Correction: “Salvia officinalis extract–conjugated magnetite and selenium nanocomposites showed enhanced antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against multidrug-resistant pathogens”

Correction to: Scientific Reports 10.1038/s41598-026-39983-6, published online 16 March 2026

In the original version of this Article a previous rendition of Figures 1–6 was published. The original Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 and accompanying legends appear below.

Fig. 1.

Characterization of magnetite nanoparticles: (A) TEM image of single Fe₃O₄NPs; (B) TEM image of conjugated SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs; (C) DLS particle size distribution of Fe₃O₄NPs; (D) DLS particle size distribution of SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs; (E) XRD of Fe₃O₄NPs; (F) XRD of SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs; (G) FTIR of Fe₃O₄NPs; and (H) FTIR of SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs.

Fig. 2.

Characterization of selenium nanoparticles: (A) TEM image of single SeNPs; (B) TEM image of conjugated SaO-SeNPs; (C) DLS particle size distribution of SeNPs; (D) DLS particle size distribution of SaO-SeNPs; (E) XRD of SeNPs; (F) XRD of SaO-SeNPs; (G) FTIR of SeNPs; and (H) FTIR of SaO-SeNPs.

Fig. 3.

Quantitative inhibition profile of pathogenic bacteria exposed to magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) and their conjugated form (SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs).

Fig. 4.

Quantitative inhibition profile of pathogenic bacteria exposed to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their conjugated form (SaO-SeNPs).

Fig. 5.

Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) (11,000X) images of Staphylococcus pasteuri (Gram-positive) and Proteus mirabilis (Gram-negative) as treated with 2xMICs of meropenem, SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs, and SaO-SeNPs compared to untreated control. Red arrows indicate extracellular deformation, while yellow arrows highlight intracellular alterations.

Fig. 6.

Showing comparative antibiofilm activity of Salvia officinalis L. extract (SaO), MNPs (Fe₃O₄NPs and SeNPs), and their composites (SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs, SaO-SeNPs) against three Gram-positive bacteria relative to meropenem.

As a result, the original Figures 1–6 legends were incomplete,

Figure legend 1:

“Characterization of magnetite nanoparticles: (A) TEM image of single Fe₃O₄NPs; (B) TEM image of conjugated SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs; (C) DLS particle size distribution of Fe₃O₄NPs; (D) DLS particle size distribution of SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs; (E) XRD of Fe₃O₄NPs; (F) XRD of SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs; (G) FTIR of Fe₃O₄NPs; and (H) FTIR of SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs.”

now reads:

“Characterization of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 NPs): (A) TEM image of Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (B) TEM image of conjugated SaO- Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (C) DLS particle size distribution of Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (D) DLS particle size distribution of SaO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (E) Zeta potential of Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (F) Zeta potential of SaO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (G) XRD of Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (H) XRD of SaO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs; (I) FTIR of Fe 3 O 4 NPs; and (J) FTIR of SaO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs.”

Figure legend 2:

“Characterization of selenium nanoparticles: (A) TEM image of single SeNPs; (B) TEM image of conjugated SaO-SeNPs; (C) DLS particle size distribution of SeNPs; (D) DLS particle size distribution of SaO-SeNPs; (E) XRD of SeNPs; (F) XRD of SaO-SeNPs; (G) FTIR of SeNPs; and (H) FTIR of SaO-SeNPs.”

now reads:

“Characterization of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs): (A) TEM image of SeNPs; (B) TEM image of conjugated SaO-SeNPs; (C) DLS particle size distribution of SeNPs; (D) DLS particle size distribution of SaO-SeNPs; (E) Zeta potential of SeNPs; (F) Zeta potential of SaO-SeNPs; (G) XRD of SeNPs; (H) XRD of SaO-SeNPs; (I) FTIR of SeNPs; and (J) FTIR of SaO-SeNPs.”

Figure legend 3:

“Quantitative inhibition profile of pathogenic bacteria exposed to magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) and their conjugated form (SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs).”

now reads:

“Quantitative antibacterial inhibition of pathogenic bacteria following treatment with magnetite nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄NPs) and their conjugated form with Salvia officinalis extract (SaO–Fe₃O₄NPs), as determined by growth inhibition relative to the untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± SE of three independent biological replicates (n = 3).”

Figure legend 4:

“Quantitative inhibition profile of pathogenic bacteria exposed to selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their conjugated form (SaO-SeNPs).”

now reads:

“Quantitative antibacterial inhibition of pathogenic bacteria following treatment with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and their conjugated form with Salvia officinalis extract (SaO–SeNPs), as determined by growth inhibition relative to the untreated control. Data are presented as mean ± SE of three independent biological replicates (n = 3).”

Figure legend 5:

“Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) (11,000X) images of Staphylococcus pasteuri (Gram-positive) and Proteus mirabilis (Gram-negative) as treated with 2xMICs of meropenem, SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs, and SaO-SeNPs compared to untreated control. Red arrows indicate extracellular deformation, while yellow arrows highlight intracellular alterations.”

now reads:

“Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images (11,000X) of Staphylococcus pasteuri (Gram-positive) and Proteus mirabilis (Gram-negative) cells as treated with 2x MICs of meropenem, SaO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs, and SaO-SeNPs compared with untreated control cells. Red arrows indicate extracellular structural deformation, while yellow arrows highlight intracellular ultrastructural alterations.”

Figure legend 6:

“Showing comparative antibiofilm activity of Salvia officinalis L. extract (SaO), MNPs (Fe₃O₄NPs and SeNPs), and their composites (SaO-Fe₃O₄NPs, SaO-SeNPs) against three Gram-positive bacteria relative to meropenem.”

now reads:

“Fig. 6. Comparative antibiofilm activity of Salvia officinalis L. extract (SaO), MNPs (Fe 3 O 4 NPs and SeNPs), and their composites (SaO-Fe 3 O 4 NPs, SaO-SeNPs) against Gram-positive bacteria: (A) S. pasteuri, (B) L. monocytogenes, and (C) B. cereus relative to meropenem, as determined by the crystal violet staining assay. Data are presented as mean ± SE of three independent biological replicates (n = 3).”

The original Article has been corrected.