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. 2026 May 18;12(3):00168-2026. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00168-2026

ERS Congress 2025: highlights from the Respiratory Clinical Care and Physiology Assembly

Amber Beersaerts 1,13, Helder Freitas Cunha 2,13, Tetiana Harashchenko 3,13, Emily Hume 4,13, Laurent Razat 5,6,13, Thomas Gille 7,8, Rachael A Evans 9,10, Cláudia Vicente 11, Io Chi-Yan Hui 12, Ioannis Vogiatzis 4, Mathieu Marillier 5,✉
PMCID: PMC13181586  PMID: 42158491

Shareable abstract

An overview of some highlights of @ERSAssembly1 presented at the 2025 #ERSCongress in Amsterdam in line with the theme “Respiratory health around the globe” https://bit.ly/4srEJQ6

Assembly 1 (Respiratory Clinical Care and Physiology) is the largest of the 14 European Respiratory Society (ERS) assemblies, comprising 9032 members, with 37% under 40 years of age (early career members). During the 2025 ERS Congress, in addition to the 13 specific sessions (including four symposia), 617 abstracts were accepted for presentation across the five groups within the assembly. While the ERS platform enables attendees to watch presentations on replay, it is particularly challenging to stay up to date with the diverse scientific and clinical advances presented at the Congress. This article, drafted by early career members of Assembly 1, thus offers an overview of some highlights presented at the 2025 ERS Congress in Amsterdam in line with the theme “Respiratory health around the globe”. Selected presentations are summarised from a wide range of topics (clinical problems, rehabilitation and chronic care, general practice and primary care, m-health/e-health, clinical respiratory physiology, exercise and functional imaging), highlighting the broad-based interest of the assembly.

Group 1.01: clinical problems

The 2025 ERS Congress was particularly concerned with inequity in respiratory health and novel findings regarding frequent, global respiratory disorders, such as COPD.

Providing better respiratory health worldwide

The hot topics session “Fighting global threats to respiratory health: how to make a difference” brought renewed attention to longstanding, global health issues. J.L. Castro (Neuilly sur Seine, France) condemned the injustice of geography determining quality of life and called for equity to be prioritised in global health efforts. These realities were further reinforced by K. Ebi (Seattle, WA, USA) and K. Dheda (Cape Town, South Africa) who respectively showcased the ongoing human toll of environmental damage and infectious disease in resource-limited settings, as outlined in the following paragraphs.

In this context, air pollution includes both indoor and outdoor pollution (figure 1) [1, 2]. Total exposure is larger in low-income regions, such as South Asia, where there are fewer regulations and limited access to clean energy. As a result, these populations suffer the most, with high mortality rates [3], and a large number of disability-adjusted life years lost. Strong regulations to reduce air pollution must be implemented to address this global health concern, bringing significant health benefits within a decade as well as long-term ecological improvements.

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

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From emissions to effects: the path of air pollution. Schematic representation of causes of indoor and outdoor air pollutions that may threaten respiratory health. Figure partially created with BioRender.com.

Furthermore, tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading infectious disease killer worldwide. About half of all TB cases might be subclinical [4]. Thus, before patients seek care due to experiencing symptoms, a critical window of transmission has been missed [5]. Identifying this window is difficult since the infectiousness of asymptomatic TB remains poorly defined and subject to debate [6]. To overcome these gaps, active case finding – actively screening communities outside of health facilities – offers promise. Next-generation technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI)-powered stethoscopes and handheld ultrasound devices, may further enhance detection of asymptomatic TB [7, 8].

Advancing our understanding of COPD

Most presentations in the session “Best abstracts in clinical problems” highlighted innovative research in omics and genetics, allowing us to look deeper, past the clinical level, and explore the underlying mechanisms that shape COPD. This disease is a progressive and incurable lung disorder, characterised by insufficient expiratory airflow and acute exacerbations (AECOPD), remaining a major global health burden [9]. Its diagnosis, prediction of prognosis or treatment response remain suboptimal.

