The Use of Teledentistry in Diagnosis, Consultation, and Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases: A Systematic Review Study

Fatemeh Dinari; Mohammad Mahdi Ghaemi; Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy; Sadrieh Hajesmaeel‐Gohari

doi:10.1002/hsr2.71989

. 2026 May 12;9(5):e71989. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.71989

The Use of Teledentistry in Diagnosis, Consultation, and Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases: A Systematic Review Study

Fatemeh Dinari ¹, Mohammad Mahdi Ghaemi ², Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy ³, Sadrieh Hajesmaeel‐Gohari ^2,^✉

PMCID: PMC13168751 PMID: 42137456

ABSTRACT

Background and Aims

Teledentistry is a subset of telehealth that uses live audio and video calls, plus data sharing, to deliver dental care remotely. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the scope, methods, and effectiveness of teledentistry in the diagnosis, consultation, and treatment of oral and dental diseases.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases on June 27, 2023, without time restrictions. Reference lists of included studies were also checked for additional records. Eligible studies included original observational and interventional research examining the use, application, benefits, or challenges of teledentistry in oral and dental healthcare. Only English‐language articles were included. Excluded items were reviews, conference abstracts, editorials, letters, books, and studies lacking empirical or outcome data. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Descriptive synthesis was performed using SPSS version 19.

Results

Out of 1352 retrieved records, 402 duplicates were removed, and 34 studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were cross‐sectional (79%), conducted mainly in India (21%), and focused on tele‐diagnosis (52%). The majority employed asynchronous communication (53%) and mobile‐based platforms (44%). Oral cavity‐focused studies constituted 62% of the sample. The evidence demonstrated that teledentistry can facilitate accurate, cost‐effective, and timely diagnosis and consultation, expanding access to dental care, especially in underserved regions.

Conclusion

Teledentistry has proven to be an effective supplementary approach for diagnosing, consulting, and treating oral and dental diseases, strengthening remote access to specialized care and bridging inequalities in dental health services. The included studies exhibited methodological heterogeneity, limited geographic representation, and a predominance of cross‐sectional designs, which restricted comparative analysis and generalizability.

Keywords: consultation, dental care, diagnosis, oral diseases, systematic review, teledentistry, telemedicine, treatment

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 3.7 billion people—nearly 45% of the global population—are affected by oral diseases, making them one of the most widespread non‐communicable diseases globally [1]. The major oral health conditions include dental caries (tooth decay), severe periodontal (gum) disease, tooth loss, and oral cancers, with untreated caries representing the most prevalent condition worldwide and affecting around 2.5 billion individuals [2, 3]. Most oral diseases share a set of modifiable risk factors that are also common to other major noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease [4]. These risk factors primarily include tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption, and diets high in free sugars. Excessive sugar intake in particular contributes simultaneously to dental caries, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, establishing a strong and well‐documented causal pathway between oral and systemic health [4, 5, 6]. Various conditions, such as diabetes or cancer, can lead to some oral and dental diseases. Pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as taking several medications simultaneously, are contributing factors to oral and dental diseases [7, 8, 9, 10]. In some cases, oral injuries may occur due to unsafe conditions, accidents, or social violence [11, 12, 13].

Oral and dental diseases can lead to various complications, such as eating disorders and social withdrawal, and significantly affect overall health and quality of life [14, 15]. Considering the importance of this issue, oral and dental diseases must be diagnosed and treated on time.

Despite global progress in dental care, access to specialized services (pediatric dentistry, orthodontics, endodontics, periodontics, prosthodontics, and oral/maxillofacial surgery) remains limited in remote and disadvantaged areas. This barrier denies timely, high‐quality care to people with basic needs, leading to further health problems and inequalities [16]. The rates of oral and dental caries vary significantly across the globe, influenced by factors such as socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and cultural practices. Despite a general decline in caries prevalence in developed countries, the disease remains a major public health issue, particularly in low‐income regions [17, 18].

