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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2026 May;40(5):716–722. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202511051

单节段颈椎间盘突出症合并局灶型后纵韧带骨化的影像学特征及相关因素分析

Radiological characteristics and associated factors of single-level cervical disc herniation combining with focal ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament

Yuchen YE 1,2, Menglong ZHANG 3, Mingyu REN 3, Chen XU 1,2, Pinghui ZHOU 1,2, Changchun ZHANG 1,2,*
PMCID: PMC13184739  PMID: 42150900

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the correlation between cervical sagittal imbalance, disc morphology, and localized ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (LOP) in patients with single-level cervical disc herniation.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 patients with single-level cervical disc herniation and complete imaging data (including standard X-ray film, CT, and MRI). Patients were divided into the LOP(+) group (n=76, with LOP at the herniated segment) and the LOP (−) group (n=74, without LOP) based on the presence of LOP. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with LOP, including gender, age, body mass index, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose, serum uric acid, maximum diameter of herniated disc, the maximum base width of herniated disc, spinal canal occupancy rate, height of intervertebral space, Pfirrmann grade of disc degeneration, C2-7 Cobb angle, T1 slope, cervical sagittal vertical axis (cSVA), C2-7 Cobb angle in extension/flexion, global cervical range of motion (ROM), and extension/flexion angle and ROM at the index level. Pearson or Spearman correlation was used to analyze the correlation of the main imaging parameters between the two groups.

Results

Univariate analysis showed that Pfirrmann grade, maximum base width of herniated disc, spinal canal occupancy rate, height of intervertebral space, C2-7 Cobb angle, extension angle and ROM at the index level were the influencing factors of LOP (P<0.05). Further logistic regression analysis revealed that the increase of the maximum base width of the herniated disc and the decrease of the spinal canal occupancy rate were the independent influencing factors of LOP (P<0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the correlation patterns among the main radiological parameters were not identical between the LOP (−) and LOP (+) groups. In both groups, the C2-7 Cobb angle was positively correlated with T1 slope (P<0.05), and some segmental motion parameters were correlated with global cervical ROM and dynamic C2-7 Cobb parameters (P<0.05). In the LOP (+) group, spinal canal occupancy rate, cSVA, OPLL thickness, and disc morphological parameters also showed certain correlations (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Cervical sagittal imbalance (characterized by reduced lordosis and segmental mobility) and disc base expansion are significantly associated with LOP coexistence in single-level cervical disc herniation patients. These imaging markers may aid early identification of high-risk populations in clinical settings.

Keywords: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, cervical disc herniation, sagittal imbalance, cross-sectional study, analysis of influencing factor


颈椎后纵韧带骨化(ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament,OPLL)是东亚人群较常见的退变性/异位骨化性疾病,可造成脊髓或神经根受压,并显著影响患者功能状态和生活质量[1-3]。按照影像学形态,OPLL通常分为连续型、节段型、混合型和局灶型4类[4]。其中,局灶型OPLL(localized OPLL,LOP)常位于椎间盘或椎体后缘,临床上常与相同节段的椎间盘突出并存,提示其可能与椎间盘退变及局部力学环境改变有关。

目前认为OPLL的发生发展与遗传易感性(如Ⅺ型胶原蛋白α2链基因、R-spondin 2基因)、代谢异常(如糖尿病和肥胖)、炎症反应及局部生物力学应力共同相关[5-14]。有研究表明,椎间盘退变可能通过韧带异常机械应力和退变椎间盘释放的生长因子促进OPLL发展[6,15];而颈椎矢状位序列及节段活动度又直接决定了责任节段所承受的应力分布[16-18]。然而,针对单节段颈椎间盘突出症患者中LOP共存的影像学特征,尤其是颈椎整体矢状位参数与责任节段动态指标的系统研究仍较少。

基于颈椎矢状面序列在维持力学平衡中的关键作用,我们推测其失衡(表现为前凸减少和节段活动度下降)可能与LOP存在关联。这一关联可能通过两条路径实现:① 颈椎曲度变直及活动受限导致椎间盘内应力异常,进而诱发后纵韧带微损伤;② OPLL形成后反向限制节段活动并加剧力学失衡。为验证上述假设,本研究拟采用横断面研究设计,纳入单节段颈椎间盘突出症患者,根据是否合并LOP进行分组,系统测量并比较两组患者颈椎矢状面静态序列参数及动态活动度指标,旨在识别与LOP共存相关的关键影像学标志物,从而为揭示椎间盘退变与LOP之间的生物力学关联提供临床依据,并为高风险人群的早期识别与分层干预提供参考。报告如下。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究对象及分组

