers Design: randomized controlled trial using quantitative measures	Sample: Convenience store staff (n = 74, aged 39 ± 15 years, 53% female) Recruitment: mailouts; hospital or university‐based stores were excluded	Development: based on stigma theory and bystander intervention model Content: simulation games about symptoms based on imagined contact hypothesis; lectures based on dementia Supporter Training Course; and 3 videos of people living with dementia to combat stereotypes Terminology: not reported	Duration: 50 minutes; one‐off event Facilitation: online, asynchronously via a subscription‐based learning management system	Knowledge: DKAS‐J scores increased from pre‐to‐post intervention, reflecting improvements in knowledge Attitude: Kim and Kuroda's (2011) attitude scale showed significantly more positive attitudes pre‐to‐post‐intervention Behavior: self‐developed scale showed improvements in helping behaviors toward people suspected of having dementia	This work was supported through several grants.
Sari (2020); Japan 35 Setting: convenience store	Aim: To examine the effects of a virtual reality (VR) educational program Design: non‐randomized quasi‐experimental study using quantitative measures	Sample: Adults (n = 39, aged 18–88 years, 66% female) Recruitment: Leaflets were distributed to houses around the convenience store 1 week before event	Development: two VR films created using active learning concepts and added an evidence‐based edutainment program (“N‐impro”) to one group of participants Content: one film depicted “basic information about dementia” and visuospatial agnosia symptoms; second film depicted communication skills, money management, and how to connect with local care services Terminology: not reported	Duration: 25 minutes per video; one‐off event Facilitation: face to face by nursing researchers	Attitudes: Attitudes Toward Dementia Scale showed improvements in subscale refusal and affinity scores; Sense of Community scale showed improved total and subscale scores. The group with the additional “N‐impro” program had greater effect sizes than the VR film‐only group.	VR films were developed with a production company. This work was supported through several grants.
Tarlow (2005); United States 36 Setting: residential dwellings and workplaces	Aim: To assess the cultural tailoring of a multimedia Alzheimer's disease educational program for African Americans and Chinese Americans Design: qualitative research	Sample: Chinese Americans (n = 19, aged 41 ± 12 years, 84% female) that spoke English Recruitment: Purposive sampling and maximum variation sampling	Development: adapted an existing multimedia CD (“Forgetfulness—what's normal, what's not?”) previously developed in English Content: information about normal memory function, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, and symptoms	Duration: 30 minutes; one‐off event Facilitation: face to face by a researcher administering the CD with the participant	Knowledge: the information was understandable, useful, clear, and helpful in distinguishing age‐related memory loss from Alzheimer's disease and related disorders	Media targeting Chinese Americans viewers should reinforce the dignity traditionally accorded to elders and emphasize the pathophysiology of the disease to counteract stigmatizing attitudes.
			Terminology: age‐related memory loss and Alzheimer's disease			This work was supported by a grant.
Tsuda et al. (2022); Japan 37 Setting: residential complex	Aim: To examine the effect of a Dementia Friendly Community intervention from an ecological perspective Design: cross‐sectional using quantitative measures	Sample: Apartment residents who lived there in 2016 and 2019 (n = 2633, aged 77 ± 5 years, 66% female) Recruitment: mailout to residents	Development: used community‐based participatory research methods to design a dementia inclusive café where monthly workshops and training sessions were held (Okamura, 2020) Content: physical and psychological problems with dementia, mistrust of medical services, navigating care systems, problems regarding memory and cognitive function, familial caregiving issues, and individual support strategies for inclusion and healthy aging Terminology: Impaired cognitive function	Duration: monthly drop‐in events for 2 years Facilitation: face to face by pre‐trained health‐care professionals and doctors	Knowledge: self‐developed survey showed no significant improvement in awareness of dementia Attitudes: self‐developed surveys showed frequency of social interactions and confidence in living with dementia in the community improved among males but not female residents	Catering was provided to participants through the café. This study was funded by a federal grant.