In recent years, advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT) have led to significant changes in the provision of healthcare services worldwide [19, 20]. One of these developments is telemedicine technology. Telemedicine has been introduced as one of the most prominent information and communication technology services, having significant effects on healthcare systems [21]. The rising global interest in telemedicine is driven by challenges, such as labor shortages in remote areas, financial constraints, and the need for timely access to care. Telemedicine enables healthcare professionals to remotely monitor treatments and provide diagnoses and recommendations through various methods: synchronous telemedicine allows real‐time communication between patient and provider; remote patient monitoring (RPM) utilizes automated systems for ongoing patient assessment without requiring simultaneous interaction; and asynchronous telemedicine (ATM) involves non‐simultaneous exchanges of information between patients and providers [22, 23, 24].

Teledentistry is a subset of telehealth that uses live audio and video calls, plus data sharing, to deliver dental care remotely. With teledentistry, things like exams, consultations, and even specific treatments can be received without the need for a face‐to‐face visit. The idea stems from the broader idea of telehealth and is designed specifically for dental care. Many people find it a reliable and helpful complement to in‐person visits, helping to reach families and communities who may be far from a dentist or have limited access to care [25, 26, 27].

In some cases, it is possible to check and examine the inside of the oral cavity using advanced dental devices [28]. Teledentistry has proven effective for diagnosing, treating, and monitoring oral health issues, with studies indicating accuracy rates of 95%–97% and high patient satisfaction during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Research highlighted its successful application in the remote monitoring of patients with oral, head, and neck cancer, as well as its acceptable diagnostic performance compared to in‐person consultations [29, 30, 31].

Despite the large number of studies conducted on teledentistry, no review study has comprehensively examined the use of teledentistry in the field of diagnosis, treatment, and consultation of oral and dental diseases. This lack of a comprehensive review may be due to the complex nature of oral diseases, as well as the diversity of methods used in teledentistry. A protocol for an overview of systematic reviews has been conducted on the impact of teledentistry on access to oral care [32], and existing umbrella and systematic reviews on teledentistry have primarily focused on assessing its diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and implementation feasibility [33, 34, 35, 36]. For example, a systematic review found that teledentistry, especially via asynchronous communication and smartphone use, achieves high sensitivity (80%–88%) and specificity (73%–95%) in dental referrals and diagnosis [37].

This study addresses these knowledge gaps by systematically reviewing a broader range of teledentistry applications not only in diagnosis but also consultation and treatment of oral and dental diseases. It integrates findings from diverse global contexts and study designs, including cross‐sectional and intervention studies, to provide a comprehensive synthesis of tele dentistry's scope, methods, and effectiveness. This includes its use in tele‐diagnosis, tele‐consultation, and tele‐treatment across oral health conditions—a focus underexplored in previous reviews.

Therefore, the present study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review in the field of teledentistry application in consultation, diagnosis, and treatment of oral and dental diseases.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Type

This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guideline (Appendix 3).

The PICO tool focuses on the population (the patient or problem (P)), intervention (the intervention or exposure (I)), comparison (the comparison intervention or exposure (C)), and outcomes (the clinical outcome of interest (O)) of an article. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions specifies the use of PICO as a model for developing a review question, thereby ensuring that the relevant components of the question are well defined [38]. The terms included in the search strategy, based on the PICO guidelines, are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

The PICO guideline for searching articles.

Population	People with oral (Mouth) and dental (Tooth) diseases
Intervention	((Teledentistry) OR (Remote dentistry)) AND (Treatment) AND (Consultation) AND (Diagnose)
Comparison	NO Comparison
Outcome	Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria

Open in a new tab

For their review on teledentistry, the PICO elements should be stated as follows:

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Population (P): Patients with oral and dental diseases or problems.
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Intervention (I): Use of teledentistry technologies (including tele‐diagnosis, tele‐consultation, and tele‐treatment).
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Comparison (C): This could be standard in‐person dental care or no intervention; if not applicable, the comparison can be omitted or stated as usual care.
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Outcome (O): Effectiveness measures, such as diagnostic accuracy, treatment success, patient satisfaction, access to care, and quality of health outcomes.