患者纳入标准:① 年龄18~80岁;② 存在明确的颈神经根或脊髓症状;③ 颈椎MRI确诊为单节段颈椎间盘突出症;④ 术前影像资料完整且影像质量满足关键参数精确测量,包括术前标准颈椎正侧位及过伸过屈位X线片、CT及MRI。排除标准:① 既往有颈椎手术史;② 存在颈椎创伤、感染、肿瘤、强直性脊柱炎、弥漫性特发性骨肥厚症或类风湿关节炎;③ 存在连续型、节段型或混合型OPLL;④ OPLL与引起症状的椎间盘突出不在同一节段。

2020年1月—2025年5月蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院共150例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。根据症状性椎间盘突出节段是否存在LOP将患者分为LOP(+)组(76例,突出节段存在LOP)和LOP(−)组(74例,突出节段不存在LOP)。见图1。

图 1.

Imaging characteristics of the two groups

两组患者影像学表现

从左至右依次为X线片、MRI及CT a. LOP(−)组;b. LOP(+)组

From left to right for X-ray film, MRI, and CT, respectively a. LOP (−) group; b. LOP (+) group

图 1

1.2. 影像数据采集

所有影像测量由3名具有5年以上工作经验的脊柱外科医师在PACS工作站(RadiAnt DICOM Viewer)独立完成,每项指标测量3次,取均值。测量设备包括Skyra 1.5T磁共振仪、X线设备(Siemens公司,德国)及256排CT机(GE Healthcare公司,美国)。

1.2.1. 椎间盘退变相关参数

① 突出椎间盘最大直径:于MRI T2WI正中矢状位上,沿相邻椎体后缘连线作垂线,测量突出物顶点至该垂线的最大垂直距离,并减去后纵韧带厚度。② 突出椎间盘最大基底宽度:于MRI T2WI轴位上突出最显著层面测量突出物基底部与椎间盘相连的最大宽度。③ 椎管侵占率:于MRI T2WI轴位上突出最显著且椎管最狭窄层面测量,计算公式:(突出物最大矢状径/同层面椎管矢状径)×100%。④ 椎间隙高度:于标准侧位X线片正中矢状位上,测量前、中、后3点高度,取均值。⑤ 后纵韧带厚度:于 MRI T2WI 正中矢状位图像上,在责任节段椎间盘突出最明显层面,测量后纵韧带后缘至椎体后缘之间的最大垂直距离[19];LOP(+)组OPLL厚度:于CT轴位骨窗图像上,在责任节段OPLL最厚层面,测量垂直于骨化物长轴方向的最大厚度。⑥ 椎间盘退变等级:使用Pfirrmann分级系统评估MRI T2WI矢状位上椎间盘退变情况。

1.2.2. 颈椎矢状位序列参数

静态参数:① C2~7 Cobb角:在中立位颈椎侧位 X 线片上,分别沿 C2 椎体下终板与C7椎体上终板作直线,测量两直线延长线之间的夹角,正值表示颈椎前凸,负值表示颈椎后凸。② T1倾斜角:于中立位侧位X线片上,测量T1椎体上终板与水平线之间的夹角。③ 颈椎矢状位垂直轴距(cervical sagittal vertical axis,cSVA):于中立位侧位X线片上,自C2椎体几何中心(或齿状突后上缘)作铅垂线,测量该线与C7椎体后上角之间的水平距离。动态参数:① C2~7 Cobb过伸角:于过伸位侧位X线片上测量C2~7 Cobb角。② C2~7 Cobb过屈角:于过屈位侧位X线片上测量C2~7 Cobb角。③ 颈椎整体活动度:C2~7 Cobb过伸角与过屈角差值的绝对值。

1.2.3. 责任节段参数

① 责任节段过伸角:于过伸位侧位X线片上测量责任椎间隙相邻椎体终板夹角,正值表示后凸减小或前凸增大,负值表示前凸增大(与中立位对比方向)。② 责任节段过屈角:于过屈位侧位X线片上测量责任椎间隙相邻椎体终板夹角,正值表示后凸增大,负值表示前凸减小或后凸减小(与中立位对比方向)。③ 责任节段活动度:责任节段过伸角与过屈角差值的绝对值。见图2。

图 2.