Woo (2017); multi‐paper study; United States 38 , 39 Setting: community and online	Aim: To describe the results of a dementia awareness campaign in the Chinese American community Design: cross‐sectional using quantitative measures	Sample: Chinese Americans who spoke Cantonese and attended events or watched online videos (n not reported) Recruitment: church announcements, posters, and word of mouth	Development: a series of in‐person and online dementia awareness programs were developed within a partnered participatory planning framework Content: dementia causes, management, and prevention. Terminology: dementia (癡呆症) and brain degeneration (腦退化)	Duration: In‐person seminars were 1.5 hours long; online videos were 25‐minutes long; engagement tracked for up to 17 months Facilitation: a board‐certified psychiatrist delivered in‐person seminars and recorded online videos on YouTube for asynchronous viewing	Reach: In‐person seminars were attended by 744 participants; YouTube attracted > 2500 views (47% aged over 45 years)	No additional considerations or funding noted.
Target: Families and care partners impacted by dementia
Chen et al. (2015); Taiwan 40 Setting: outpatient memory disorders clinic	Aim: To evaluate a novel caregiver intervention for coping strategies Design: randomized controlled trial using quantitative measures	Sample: Adult family caregivers residing with patient (n = 24, aged 55 ± 15 years, 63% female) Recruitment: clinic patients and their adult family caregivers	Development: process not reported Content: dementia symptoms, treatment planning, available support resources (respite care, housework services, social welfare benefits,	Duration: six sessions over 3 months Facilitation: face to face by trained study nurses	Burden: Chinese Carer Burden Inventory (CBI) showed intervention reduced burden Behavior: Revised Ways of Coping Checklist showed intervention increased positive	This study was supported by a grant.
			local caregivers’ association), behavioral management, self‐care skills, and caregiver self‐support system for problem solving Terminology: not reported		coping strategies, but did not modify negative coping strategies
Han (2021); United States 41 Setting: community services	Aim: To test the feasibility and acceptability of a dementia literacy intervention for Korean American elders with dementia and their caregivers (K‐PLAN) Design: pre–post intervention study using quantitative measures	Sample: Dyads of Korean American caregivers (n = 10, aged 56–83 years, 50% female) and older adults with dementia (n = 10, aged 78–86 years, 90% female) Recruitment: word of mouth, advertisements in ethnic newspapers and clinic referrals	Development: K‐PLAN was developed in partnership with a community advisory committee and with reference to von Wagner's health literacy model Content: Causes and diagnosis of dementia, post‐diagnostic care planning with a primary care provider and geriatric specialist Terminology: dementia	Duration: 60–90 minutes, one‐off followed by monthly phone counseling for 12 weeks Facilitation: face to face by trained bilingual community health workers delivered KPLAN and used a structured form to provide phone counseling	Knowledge: Jang's (2010) scale showed slight increases in literacy scores Beliefs: Dementia Self‐Efficacy Scale showed significant improvements Quality of life: Dementia Carer Scale scores increased slightly	Participants appreciated the ongoing support provided by the bilingual workers. This study was supported by multiple grants.
Hong (2023); United States 42 Setting: community services	Aim: To pilot a culturally tailored Wellness Enhancement for Chinese Carers (WECARE) program delivered via WeChat Design: pre–post intervention study using mixed methods	Sample: Chinese adult family caregivers of loved one with dementia or other neurodegeneration (n = 48, aged 71 ± 10 years, 63% female) Recruitment: flyers, social media, newsletters, and recruitment registry	Development: Culturally tailored an evidence‐based WECARE (Hong et al., 2022) iteratively through community‐engaged user‐centered design principles. Content: 40 interactive multimedia articles that reflect Chinese American family values and social norms of caregiving covering facts about dementia, care, communication, problem solving, and stress management skills, and local resources and services Terminology: Alzheimer's disease, dementia, neurodegeneration	Duration: 22–130 minutes, multiple times a week, plus three moderated online group meetings over 7 weeks Facilitation: online, self‐paced through WeChat account subscription managed by researchers	Burden: Zarit Carer Burden Inventory showed a significant reduction in burden	High rates of user satisfaction and perceived usefulness of the intervention; but only 67% completion rate. This work was supported by a grant.