2.2. Search Strategy and Data Sources

Three PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from the earliest available records to June 27, 2023, to retrieve articles. We used a June 2023 cut‐off to include the latest available data while allowing sufficient time for screening, data extraction, and analysis prior to manuscript completion, ensuring the review remains up to date. No time limits were imposed on the search. The search strategy that was used to retrieve articles was as follows: ((Teledentistry) OR (Remote dentistry)) AND (Treatment) AND (Consultation) AND (Diagnose) AND ((Mouth) OR (Oral) OR (Dental) OR (Tooth)) AND (Diseases). The search strategy was developed with expert input, including collaboration with a medical librarian who specializes in systematic review searches. This helped optimize search terms, select appropriate synonyms and Boolean operators, and ensure comprehensive retrieval across databases. The librarian's involvement was in line with best practices for reducing bias and increasing the transparency and reproducibility of systematic reviews.

2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

This systematic review included the original observation and intervention studies that focused on teledentistry, specifically examining key interventions, applications, benefits, and challenges associated with this modality. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were considered if they addressed important aspects of teledentistry, such as technological tools, therapeutic techniques, patient outcomes, and efficacy. Only articles published in English were included to ensure consistency and clarity. Studies were excluded if they did not specifically address teledentistry. Review articles, letters to the editor, books, book chapters, and conference abstracts were removed from consideration. Articles that lacked empirical evidence or basic data on tele‐dental interventions for the diagnosis, consultation, and treatment of oral diseases were also excluded.

2.4. Study Selection Process

The articles obtained from the three databases were imported into EndNote 21 and duplicate references were identified and eliminated. After that, the first step began with an initial screening of retrieved articles based on the title and abstract by two authors independently to identify potentially relevant studies. In the second step, the full texts of the selected articles from the previous step were obtained and thoroughly reviewed by two authors independently to assess their eligibility for inclusion. Any disagreements between the reviewers were resolved either through consensus or by consulting additional reviewers.

2.5. Data Extraction

The data extraction focused on several key aspects of the studies, including the author, year of publication, country, field of teledentistry, type of equipment teledentistry (synchronous or asynchronous), type of study, type of condition, sample/participants, and outcomes. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers to minimize bias and enhance accuracy. Each reviewer extracted data from all eligible studies using a structured data extraction template developed in Microsoft Excel, which included predefined fields covering study characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and results. The reviewers compared their extracted data, and any discrepancies or disagreements were resolved through discussion and consensus. If consensus could not be reached, a third reviewer was consulted for adjudication.

2.6. Data Analysis

This systematic review is mainly descriptive. Rather than pooling data in a meta‐analysis, we've focused on summarizing and organizing what the 34 included studies say. We used SPSS to run straightforward descriptive statistics—things like frequencies, percentages, and cross‐tabulations—to map out the study designs, how teledentistry was used, where the research took place, what outcomes were looked at, and other key details.

Approaching the data this way gives us a clear, structured snapshot of the evidence. It also lets us highlight patterns, variations, and gaps across studies, even when the studies themselves are quite different in methods and outcomes. Because of this heterogeneity, a meta‐analysis wouldn't be appropriate at this stage; descriptive statistics provide a practical and informative alternative.

In short, SPSS helped us organize and quantify the extracted data so the review is transparent, easy to interpret, and useful for researchers and policymakers alike.

Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19 with descriptive statistics, including frequency and frequency percent.