图 2

Schematic diagram for measurement of each imaging parameter

各影像学参数测量示意图

1.3. 统计学方法

采用R4.4.0软件进行统计分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验,均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;分类变量以频数和率表示,组间比较采用四格表卡方检验。对两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、C-反应蛋白、空腹血糖、血尿酸、突出椎间盘最大直径、突出椎间盘最大基底宽度、椎管侵占率、椎间隙高度、椎间盘退变Pfirrmann分级、C2~7 Cobb角、T1倾斜角、cSVA、C2~7 Cobb过伸角、C2~7 Cobb过屈角、颈椎整体活动度、责任节段过伸角、责任节段过屈角及责任节段活动度进行单因素分析及logistic回归分析LOP发生的影响因素;其中年龄、性别、身体质量指数、空腹血糖、血尿酸采用强制进入法纳入回归模型,以筛选影响LOP发生的影响因素。考虑到椎间隙高度与Pfirrmann分级及突出椎间盘最大基底宽度存在显著相关性,为避免模型产生多重共线性影响结果稳定性,在回归建模时剔除椎间隙高度。连续变量相关性分析采用Pearson相关,等级资料采用Spearman相关。检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

单因素分析示,Pfirrmann分级、突出椎间盘最大基底宽度、椎管侵占率、椎间隙高度、C2~7 Cobb角、责任节段过伸角及责任节段活动度是发生LOP的影响因素(P<0.05);进一步logistic回归分析示,突出椎间盘最大基底宽度增大、椎管侵占率降低是发生LOP的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。见表1、2。相关性分析示,LOP(−)组与 LOP(+)组主要影像学参数间相关模式并不完全一致。两组C2~7 Cobb角与T1倾斜角均成正相关(P<0.05),部分节段活动度指标与颈椎整体活动度及C2~7 Cobb角动态参数相关(P<0.05);LOP(+)组中,椎管侵占率、cSVA、OPLL厚度及突出椎间盘形态学参数之间亦存在一定相关性(P<0.05)。见图3。

表 1.

Univariate analysis of LOP occurrence influencing factors

单因素分析发生LOP的影响因素

变量
Variable
LOP(−)(n=74) LOP(+)(n=76) 统计量
Statistical value
P值
P value
年龄(x±s,岁) 55.66±10.14 53.97±11.17 t=0.969 0.334
性别(男/女,例) 33/41 36/40 χ2=0.116 0.733
身体质量指数(x±s,kg/m²) 24.78±2.91 24.53±3.86 t=0.443 0.657
C-反应蛋白(x±s,mg/L) 3.33±4.55 9.21±28.15 t=−1.774 0.076
空腹血糖(x±s,mmol/L) 5.45±1.45 5.84±1.93 t=−1.406 0.160
血尿酸(x±s,μmol/L) 283.43±82.16 278.58±99.27 t=0.326 0.744
Pfirrmann分级(Ⅲ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ,例) 12/52/10 16/39/21 Z=6.306 0.043
突出椎间盘最大直径(x±s,cm) 0.28±0.17 0.25±0.10 t=1.218 0.229
突出椎间盘最大基底宽度(x±s,cm) 1.17±0.37 1.31±0.40 t=−2.172 0.032
椎管侵占率(x±s,%) 49.62±14.56 43.78±11.37 t=2.741 0.007
椎间隙高度(x±s,cm) 0.46±0.08 0.35±0.09 t=7.649 <0.001
C2~7 Cobb角(x±s,°) 14.04±11.40 9.88±12.03 t=2.173 0.031
T1倾斜角(x±s,°) 22.96±7.50 22.96±8.31 t=0.001 0.999
cSVA(x±s,cm) 2.18±1.00 2.06±0.86 t=0.786 0.434
C2~7 Cobb过伸角(x±s,°) 26.88±13.90 24.48±12.88 t=1.097 0.275
C2~7 Cobb过屈角(x±s,°) −6.40±12.01 −9.66±14.91 t=1.473 0.142
颈椎整体活动度(x±s,°) 34.42±14.64 34.74±13.54 t=−0.140 0.889
责任节段过伸角(x±s,°) 5.00±5.38 3.44±3.79 t=2.053 0.042
责任节段过屈角(x±s,°) −1.18±4.13 −2.26±3.96 t=1.647 0.102
责任节段活动度(x±s,°) 7.62±5.15 5.76±4.29 t=2.410 0.017

表 2.

logistic regression of LOP occurrence influencing factors

logistic回归分析发生LOP的独立影响因素

变量
Variable
β 标准误
Standard error
Wald χ2 OR(95%CI) P值
P value
Pfirrmann分级Ⅳ级(Ⅲ级) −0.496 0.493 1.012 0.61(0.23,1.60) 0.314
Pfirrmann分级Ⅴ级(Ⅲ级) 0.590 0.643 0.840 1.80(0.51,6.37) 0.359
突出椎间盘最大基底宽度 1.069 0.497 4.65 2.91(1.13,7.95) 0.031
椎管侵占率 −0.041 0.017 5.76 0.96(0.94,0.99) 0.016
C2~7 Cobb角 −0.020 0.014 2.15 0.98(0.94,1.01) 0.143
责任节段过伸角 −0.014 0.044 0.11 0.99(0.90,1.08) 0.744
责任节段活动度 −0.051 0.046 1.21 0.95(0.88,1.04) 0.272

图 3.