Jang (2022); United States 43 Setting: online	Aim: To test the feasibility and acceptability of a culturally adapted psychoeducation intervention for Korean American dementia caregivers Design: pre–post intervention study using mixed methods	Sample: Korean American dementia caregivers (n = 13, aged 31–70 years, 85% female) Recruitment: advertisements, word of mouth, existing networks	Development: Culturally adapted an existing evidence‐based Savvy Carer Program that is grounded in social cognitive theory and uses representative imagery Content: introductory video and discussion, clinical‐type training for caregiving, self‐efficacy, coping strategies, family‐based resourcing, and conflict management Terminology: not reported	Duration: 75 minutes, once weekly for 6 weeks Facilitation: online via Zoom by trained bilingual community health workers delivered program	Knowledge: all participants self‐reported “much” or “very much” improvement in knowledge Attitudes: all participants self‐reported “much” or “very much” improvement in attitude	Adaptions included longer session times; provision of a weekly handout and completion certificates; in‐session assistance for facilitators; pre/post session debriefs with facilitators and academics. This work was supported by a grant.
Kim (2019); Republic of Korea 44 Setting: respite centers	Aim: To evaluate a family resilience enhancement program (FREP) based on a previously devised resilience model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation Design: non‐randomized controlled trial using quantitative measures	Sample: Adult family care partners (n = 40, aged 55 ± 12 years, 55% female) Recruitment: respite center clients	Development: referred to the resilience model of family stress, adjustment, and adaptation to develop FREP, using a strengths‐based approach to managing daily life through demonstration, training, and role play Content: understanding dementia, family rules, and family strengths, overcoming family crisis, learning effective communication, coping strategies, and problem‐solving methods, and confirming family resources Terminology: dementia	Duration: 50 minutes, once weekly for 8 weeks Facilitation: face to face using lectures, discussion, demonstration, practice, support, counseling, role‐play, and feedback	Behavior: Family Problem‐Solving Communication scale showed significant improvements with the program cf. control Beliefs: Family Hardiness Index showed improvements with the program cf. control Attitudes: Family Sense of Coherence questionnaire showed significant improvements with the program cf. control	This work was supported by a grant.
Kobayashi & Honda (2021); Japan 45 Setting: community center	Aim: To assess the efficacy of a multimodal comprehensive care methodology training program for the family caregivers of	Sample: Primary adult family care partners (n = 117, aged 59 ± 12 years, 81% female) Recruitment: local magazine advertisements	Development: referred to Gineste‐Marescotti's Humanitude methodology to teach communication and home‐based care skills	Duration: 2 hours, once monthly for 3 months Facilitation: face to face by Humanitude‐certified nurses and physiotherapist conducted lectures, demonstration, and role‐play	Burden: Zarit Carer Burden Inventory showed a significant reduction in burden Behavior: changes in people with dementia (Behave‐AD) scores showed non‐significant decreases	79% completion rate. This work was supported by a grant.
	people with dementia Design: pre–post intervention study using quantitative measures		Content: dementia knowledge and care, postcards provided tips on daily care sequences and communication skills depending on pathophysiology of dementia Terminology: not reported
Lai (2013); Hong Kong 46 Setting: hybrid	Aim: To examine the outcomes between online and onsite support services for local caregivers Design: randomized two‐group experimental study using mixed methods	Sample: Primary Chinese family care partners of someone living with dementia (n = 11, no demographics reported) Recruitment: not reported	Development: online program (“Ginkgo”) was developed by the research staff; development details missing for in‐person Content: not reported Terminology: not reported	Duration: 2 hours, once weekly for 7 weeks Facilitation: online via Ginkgo website; face to face by social workers or nurses	Knowledge: Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Test scores improved more so in the online group cf. in‐person Quality of life: WHO QoL‐Brief scores differed significantly post‐in‐person intervention Behavior: online participants reported better problem‐solving skills and emotion regulation	This work was supported by a grant.