2.7. Evaluation of Studies

The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) [39] was used to evaluate the quality of the studies. The MMAT was specifically chosen for this review due to its unique suitability for assessing the quality of diverse study designs, including qualitative, quantitative (randomized and non‐randomized), and mixed methods studies. The MMAT's comprehensive design enables simultaneous appraisal across these varied methodologies, facilitating a rigorous and standardized quality assessment crucial for systematic mixed studies reviews like this one.

Appraisal using the MMAT was conducted independently and in duplicate by two reviewers to minimize bias and enhance reliability. Any discrepancies in quality ratings were resolved through discussion, and, if necessary, by consulting a third reviewer.

Five questions for quantitative randomized controlled trials and five questions for quantitative non‐randomized trials were answered by two of the authors.

2.8. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This research was approved by the Kerman University of Medical Sciences with the ethics code IR.KMU.REC.1401.233.

3. Results

Initially, 1352 articles were retrieved from the databases. After eliminating 402 duplicates, 950 articles remained, the titles and abstracts of which were screened by two authors (S.H. and F.D.). Disagreements were resolved by consulting a third author (M.G.). At this stage, 867 articles were also eliminated as they did not meet the inclusion criteria. Following that, the full texts of the remaining 83 articles were screened by the same authors independently, and 49 articles were eliminated based on the exclusion criteria. Finally, 34 articles were selected for the final review (Figure 1), and the same two authors independently compiled the descriptive data collected from these articles. This data included the author, year of publication, country, type of study, type of disease, sample/participants, type of teledentistry, equipment of teledentistry, and outcomes (Appendix 1).

Flow chart of data collection and selection.

3.1. Sociodemographic Data

The publication dates of the 11 (32%) selected articles were related to 2022 [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. Following that, most articles were related to 2021 (n = 6, 17%) [51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56]. In 2020 and 2023, 5 (15%) articles were done in the same way [16, 57, 58, 59, 60]. Additionally, in 2018, fewer articles (n = 3, 9%) [61, 62, 63] were published in the field of teledentistry (Figure 2).

3.2. Country

The highest number of articles (n = 7, 21%) was published in India [49, 53, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67], followed by Brazil (n = 6, 18%) [43, 46, 52, 61, 64, 65]. After that, the United States of America (USA) had the largest number of articles, with 4 (12%) [50, 56, 59, 68]. Saudi Arabia also had 3 (9%) articles [16, 41, 69] in the field of teledentistry. Iran and Malaysia each had 2 (6%) articles [48, 51, 58, 70]. Egypt, the Netherlands, Jordan, England, Qatar, Chile, Indonesia, Singapore, Australia, and Japan had done only 1 article [44, 45, 54, 55, 57, 63, 71, 72, 73] (1%) in the field of teledentistry (Figure 3).

3.3. Teledentistry Field

Most of the studies were in the field of tele‐diagnosis (n = 28, 52%) [16, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75]. After that, there were 11 (20%) articles [43, 45, 50, 52, 54, 57, 59, 61, 62, 68, 72] in the field of tele‐consultation, and 6 (11%) articles [44, 59, 68, 71, 72, 74] in the field of tele‐treatment.

3.4. Teledentistry Type

Most of the studies were conducted asynchronously (n = 18, 53%) [41, 43, 46, 49, 55, 56, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74]. The 5 articles (15%) articles [40, 50, 53, 59, 73] were done synchronously. The remaining articles (n = 11, 32%) [16, 44, 45, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 65, 66, 72] were done both synchronously and asynchronously.

3.5. Equipment

The tools used to obtain patient data included mobile‐based program platforms, such as WhatsApp, Telegram, and Facebook, or mobile applications (n = 22, 44%) [16, 41, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75], cloud‐based platforms (n = 2, 4%) [16, 61]; telephone (n = 3, 6%) [40, 54, 59]; web‐based platforms (n = 4, 8%) [43, 46, 72, 73]; email (n = 2, 4%) [54, 61]; secondary databases (n = 1, 2%) [62]; video visits (n = 1, 2%) [48].