The identification of biomarkers, such as inflammatory proteins or predisposing genes, may help improve diagnosis and guide therapy. Lu et al. [10] showed the promise of signalling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 1 (SLAMF1, a protein involved in immune cell activation and inflammatory signalling), it having passed all their screening analyses and having elevated expression in lung tissue and serum while also demonstrating stable binding with the candidate drugs ergotamine and digoxin.

A consequence of limited tools for treating COPD exacerbations is the overuse of antibiotics. De Oliveira-Sicard et al. [11] (Montreal, QC, Canada) explored biomarkers to guide antibiotic use. Retrospectively analysing files of 178 patients with AECOPD, they found that procalcitonin serum level alone effectively reduced unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions while concomitant use of multiplex respiratory pathogen testing added no further benefits, showing procalcitonin as a simple and cost-effective solution.

Finally, using data from 1238 patients with alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency collected through the European network EARCO, Somers et al. [12] (Leuven, Belgium) performed a cluster analysis showing that age at diagnosis, lung function, and smoking behaviour were strongest differentiators between phenotypes, followed by the genotype responsible for alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and the alpha-1-antitrypsin serum level. Although these phenotypes currently remain descriptive, they hold potential prognostic value.

Take-home messages

  • Many challenges threaten respiratory health, with large disparities worldwide, including air pollution, TB and non-communicable diseases.

  • Strong regulations to reduce air pollution and newly developed technologies to better detect asymptomatic TB should contribute to lower global inequity for respiratory health.

  • Innovative research in omics and genetics allows for a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms that shape COPD.

  • However, these findings show that there is still significant room for progress in COPD care and research, and hope for more personalised treatment in the future.

Group 1.02: rehabilitation and chronic care

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) continues to evolve to meet the needs of complex patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Oral presentations from Group 1.02 in the session titled “Emerging clinical trials in rehabilitation and chronic care” showcased research on emerging and novel training strategies, immune effects, and digital delivery models, redefining how PR enhances function and quality of life in chronic respiratory disease.

Optimising exercise strategies

PR is a cornerstone in chronic respiratory disease management, and recent studies highlight ways to maximise its efficacy. Exercise intensity and modality play a critical role. In fibrotic interstitial lung disease, Dowman et al. [13] found that high-intensity interval training was safe, well-tolerated, and as effective as moderate-intensity continuous training in improving endurance and 6-min walk distance, with trends toward sustained quality-of-life benefits. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, Dolmage et al. [14] (Toronto, ON, Canada) demonstrated that one-legged cycling produced greater endurance gains during a constant-power, bicycle exercise test than conventional two-legged training (+22 versus +11 min) over 6–8 weeks of intervention, despite similar cardiovascular responses, suggesting that partitioned muscle training can amplify functional improvements beyond traditional approaches.

Systemic and immunologic effects

Beyond functional gains, PR exerts measurable systemic benefits. In severe COPD, Ito et al. [15] showed that combined aerobic and resistance training increased total and activated regulatory T-cells while reducing proinflammatory Th17 cells, particularly in patients achieving greater muscle strength. Similarly, in post-COVID syndrome, an 8-week exercise programme increased CD8 and central memory CD4 T-cells and natural killer cells, whereas usual care groups experienced declines [16, 17]. These findings indicate that PR may restore immune balance, adding an immunomodulatory dimension to its well-established physical benefits. Larger studies are needed to confirm these intriguing results and to investigate associated clinical outcomes such as reduced exacerbations/infections.

Maintaining rehabilitation gains

Sustaining PR benefits remains a challenge. The multicentre, randomised-controlled trial of the “SPACE for COPD” self-management programme demonstrated maintained improvements in quality of life (+0.0871 quality-adjusted life-years) at 12 months and reduced primary care costs, supporting a cost-effective, light-touch maintenance strategy [18]. Perkins et al. [19] (London, UK), in an analysis of 508 patients with COPD from the Mobilise-D cohort, revealed that longer time in bed and frequent nocturnal awakenings reduced daytime activity, suggesting that sleep-targeted interventions may further enhance rehabilitation outcomes.