Lee et al. (2022); Republic of Korea 47 Setting: respite centers	Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of a family support program, community‐based dementia carer intervention (CDCI), among family caregivers of people with dementia Design: non‐randomized two‐group experimental study using quantitative measures	Sample: Community dwelling adult family care partners of a loved one living with dementia (n = 40, aged 73 ± 6 years, 65% female) Recruitment: Respite clients	Development: referred to an existing family support program in national “dementia relief centers” Content: dementia knowledge, signs, psychobehavioral symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and management; family care and coping strategies; communication methods; enablement; self‐care strategies; dementia‐related services Terminology: not reported	Duration: 1.5 hours, once weekly for 8 weeks Facilitation: face to face by pre‐trained doctors and nurses	Attitudes: scores on the Dementia Attitude Scale showed significant improvements Burden: no significant change in Zarit Carer Burden scores	94% completion rate. This work supported by a grant.
Meyer (2020); United States 48 Setting: community‐based services	Aim: To examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a pilot intervention for Vietnamese American dementia	Sample: Adult Vietnamese family care partners of loved one living with memory loss (n = 11, aged 61 ± 9 years, 82% female) Recruitment: flyer	Development: borrowed and adapted content from Savvy Carer Program and REACH II using community‐based participatory	Duration: 2 hours, once weekly for 6 weeks Facilitation: face to face by bilingual licensed clinical social worker	Knowledge: scores on the Alzheimer's Disease Knowledge Scale showed significant improvements Beliefs: scores on the Carer Self‐Efficacy	79% completion rate; Vietnamese food was catered through shared mealtimes. This work was supported by a grant.
	caregivers Design: pre–post intervention study using quantitative measures	distributions through local organizations, events, and clinics; print and social media	research and qualitative studies (Meyer et al., 2015; Meyer et al., 2018) Content: dementia causes, behavior management; health‐care navigation; legal issues; stress management exercises; and goal setting Terminology: dementia, memory loss, Alzheimer's disease		Scale showed significant improvements Burden: non‐significant improvement with Zarit Burden Inventory scores Quality of Life: non‐significant improvement with Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease scores
Seike (2014); Japan 49 Setting: clinical academic center	Aim: To assess the effectiveness of an interdisciplinary educational support program on people with dementia and their families Design: cross‐sectional study	Sample: Adults living with early‐stage dementia and their family care partners (n = 170, aged 79 ± 7 years, 59% female) Recruitment: center patients	Development: the research team collaborated with patients and their families to identify learning needs concerning medical and social support Content: diagnosis, treatment, medication information, care methods, social support, and welfare assistance Terminology: early‐stage dementia	Duration: 15 minutes, once monthly for 4 months Facilitation: face to face through physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and psychiatric social workers	Knowledge: self‐developed scale showed program promoted understanding of dementia and symptom management among families Attitude: self‐developed scale showed > 60% agreement with motivation to live among dementia patients; while resolution of anxiety about life and care was greater among families	Only 31% of participants completed the full program. This work was supported by a grant.
Seike (2016); Japan 50 Setting: clinical academic center	Aim: To verify the effects of an educational support intervention for caregivers of persons with progressive dementia Design: pre–post intervention study using quantitative measures	Sample: Family caregivers (n = 10, aged ≈ 70 years, 60% female) Recruitment: clinic patients	Development: educational support program developed for persons with early‐stage dementia and their family caregivers Content: medical and non‐pharmacological therapies to slow progression, symptom management, person‐centered care, caregiver coping skills, oral care, environmental design, listening skills, and welfare support Terminology: not reported	Duration: not specified, intervention ran for 6 months Facilitation: the authors delivered 12 in‐person classroom‐style lectures with group work and discussions	Burden: Zarit Burden Interview scores showed an increase in burden Attitude: Temporary Mood Scale scores showed decreased negative emotions and increased positive emotions related to caregiving	The program will be re‐designed based on these results and evaluated through a randomized controlled trial. This work was supported by a grant.