3.6. Type of Study

The number of 27 (79%) articles [16, 35, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 76] were cross‐sectional studies. Type of the other study was randomized controlled trial (n = 1, 3%) [71], case/control (n = 1, 3%) [51], quasi‐experimental (n = 1, 3%) [44], double‐blind clinical trial (n = 1, 3%) [48], retrospective cohort (n = 1, 3%) [50], prospective double‐blinded (n = 1, 3%) [60], and a prospective study (n = 1, 3%) [70].

3.7. Type of Condition

Most of the studies were focused on the oral cavity (n = 21, 62%) [43, 45, 51, 52, 58, 61, 64, 66, 71] (lesions, disorders, hygiene, and surgery). A total of 11 articles (32%) [16, 41, 44, 46, 49, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 75] were done on dental diseases, caries, and implants. The remaining articles (n = 2, 6%) [57, 59] were done for both dental and oral diseases.

3.8. Sample Size

Of the 34 reviewed studies, 31 (91%) studies [16, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73] had less than 1000 samples, and 3 (8%) studies [49, 62, 64] had more than 1000 samples.

3.9. Outcome

Included studies showed that teledentistry was an effective and efficient method (n = 8, 23%), accurate (n = 7, 21%), timely (n = 1, 3%), reliable (n = 5, 15%), and a supplementary approach (n = 1, 3%) in the diagnosis, consultation, and treatment of oral and dental diseases. Additionally, this technology has the potential to improve the quality of primary health care (n = 8, 23%) and resolve patient concerns without the need for urgent or emergency care (n = 1, 3%). However, 1 (3%) article indicated that many dentists could not recognize the correct diagnostic features of oral infections, especially viral and fungal infections, using this technology. Another study (3%) also stated that the use of teledentistry services is uncommon. Therefore, to improve patient care, especially when access to professional treatment is difficult, the implementation of teledentistry services should be considered. Another article (3%) stated that teledentistry needs to promote the participation of dentists, and attention should be paid to the quality of clinical information provided, as this is an obstacle in delivering remote services.

3.10. Study Quality

Most of the included studies were of good quality. Of the 34 articles included, 33 met all criteria of the MMAT (26 articles were cross‐sectional, one was a randomized controlled trial, one was a case‐control study, one was quasi‐experimental, one was a double‐blind clinical trial, one was a prospective double‐blinded study, and one study was prospective). In only one quantitative non‐randomized study was the appropriate measurement tool not specified, and the sample was not representative of the target population. The findings of the included studies are presented in Appendix 2.

4. Discussion

In this study, the use of teledentistry in the diagnosis, consultation, and treatment of oral and dental diseases was investigated. Our findings show that most studies conducted in India and were carried out in 2022. The most common method used in teledentistry was remote diagnosis. The predominant type of condition studied was related to the oral cavity. Most studies were conducted asynchronously, and interventions in teledentistry were primarily carried out using mobile‐based platforms.

The results of our study showed that teledentistry can be an effective, efficient, accurate, timely, reliable method, and a supplement in the diagnosis, consultation, and treatment of oral and dental diseases. For example, Torres‐Pereira et al. [77] demonstrated in their study that tele‐diagnosis can be an effective and useful method for patients with oral lesions. Additionally, Achmad and Harun et al. [78] showed that teledentistry is very useful and efficient during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Regarding accuracy, the study by Morosini et al. [79], found that the accuracy of teledentistry ranged from 93% to 95%. In the study by Estai et al. [31], the accuracy was reported to be between 95% and 97%. Additionally, in the study by Kale et al. [65], reported that the accuracy of teledentistry was 96%.

Teledentistry can be successful when it is a reliable method for diagnosis, consultation, and treatment for both dentists and patients. In this regard, Bissessur et al. [80], showed that teledentistry is a reliable screening and diagnostic tool in the provision of oral health care in South.