Innovative delivery and accessibility

New delivery methods increase access and flexibility. Brown et al. [20] (Melbourne, Australia) found mobile health PR (8 weeks with an m-health app which included all essential components of PR) was equivalent to centre-based programmes for exercise capacity and superior for health status (as assessed by the 6-min walk test and COPD assessment test, respectively), highlighting the feasibility of digital approaches for patients with adequate technology access. Early (i.e. within 1 week from hospital discharge) home PR with nasal high-flow O2 for patients with exertional hypoxaemia was safe and feasible, although adherence to self-directed sessions was lower, emphasising practical challenges [21]. An economic analysis from the REDOX trial comparing 24-h versus 15-h O2 therapy further underscores the need for cost-conscious implementation, showing minimal differences in clinical outcomes despite larger associated costs with extended therapy [22].

Take-home messages

  • PR is rapidly evolving, with new training strategies improving both functional outcomes and quality of life.

  • Optimised exercise approaches and interventions targeting systemic or immunologic effects may enhance rehabilitation benefits.

  • Innovative delivery models, including home-based and digital programmes, may increase accessibility and patient engagement.

  • Maintenance strategies may sustain long-term benefits of PR and be cost-effective through reducing primary care consults.

  • Future research should focus on acceptability, adherence, and applicability of PR benefits across diverse patient populations and consider additional mechanistic outcomes.

Group 1.03: general practice and primary care

This section summarises two important sessions related to clinical management in respiratory health in primary care worldwide: “Primary and integrated respiratory care: part 2; global threats to respiratory health; real challenges to improve” (a forum) and “Primary care perspective and management from acute to chronic respiratory diseases” (an oral presentations session).

General practitioners facing global challenges: from patient hesitancy to climate change

In today's world, general practitioners (GPs) confront an expanding range of interconnected global challenges: among them vaccine hesitancy, antibiotic resistance, air pollution, and climate change. As trust in healthcare systems is often built through primary care, GPs play a major role in addressing such issues. Their responsibilities thus now extend beyond clinical care to include education, prevention, and advocacy for both human and environmental health.

A. Kaplan (Stouffville, ON, Canada) emphasised that vaccination is not only a clinical matter but also a communication challenge. Studies confirm that physicians’ own recommendation, including their personal vaccination experience, is the strongest factor influencing patient uptake [23, 24]. Yet, declining influenza vaccination rates among healthcare professionals remain concerning. To enhance communication, models such as SHARE (a structured framework for discussing vaccines with hesitant patients) have proven effective in improving vaccine adherence among such patients [25]. A. Kaplan and C.S. De Almeida Vicente Ferreira (Coimbra, Portugal) also highlighted the importance of physician engagement on social media to counter misinformation and rebuild public trust, noting that vaccines have saved more lives than any other medical intervention.

Environmental issues were also central to the discussion. M.M. Martínez Vázquez (Bilbao, Spain) demonstrated that patient misconceptions about asthma and COPD increase hospitalisations and environmental burden, with overuse of rescue inhalers adding an estimated 800 tons of CO2 emissions per 10 000 people annually (from the SABINA Carbon Study) [26].

Finally, N. Kostova (Arnhem, the Netherlands) linked climate change to evolving infectious disease patterns and rising antibiotic resistance underscoring the weight of personalised communication about direct health risks of antibiotic misuse. Collectively, these insights reaffirm the essential role of primary care in tackling the complex health and environmental challenges of our time.

Innovative approaches to COPD management and detection in primary care

COPD remains a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. Effective primary care management requires accurate diagnosis, patient adherence, and guideline-based interventions. Recent studies highlight the potential of digital and structured tools to enhance care and patient outcomes.

Tabyshova et al. [27] evaluated the Test of Adherence to Inhalers Toolkit (a validated tool for assessing individuals’ adherence to treatment) in 100 patients with COPD, demonstrating good usability (system usability scale score=74.6), high clinician satisfaction (91.7%), and frequent use of personalised interventions such as medication plans, reminders, and education.