Seike (2021); Japan 51 Setting: clinical academic center	Aim: To examine the efficacy of group‐based multi‐component psychoeducation (GMC‐PEI) on people with dementia and their informal caregivers Design: randomized controlled trial using quantitative measures	Sample: Family caregivers (n = 54, aged 20–79 years, 92% female) Recruitment: flyers through the memory clinic	Development: GMC‐PEI was based on adult learning Theory, stress, appraisal and coping theory, and cognitive behavior therapy Content: learning about dementia, caregiving skills, social support, and managing symptoms, stress, emotions, and environment Terminology: not reported	Duration: 2 hours, delivered six times over 12 weeks Facilitation: face to face by trained physicians, nurses, psychologists, and social workers in a group setting (10 people) through lectures, case studies, group work, and discussions	Burden: Zarit Burden Interview scores showed an increase in burden in both groups Beliefs: Cognitive Caregiving Appraisal scores showed significant improvements with fulfillment in caregiving, affection for care recipient, and self‐growth Behavior: Coping Strategies Scale scores showed significant improvements with formal support seeking	90% program completion rate.
Tang (2018); Taiwan 52 Setting: outpatient clinic	Aim: To determine whether psychoeducation is more efficacious than passive intervention for dementia caregivers Design: randomized controlled trial using quantitative measures	Sample: Dyads of older adults living with dementia and their care partner (n = 43, aged 57 ± 11 years, 80% female) Recruitment: clinic patients	Development: involved caregivers in the adaptation of an existing environmental skill‐building program (Gitlin et al., 2005) Content: relationship building with the therapist, tailoring caregiving strategies, and communication and behavioral management Terminology: not reported	Duration: 60 minutes, delivered six times over 3 months Facilitation: face‐to‐face home visits to each dyad by trained nurses and occupational and remote phone calls to reinforce caregiving tips	Burden: Zarit Burden Interview scores showed slight improvements with psychoeducation cf. control Beliefs: Care Skill Inventory scores showed significant improvements with psychoeducation cf¨ control	90% program completion rate. This work was supported by a grant.
Yoon (2019); Republic of Korea 53 Setting: dementia support center	Aim: To evaluate a carer empowerment model (CEM) program with Korean caregivers Design: non‐randomized quasi‐experimental study using quantitative measures	Sample: Korean family caregivers of older adults living with dementia (n = 40, aged 66 ± 14 years, 65% female) Recruitment: online advertising to center clients	Development: using systematic instructional design involving literature reviews, carer surveys (Kim et al., 2015), interviews, and social service needs survey Content: dementia causes and progression, spirituality, caregiving, communication, and problem‐solving skills, and resource seeking Terminology: not reported	Duration: 60–90 minutes, delivered weekly over 3 months Facilitation: face to face by trained counselors for 8 weeks in the home or at the center then remote phone calls from the researchers for 4 weeks	Attitude: Finding Meaning Through Caregiving Scale scores showed significant improvements with the program cf. control groups Beliefs: Family Carer Self‐Efficacy scores showed significant improvements with the program cf. control groups Wellbeing: Campbell's Subjective Wellbeing Scale scores showed significant improvements with the program cf. control groups	This work did not receive any funding support.
Zhang (2020); China 54 Setting: clinical academic center	Aim: To examine the feasibility and effects of a carer self‐management support (C‐SMS) program Design: non‐randomized quasi‐experimental study using quantitative measures	Sample: Family caregivers residing with the person living with dementia (n = 26, aged 67 ± 8 years, 68% female) Recruitment: clinic patients and educational presentation attendees	Development: qualitative study to develop C‐SMS booklet and delivery preferences (Rong et al., 2019) Content: booklet covered dementia care, caregiving and symptom management, health and social services, and pharmacological and non‐pharmacological therapies plus group‐based caregiving support Terminology: not reported	Duration: 2.5–3 hours, once fortnightly for 12 weeks followed by three educational sessions across 6 months Facilitation: face‐to‐face group sessions by trained researchers while control group received remote phone calls	Beliefs: Self‐Efficacy questionnaire for Chinese family carer scores showed significant improvements in responding to distress and behavioral changes with the program cf. control group Quality of Life: Health‐related QoL scores showed improvements in both groups	90% program completion rate. Transport and meals were offered to participants. This work was supported by several grants.