Because the pain caused by tooth decay and sometimes infection of the teeth and gums is unbearable for patients, most patients need to quickly and accurately diagnose diseases related to the mouth and teeth. In this regard, in Torres‐Pereira et al.'s study [81] 80% of oral and dental diseases were accurately diagnosed. It should be noted that various factors are effective in the accuracy of tele‐diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy in telemedicine improves when the reference standard is applied independently and with an adequate interval from the index test, using representative patients and predefined selection criteria; the same reference standard should be used for all patients and be independent. Both the test and reference standard must be fully described, and results interpreted blinded to the other test. Reference‐standard results should be assessed independently from the index test, with available clinical data, and any intermediate or uninterpretable results reported. Exclusions must be clearly justified [62].

In our study, it was also shown that most of the studies were cross‐sectional. Only one study was conducted using a randomized controlled trial [71]. Meanwhile, clinical trial studies provide stronger evidence to support the validity of teledentistry [82]. There is a pressing need for more robust research designs, including longitudinal studies and larger sample sizes, to fully understand the long‐term impacts and effectiveness of teledentistry in various clinical settings. Clinical trial studies provide stronger evidence to support the validity of teledentistry due to their controlled setting, use of randomized methods, standardized protocols, comparative effectiveness, and longitudinal data [37, 83, 84].

Regarding the type of teledentistry, more than half of the studies (18 studies) specifically used the asynchronous method, and 11 studies were both synchronous and asynchronous. Aligned with the results of our study, Flores et al. [33] showed in their study that most use of remote dentistry was done asynchronously. Most asynchronous methods are used in non‐emergency cases and for consultation cases [85]. In non‐emergency procedures, dentists can thoroughly review complete patient information at their convenience before providing appropriate responses, allowing time for consultation with colleagues in complex cases like oral cancer [86].

In our study, it has been shown that the mobile phone (and more specifically, social networks that can be installed on them) is used as a suitable tool in most studies in teledentistry. Mohammad Saeed AlShaya et al. [16] state that teledentistry via mobile phone technology provides acceptable reliability for the early detection of caries in children. Software programs and social networks such as WhatsApp that can be used on smartphones (if the mobile phone is connected to the Internet) allow the user to easily send images and videos. Various studies [87, 88, 89] have shown that social networks that can be installed on smartphones provide a suitable platform for the interaction of healthcare providers and peers in telemedicine. In the study of Serhrouchni et al. [90], it was also shown that images sent through social networks are a reliable tool when using telemedicine technology because the desired diagnostic agreement is achieved.

It should be noted that the technology of smart mobile phones with high‐quality cameras provides the possibility of producing high‐quality images, and in this way, they are considered a useful expression in dentistry.

Teledentistry has gained popularity, especially for home‐dependent individuals, through the use of digital health technologies [91]. These methods aim to enhance oral health by providing accessible dental care solutions. The remote oral behaviors assessment system (ROBAS) plays a key role in this transformation by monitoring oral self‐care behaviors, particularly toothbrushing, in vulnerable populations. ROBAS has demonstrated reliable data collection and high user satisfaction, with a system usability scale (SUS) score of 75.6 [92]. Shetty et al. developed a teledentistry system that works effectively in home settings, accurately tracking brushing behaviors with a mean absolute percent error of 1.8% [93].

This study systematically and meticulously reviews existing research in the field of teledentistry and systematically analyzes the data and its results. The findings of this study can help develop and improve new treatment models and provide ideas for designing innovative teledentistry platforms. While teledentistry offers numerous advantages, the challenges of low‐speed internet, lack of technology skills, and limited access to technology must be addressed to ensure that these services are accessible and effective for all patients, regardless of their socioeconomic status or geographic location. Efforts to overcome these barriers are essential in realizing the full potential of teledentistry and in promoting equitable access to high‐quality healthcare services.