Harms et al. [28] (Groningen, the Netherlands) assessed the COPDOptimiser site (https://copdoptimiser.com/), a digital decision-support platform aligned with 2024 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines which supports healthcare professionals during interactions with patients with COPD by providing a structured overview of key COPD control assessments. Among patients with COPD, the tool identified optimisation opportunities in 65% of cases and prompted referrals to PR in 49%, supporting integration of validated digital tools in routine primary care.

Machefert et al. [29] (Le Havre, France) tested the CAPTUREF screening tool (a 5-item questionnaire with a selective use of peak expiratory flow rate) for undiagnosed COPD and other obstructive lung disease in 983 adults. While specificity was high (94.7%), sensitivity was limited (21.1%), indicating restricted suitability for population-wide screening.

These studies emphasise the potential of patient-centred, digital, and structured interventions to enhance COPD management and early detection in primary care (figure 2), although further research is needed to evaluate their long-term clinical impact and scalability across diverse healthcare systems.

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

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Conceptual framework of newly developed digital tools presented at the 2025 European Respiratory Society (ERS) Congress to support the management of COPD in primary care. CAPTURE: COPD Assessment in Primary Care to Identify Undiagnosed Respiratory Disease and Exacerbation Risk; TAI: test of adherence to inhalers.

Take-home messages

  • The responsibilities of GPs extend far beyond clinical care, encompassing patient education, prevention, and advocacy for both human health and environmental sustainability.

  • Modern GPs should be active on social media, as these platforms provide an accessible and effective way to communicate reliable health information.

  • A physician should build trusting relationships with patients and serve not only as a clinician but also as a role model for them.

  • Digital tools have the potential to substantially improve COPD monitoring and management in primary care, facilitating evidence-based decision-making, timely diagnosis, treatment optimisation, and improved patient adherence.

Group 1.04: m-health/e-health

Digital health is a priority within the ERS [30]. AI remained a prominent topic in the 2025 Congress sessions, with notable growth in discussion on virtual care. This section highlights the state-of-art of evidence in the oral abstracts, “Integrated respiratory services” and the “AI on air” sessions (figure 3).

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

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Highlights in digital health from Group 1.04 m-health/e-health, presented at the 2025 European Respiratory Society Congress. AI: artificial intelligence; PROMs: patient-reported outcome measures.

Open-source medical devices

Smarter respiratory devices are emerging, but their adoption remains challenging in low- or middle-income countries. To address global healthcare disparities, Otero et al. [31] launched an open-source platform to design and test low-cost respiratory devices, helping to expand access in underserved regions, with author R.F. Ventura (Barcelona, Spain) discussing their work as part of the oral presentation session “Shaping the future of respiratory care through artificial intelligence and evidence-based digital strategies”.

AI and health information

The “AI on air” session provided patients and global insights into the use of real-world data to deploy responsible AI [32]. With the rise of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, people increasingly use these tools for searching health information. Girault et al. [33] assessed 10 LLMs for their medical accuracy and comprehensibility, concluding that LLMs provide high-quality answers to common asthma-related questions, with paid models generally outperforming free versions.

Remote monitoring

Remote monitoring is increasingly used in respiratory care for both early diagnosis and to reduce healthcare demands [34]. Megaritis et al. [35] (Newcastle upon Tyne, UK) validated 24 digital mobility outcomes in COPD, with 17 demonstrating construct validity, supporting their use for personalised medicine and decentralised monitoring. Oppelaar et al. [36] (Nijmegen, the Netherlands) found that digital action plans with symptom questionnaires in paediatric asthma care significantly reduced outpatient visits, and lowered emergency and hospital admission rates. Abreu Da Mata et al. [37] validated the app “Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test for children” (CARATKids) as a reliable alternative to the paper form, supporting electronic patient-reported outcome measures for remote monitoring. In the OUTERSPACERS trial, Carroll et al. [38] used a smart spacer to assess inhaler adherence in 30 children with asthma. After 4 weeks, persistence (i.e. the number of doses taken) was 57.6% and performance (i.e. the inhaler technique) 42.1% (the product of the two domains determining actual adherence), with performance declining by 3 months. These results show that dose-counts alone substantially overestimate true adherence.