Abbreviation: DKAS‐J, Japanese translation of the Dementia Knowledge Assessment Scale; SD, standard deviation; SOC‐13J, Japanese short form of Sense of Coherence Scale; WHO QoL‐Brief, xxxx.

3.2. Participants and recruitment methods

Of the 26 unique programs identified, 11 targeted community members with sample sizes ranging from 11 to 4333 (see Table 2; two did not report a sample size ²⁵ , ²⁹ ). Fifteen targeted familial caregivers of people living with dementia with sample sizes of 10 to 170. The most common recruitment methods included the use of patient or public databases (n = 11), mailouts or print media (n = 6), in‐language digital/electronic promotion (n = 5), and convenience or purposive sampling through networks (n = 4).

3.3. Program development and delivery

3.3.1. General community programs

All 11 educational programs targeting the general community reported the development or design of an intervention. Only seven dementia education programs discussed the involvement of community stakeholders in the design process. ²² , ²⁴ , ²⁵ , ²⁶ , ²⁷ , ³⁷ , ³⁸ Various topics were delivered, the most common being dementia symptoms (n = 6), management and care strategies (n = 5), and support services in local communities (n = 5). The least common topics were communication skills, money management, the mistrust of medical services, navigating care systems (all topics n = 1). Most programs were within 2 hours of duration (n = 5) and were a single event (n = 7). Only two educational programs offered longitudinal educational support: one provided training over 3 months ²³ and another offered monthly drop‐in educational events for > 2 years. ³⁷ Two of the educational programs were livestreamed using online platforms, ²² , ³³ and two developed YouTube videos for dementia education and tracked engagement over 2 years. ²⁷ , ³⁸ The remaining seven education programs were in person, delivered by trained community workers and health professionals, including nurses, researchers, and physicians.

3.3.2. Families and care‐partner programs

Among the 15 programs targeting families or informal caregivers, three were a randomized controlled trial, five used non‐randomized or quasi‐experimental designs with comparison groups, six used pre–post intervention designs without control groups, and one involved a cross‐sectional design. Almost all programs (n = 14) reported the development or design process for the intervention, with eight involving community stakeholders ⁴¹ , ⁴² , ⁴³ , ⁴⁸ or people with lived experience. ⁴⁹ , ⁵² , ⁵³ , ⁵⁴ Most programs (n = 10) were delivered in person through clinics, community centers, or home visits. Two interventions were conducted entirely online using platforms such as Zoom or WeChat, ⁴² , ⁴³ while one program compared online and onsite formats. ⁴⁶ One additional program used a mixed delivery approach that included both in‐person group sessions and follow‐up telephone calls. ⁵³ Most programs (n = 8) were delivered over 6 to 12 weeks through weekly sessions lasting between 50 minutes and 2.5 hours. One program offered a self‐paced format using mobile technology. ⁴²

Various topics were covered in the educational programs for caregivers. Nearly all programs (n = 14) provided education on dementia knowledge and symptom management, including causes, progression, diagnostic processes, daily care strategies, as well as health and social support services. Nearly two thirds of the programs (n = 10/15) incorporated components to strengthen caregiver coping skills, stress management, and self‐care. These were often grounded in psychological theories of stress and resilience and aimed to enhance emotional regulation, family communication, and caregiver well‐being (e.g., Jang et al.,⁴³ Kobayashi et al.,⁴⁵ and Zhang et al.⁵⁴). Nine programs offered training in caring and communication strategies, such as behavioral management, person‐centered care, and effective caregiver–care recipient interaction techniques (e.g., Seike et al.,⁴⁹ Yoon and Kim,⁵³ and Caballero et al.⁵⁵). It is worth noting that one program provided training on communication skills depending on the specific type of dementia. ⁴⁵ Less commonly addressed topics across caregiver‐focused programs included legal and financial planning, spirituality, oral care, and environmental modifications—each covered in only one to three programs.

3.4. Terminology selection

Across the 26 included programs, 15 reported on the terminology used to describe dementia to their participants. Commonly used terms included “Alzheimer's disease,” “dementia,” and “neurodegeneration,” with some programs using translated terms such as 癡呆症 (“dementia”) and腦退化 (“brain degeneration”) in Chinese. ²⁷ , ³⁸

3.5. Program impacts

3.5.1. General community programs

All 11 educational programs that targeted the community assessed at least one domain of dementia‐related knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors (e.g., help‐providing, activity engagement). The most commonly measured outcome was knowledge of dementia (n = 7), with most programs reporting significant improvements or positive trends post‐intervention (n = 5). Five programs evaluated attitudes toward dementia, and all indicated improved attitudes, such as a better understanding of the communication abilities and independence of people with dementia, ²³ reduced refusal, ³⁵ and higher confidence in interacting with people living with dementia. ³⁷ Three programs assessed observable behaviors or intentions, including increased referrals to memory services, ²⁵ willingness to engage socially with people experiencing cognitive decline, ²³ and improved helping behaviors. ³³ Only three programs adopted a longitudinal design to assess changes, pre‐ and post‐intervention; ²³ , ³³ , ³⁵ among these, only one reported sustained knowledge improvements at 3 months. ²³