In addition, teledentistry stands to gain significantly from advancements in related technologies. For example, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for personalized feedback and virtual reality (VR) for immersive therapy experiences is increasingly gaining traction. These innovations can enhance patient involvement and mimic in‐person interactions, thus potentially overcoming challenges in scenarios where physical presence has typically been essential [94, 95]. This opens up extensive opportunities for teledentistry therapy to broaden its impact and efficacy. Future studies should aim to investigate these developments and pursue interdisciplinary strategies to ensure a comprehensive and customized approach to managing oral and dental disorders.

5. Limitations of the Study

This study has significant limitations, primarily due to its reliance on just three electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. This narrow focus may have led to the omission of relevant studies that could be found in other databases. Furthermore, the exclusion of articles published in languages other than English may introduce bias and restrict the diversity of perspectives from non‐English‐speaking countries. To overcome these limitations, future research should broaden the search by including additional databases and consider incorporating studies in various languages through collaboration with bilingual researchers or the use of translation services. Such an approach would improve the comprehensiveness and inclusivity of findings in the field of teledentistry.

6. Conclusion

Findings of this systematic review showed that teledentistry has the potential to be used for tele‐diagnosis, tele‐consultation and tele‐treatment of oral and dental diseases. Most of the uses of this technology were done on the oral cavity (lesions, disorders, hygiene, and surgery). Also, this technology has the potential to improve the quality of primary health care and resolve patient concerns without the need for urgent or emergency care. In this study, the rate of success or failure of different methods of tele‐diagnosis, tele‐treatment, and tele‐consultation using equipment and hardware, and software infrastructure was not investigated. Future studies are recommended in this regard. In summary, teledentistry is an innovative method of providing oral health services that can connect dentists and patients anywhere in the world at any time.

Author Contributions

Fatemeh Dinari: writing – review, translate and edititing. Mohammad Mahdi Ghaemi: investigation, writing – review and editing. Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy: writing – review and editing, conceptualization. Sadrieh Hajesmaeel‐Gohari: investigation, editing and translate.

Disclosure

The lead author Sadrieh Hajesmaeel‐Gohari affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Supporting information

Supporting File 1

HSR2-9-e71989-s003.docx^{(53.3KB, docx)}

Supporting File 2

HSR2-9-e71989-s002.docx^{(24.2KB, docx)}

Supporting File 3

HSR2-9-e71989-s001.docx^{(33KB, docx)}

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank all the participants who voluntarily participated in this study. This study was supported by the Kerman University of Medical Sciences. The funder had no role in the study design and analysis., have full access to all the data in this study, and take complete responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors declare that there is no conflict of interest related to this project.

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supporting File 1

HSR2-9-e71989-s003.docx^{(53.3KB, docx)}

Supporting File 2

HSR2-9-e71989-s002.docx^{(24.2KB, docx)}

Supporting File 3

HSR2-9-e71989-s001.docx^{(33KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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PERMALINK

The Use of Teledentistry in Diagnosis, Consultation, and Treatment of Oral and Dental Diseases: A Systematic Review Study

Fatemeh Dinari

Mohammad Mahdi Ghaemi

Kambiz Bahaadinbeigy

Sadrieh Hajesmaeel‐Gohari

ABSTRACT

Background and Aims

Methods

Results

Conclusion

1. Introduction

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Type

Table 1.

2.2. Search Strategy and Data Sources

2.3. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

2.4. Study Selection Process

2.5. Data Extraction

2.6. Data Analysis

2.7. Evaluation of Studies

2.8. Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

3. Results

Figure 1.

3.1. Sociodemographic Data

Figure 2.

3.2. Country

Figure 3.

3.3. Teledentistry Field

3.4. Teledentistry Type

3.5. Equipment

3.6. Type of Study

3.7. Type of Condition

3.8. Sample Size

3.9. Outcome

3.10. Study Quality

4. Discussion

5. Limitations of the Study

6. Conclusion

Author Contributions

Disclosure

Conflicts of Interest

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability Statement

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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