Virtual care

Virtual wards (i.e. a setting allowing patients to receive hospital-level care at home safely) expanded substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic, with 12 500 virtual hospital beds now available across England. The study by Shaw et al. [39] with 1923 patients found that virtual wards reduced length of stay, saved GBP 310 per discharge, and was preferred by patients, highlighting its potential to enhance clinical care delivery. A randomised controlled trial of the Almee digital cognitive behavioural therapy programme for pulmonary fibrosis by Shull et al. [40] showed improved health-related quality of life and overall life satisfaction, supporting its valuable role in digital connected care. The practicalities of implementing effective and safe connected care in routine practices were further discussed in the “Integrated respiratory services and digital health: streamlining system provision” hot topics session. Finally, Payawal et al. [41] showed that implementing early tele-consultation (within 5 days of symptom onset) for mild-to-moderate COVID-19 reduced disease progression and emergency department visits compared with later consultations.

Digital health implementation

Hui et al. [42] (Edinburgh, UK) presented the ERS CONNECT clinical research collaboration scoping review which examined 82 digital respiratory care programmes across diverse populations and global settings. Findings highlighted the importance of seamless system integration, strong leadership, and how crises like COVID-19 can accelerate adoption of digital health by breaking down long-standing barriers (e.g. patient-level, infrastructure or regulation).

Take-home messages

  • Digital health has the potential to enhance care by improving respiratory outcomes and personalising treatment.

  • Open-source technology could reduce global disparities and drive the development of affordable respiratory care.

  • AI tools show potential for patient education but need more evidence before clinical use.

  • Effective implementation relies on system integration, leadership engagement, and adaptability to context.

Group 1.05: clinical respiratory physiology, exercise and functional imaging

The highlighted sessions focused on the real challenge not to place patients into the convenient category of “untrainable”, but to better characterise their limitations to physical exercise. The physiological and methodological advances herein presented thus pave the way toward more personalised, multimodal, and targeted exercise assessment and rehabilitation.

Exercise training in the “untrainable” patients

One provocative question raised during the mini-symposium “Exercise training in severely impaired patients” was that of the so-called “untrainable” patients. Behind this expression lies a convenient shortcut which places the burden of rehabilitation failure on the patient, whereas it may seem more reasonable to question our own approaches as healthcare professionals. The real issue is, therefore, not how to manage the untrainable, but rather how to avoid failure in rehabilitation. One avenue is to better define rehabilitation goals and it is precisely what J. Alberto Neder (Kingston, ON, Canada) proposed by recalling a conceptual framework based on the germane analysis of dyspnoea, whether related to “excessive breathing” (often referred to as ventilatory inefficiency) and/or “constrained breathing” (i.e. how well, in mechanical terms, ventilation is produced) [43] (figure 4), an outline naturally relevant for patients with respiratory disorders [44]. In her presentation, T. Schneeberger (Schönau am Königssee, Germany) reported a randomised cross-over trial in 55 hypoxaemic COPD patients: an automatic O2 titration system improved walking distance, reduced dyspnoea and significantly raised isotime O2 saturation (by ∼3%) without affecting capnia, underlining the importance of rigorously applying best practices such as exercise O2 titration to optimise the “excessive breathing” side of the dyspnoea equation [45]. E. Barreiro Portela (Barcelona, Spain) concluded the mini-symposium by recalling the heterogeneous mechanisms and various consequences of sarcopenia in respiratory diseases, a feature causative of excessive breathing [46].

FIGURE 4.

FIGURE 4

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Conceptual framework based on the germane analysis of dyspnoea, whether related to “excessive breathing” and/or “constrained breathing”. The diagram depicts potential sources of excessive (e.g. hypoxaemia) and constrained (e.g. dynamic hyperinflation) breathing, and therapeutic options to relieve these abnormalities (black thick ellipses). Large, dotted ellipses depict two virtual patients and their respective causes of dyspnoea and exercise limitation with appropriate therapeutic opportunities, highlighting the need for more personalised, multimodal, and targeted exercise assessment and rehabilitation. CV: cardiovascular; EILO: exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction.