3.5.2. Families and caregiver programs

Among the 15 programs focused on families or informal caregivers of people living with dementia, outcomes included caregiver burden, quality of life, and well‐being in addition to the knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes measured in community‐focused programs. The most frequently assessed outcome was caregiver burden (n = 8), typically measured using validated instruments, such as the Zarit Burden Interview. ⁴² , ⁴⁵ , ⁴⁷ Four of these programs reported reductions in perceived burden, ⁴⁰ , ⁴² , ⁴⁵ , ⁵² while two found that burden levels increased post‐intervention. ⁵⁰ , ⁵¹ Six programs observed improved coping strategies or self‐efficacy. ⁴⁰ , ⁴¹ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵¹ , ⁵³ , ⁵⁴ In contrast, only four programs evaluated caregiver quality of life, ⁴¹ , ⁴⁶ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵⁴ with three reporting slight to modest improvements. ⁴¹ , ⁴⁶ , ⁵⁴

3.6. Logistical considerations

Almost all programs (n = 23/26) acknowledged some form of support or funding, with most citing grants from governmental or institutional sources (n = 17). Several interventions noted the value of partnerships and practical resources, such as collaborating with a production company to develop virtual reality films, ³⁵ or support from an established organization that enabled ongoing feedback and adaptation. ²² Refreshments, catering, and convenient scheduling were identified as critical enablers to participant engagement. ²⁵ , ³⁷ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵⁴

Completion and retention rates varied considerably across the eight programs that reported such data. While a few programs achieved relatively high completion (e.g., > 90% in Lee et al., ⁴⁷ Seike et al., ⁵¹ Tang et al., ⁵² and Zhang et al. ⁵⁴ ) others reported more modest or low figures (e.g., 67% in Hong et al. ⁴² and 31% in Seike et al. ⁴⁹ ). Participants attributed satisfaction or ease of engagement to culturally tailored materials and the presence of bilingual or trained facilitators. ⁴² , ⁴⁷ In some community settings, repeated exposure to program resources such as viewing videos multiple times ²⁴ reinforced learning, whereas adaptations such as longer session times or completion certificates supported engagement. ⁴³ In some instances, participant feedback described the need for ongoing support to sustain or scale programs. ³⁶ , ⁵⁰

4. DISCUSSION

The findings of this review reflect both the promise and the persistent challenges in designing and implementing community‐based dementia education programs within East and Southeast Asian communities. Most programs were facilitated face to face and in group‐based settings, with only one catering to the Filipino community; highlighting a scarcity of culturally appropriate resources for this group. ²⁴ Approximately half of all programs collaborated with community stakeholders or individuals with living and caring experiences of dementia for practical resource development, the cultural tailoring of content, and delivery methods. ²² , ²⁴ , ²⁵ , ²⁶ , ²⁷ , ³⁷ , ³⁸ , ⁴¹ , ⁴² , ⁴³ , ⁴⁸ , ⁴⁹ , ⁵² , ⁵³ , ⁵⁴ Some used psychosocial and learning theories to guide program development. ²³ , ³³ , ³⁵ , ⁴⁴ , ⁴⁵ , ⁵¹ Indeed, group discussions, shared reflections, and role‐play exercises were described as enabling participants to contextualize abstract knowledge within lived realities, and therefore support mutual learning and social cohesion. ²² , ²³ , ²⁴ , ²⁵ , ⁴³ , ⁴⁴ , ⁴⁵ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵⁰ , ⁵¹ The cultural adaptation of any evidence‐based program must allow for adaptive delivery and fidelity, whereby surface‐level modifications are made in response to local needs while preserving theoretical integrity. ³⁶ , ⁴² , ⁴³ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵² As such, future education programs must systematically embed consumer engagement at every phase of intervention development and implementation (e.g., from conceptual framing and program design to recruitment, evaluation, and dissemination). ⁵⁵

Logistical supports, including convenient scheduling, catering, transport, and tangible rewards, like completion certificates, aided program retention and completion rates. ²⁵ , ³⁷ , ⁴³ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵⁴ Most program participants were also recruited through traditional approaches, such as patient databases, mailouts, and in‐language online promotions. Reaching enclaves of Asian migrant communities for research, educational opportunities, and service delivery requires an intentional multipronged strategy. Recently, researchers used a geographical information system in collaboration with community members to delineate boundaries for geographical clusters. ⁵⁶ Interventions must consider the structural barriers to dementia research and services, and have adequate human, social, and financial capital to enable access.