Correlation matrix of the main imaging parameters of the two groups

两组患者主要影像学参数相关性矩阵

下三角区域数值表示相关系数r;上三角区域标注 * 表示P<0.05 a. LOP(−)组;b. LOP(+)组

The value in the lower triangular area indicated the correlation coefficient r; * in the upper triangular area indicated P<0.05 a. LOP (−) group; b. LOP (+) group

图 3

3. 讨论

本研究基于单节段颈椎间盘突出症患者的横断面资料,探讨其与LOP共存的影像学特征及潜在机制。结果提示,LOP的发生更倾向于与责任节段局部退变及生物力学改变相关,而非单纯整体颈椎矢状位失衡。

本研究发现,LOP(+)患者更常表现为颈椎前凸减小及责任节段活动受限,而整体cSVA及颈椎整体活动度差异不明显,提示其矢状位改变以“节段性失衡”为主要特征。LOP位于椎间盘或椎体后缘,可增加责任节段局部刚度,使其在生理活动中更早进入运动终末位,尤其限制过伸活动,从而形成相对稳定的力学状态。这种节段性稳定化既削弱了对整体颈椎序列的连锁影响,也解释了局部前凸减小而全局矢状位参数变化有限的现象。既往研究亦表明,OPLL可通过限制节段活动并改变应力分布参与颈椎生物力学重构[20-21]。

在椎间盘形态方面,本研究发现突出椎间盘最大基底宽度较突出高度更能反映LOP相关的退变特征。基底宽度增加提示椎间盘与后纵韧带之间存在更广泛、持续的接触界面,可能代表长期慢性机械刺激的累积效应。已有研究表明,椎间盘退变、终板损伤及关节退变之间存在协同关系[22],而异常机械应力可通过促进成骨信号通路激活参与OPLL过程[23-24]。因此,椎间盘退变与后纵韧带骨化可能并非单向因果关系,而是在共同的力学环境中相互促进。

值得注意的是,本研究中LOP(+)患者椎管侵占率反而较低。该结果提示,椎管侵占率更多反映软性椎间盘突出对椎管的即时压迫程度,而不完全代表OPLL的负荷状态。相较之下,LOP(+)患者虽存在更明显的退变及节段僵硬,但其软性突出程度可能较轻。这一现象亦提示,LOP的形成机制可能涉及遗传背景及多因素调控[25-26],而不仅依赖局部结构压迫程度。

从整体机制来看,本研究结果更支持一种“力学-退变-骨化”相互作用模型。在颈椎生物力学失衡背景下,椎间盘退变(表现为椎间隙高度降低及活动度下降)可导致后纵韧带附着区应力分布异常;而骨化形成后又进一步限制节段活动,从而形成正反馈过程。这种双向作用机制与既往基础研究结果一致[15,21]。

然而,本横断面研究仍存在若干局限性:第一,回顾性研究设计限制了对单节段颈椎间盘突出症与LOP之间因果关系的推断,仍需前瞻性队列研究以明确时间关联。第二,尽管已调整年龄、性别和身体质量指数等人口学协变量,但遗传易感性、精细代谢特征及职业暴露等未测量混杂因素仍可能影响研究结果;此外,本研究未对非责任节段椎间盘退变进行定量分级,虽通过纳排标准排除了多节段症状性病变,但影像学上其他节段的潜在退变仍可能对整体矢状位参数产生影响,未来可借助全颈椎多节段退变评分体系进一步校正相关混杂效应。第三,影像学测量存在一定主观性,引入自动化定量分析及动态CT/MRI技术有望提高节段活动度和椎管狭窄评估准确性。此外,本研究对LOP采取了较为严格的定义(骨化局限于单一椎体水平),可能排除了部分具有相似病理特征的终板受累病变。最后,本研究结论主要基于影像学观察,未纳入疼痛程度、神经功能状态或手术预后等临床结局指标,其临床推广仍存在一定局限。

综上述,在单节段颈椎间盘突出症患者中,LOP的发生主要与责任节段退变及局部生物力学改变相关,其中椎间盘基底宽度增大及节段活动受限可能是重要影像学特征。上述结果有助于临床识别LOP高风险人群,并为理解椎间盘退变与OPLL之间的相互作用提供依据。

Funding Statement

安徽省卫生健康科研项目(AHWJ2023A10058、AHWJ2023A30150); 安徽省自然科学基金项目(2308085MH249)

Health Research Program of Anhui (AHWJ2023A10058, AHWJ2023A30150); Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province (2308085MH249)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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