Towards a better understanding of respiratory symptoms

It was through this lens that we attended the oral session “The cause of respiratory symptoms: new insights from exercise physiology”. Neder et al. [47] (Kingston, ON, Canada) highlighted the limitations of a classic mechanical constraint indicator (the ventilatory reserve measured at peak exercise) and proposed a more sensitive metric, the dynamic ventilatory reserve, made available through open-source software and herein applied to fibrosing interstitial lung disease [48, 49]. Likewise, Schaeffer et al. [50] (Vancouver, BC, Canada) investigated whether inspiratory capacity may be biased by diaphragmatic fatigue during exercise: although her study in healthy subjects was negative, it nonetheless provides a critical perspective on the robustness of this biomarker, whose behaviour during exercise depends on patients’ characteristics and determines their symptoms, as emphasised by Berton et al. [51] (Porto Alegre, Brazil). Muralitharan et al. [52] (Paradis, Norway) presented preliminary results of a randomised-controlled, cross-over trial assessing conservative treatments for exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction, an overlooked cause of constrained breathing.

Regarding excessive breathing, Baty et al. [53] documented the large prevalence of dysfunctional breathing: 50% in a cardiopulmonary exercise test cohort of 981 patients reaching 65% in COPD, a population in which one might be tempted to primarily focus on ventilatory constraints. This “excessive-constrained breathing” overlap, largely due to dysfunctional breathing, substantiates ongoing work on breathing pattern: from objective quantification of erratic breathing for dysfunctional breathing diagnosis through standard error of residuals of tidal volume/ventilation curve as proposed by Fratelli et al. [54] (Denver, CO, USA) to the original exploration of sighs during exercise by Harbour et al. [55] (Salzburg, Austria), a promising new biomarker of pattern abnormalities.

Take-home messages

  • A better characterisation of individual limitations to physical exercise should pave the way toward more personalised, multimodal, and targeted rehabilitation.

  • Dyspnoea may be dichotomised as “excessive breathing” and “constrained breathing”, with corresponding suitable therapeutic opportunities to lower this cardinal symptom in patients with lung disorders.

  • Dysfunctional breathing and sport-related breathing issues (e.g. exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction) have gained significant interest as part of a better understanding of respiratory symptoms during exercise.

Concluding remarks

We hope the highlights presented in this article, where early career members were invited to share their own perspective, will help update readers on the impressive amount of research and advances in respiratory clinical care showcased during the 2025 sessions from the ERS Assembly 1. We also aim at encouraging our readership to contribute to Assembly 1 activities (in particular, early career members: https://www.ersnet.org/next-programme-ers/), and to take part in the 2026 ERS Congress to be held in Barcelona in early September, where further scientific novelties and clinical developments on these topics will be discussed.

Acknowledgement

This manuscript was not generated, in whole or in part, by artificial intelligence.

Footnotes

Provenance: Commissioned article, peer reviewed.

Conflicts of interest: A. Beersaerts, H.F. Cunha, T. Harashchenko, E. Hume and L. Razat have no conflicts of interest to disclose. T. Gille is an officer of the European Respiratory Society (ERS). R.A. Evans reports grants from the National Institute for Health and Care Research, UK Research and Innovation, the Medical Research Council, and the Wolfson Foundation Genentech/Roche awarded to her institution; consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Evidera and BMJ Best Practice; and payment or honoraria from Moderna, all being outside the submitted work; and is an officer of the ERS. C. Vicente reports consulting fees from MSD, Hipra and AstraZeneca; payment or honoraria from AstraZeneca, Viatris and Sanofi; and support from attending meeting or travel from Menarini, all being outside the submitted work; and is an officer of the ERS. I.C-Y. Hui is an honorary fellow in the University of Edinburgh; her research with the University, is independent from, and not financially supported by the PM Group; her views in this publication are her own and not those of the PM Group; neither she nor PM Group stand to gain financially from this work; she is an officer of the ERS. I. Vogiatzis is an officer of the ERS and an associate editor of this journal. M. Marillier is an officer of the ERS.

Support statement: The authors did not receive specific financial support for the present manuscript.

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