Most dementia education programs reported improvements in knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and caregiver well‐being among targeted East and Southeast Asian communities. Improvements in dementia‐related knowledge were reflected by enhanced awareness of dementia symptoms, caring strategies, and available support services. ²² , ²³ , ²⁴ , ³³ , ³⁴ , ³⁶ , ⁴¹ , ⁴⁶ , ⁴⁸ , ⁴⁹ These knowledge gains often extended to include emotional literacy, where participants’ capacity to empathize with people living with dementia and interpret behavioral changes as manifestations of neurological decline was described. ²⁴ , ³⁶ , ⁴⁹ , ⁵¹ Beyond attitudinal change, a subset of interventions demonstrated tangible behavioral outcomes: increased engagement with dementia services, improved social participation, and more proactive help‐seeking behaviors. ²³ , ²⁵ , ³³ , ³⁷ Among caregivers, education programs were generally associated with reductions in perceived burden, enhanced self‐efficacy, and improved well‐being. ⁴⁰ , ⁴¹ , ⁴² , ⁴⁴ , ⁴⁵ , ⁴⁸ , ⁵² , ⁵³ , ⁵⁴ Note that few studies reported non‐significant or negative effects. ³⁷ , ⁴⁷ , ⁵⁰ , ⁵¹ Taken together, these literacy, attitudinal, psychosocial, and behavioral changes in cultural contexts in which filial piety and family honor strongly influence perceptions of aging and illness, reflect the profound potential of community‐based education to reshape deeply embedded cultural narratives about aging, dependency, and cognitive decline. ⁵ , ⁸ , ⁹ , ¹⁰ , ¹¹ Normalizing dementia within communal discourse might be the catalyst for broader public health transformation.

Despite encouraging findings, the current evidence base remains methodologically fragmented. Most studies were in the pilot phase and few used longitudinal designs capable of assessing the sustained knowledge, attitude, and behavior change of these dementia education interventions (e.g., up to 2 years ²³ ). Variability in outcome measures, the frequent use of self‐developed instruments, and inconsistent reporting across studies also made direct comparisons challenging. Future research should adopt standardized and validated assessment tools to enhance comparability and rigor. Furthermore, the terminology used to describe dementia and how the stigma was navigated or addressed among participants was rarely reported. This complicates efforts to isolate the active ingredients of success, hindering replication, scaling, and resource exchange prospects.

Several methodological limitations to this review warrant mention. The search strategy might have failed to identify all relevant publications, given: the varied terms used to describe East and Southeast Asian communities, dementia, and education programs; the English language criteria (explained in detail in the Methods section); and journal interests in publishing positive outcomes, which might bias the findings reported in this review. An integrative review of academic and gray literature in other languages may be required to extend the learnings reported here.

Interventionists, public health units, ethno‐specific councils, and dementia service providers engaging with the diaspora can benefit from the learnings of this review by identifying existing programs suitable for local adoption or upscaling, as well as recommendations or strategies for developing their own programs, thereby minimizing duplication efforts across nations. Global collaborations will further these opportunities for resource and knowledge sharing to strengthen the evidence base and maximize scalable community benefits. Intentional partnerships with people with living and caring experiences of dementia are an ethical imperative for enhancing the ecological validity, relevance, and sustainability of these interventions and dementia service delivery. ⁵⁷

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

Diana Karamacoska and Genevieve Z. Steiner‐Lim are academic researchers at NICM Health Research Institute but have no conflicts of interest to declare. As a medical research institute, NICM Health Research Institute receives research grants and donations from foundations, universities, government agencies, individuals, and industry. Sponsors and donors provide untied funding for work to advance the vision and mission of the onstitute. All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Author disclosures are available in the supporting information.

Supporting information

Supporting Information