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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2026 Jan 29;55(3):278–282. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2025-0806

经支气管镜检查诊断以支气管内膜结核为表现的围产期结核病一例

Perinatal tuberculosis presenting as endobronchial tuberculosis diagnosed by bronchoscopy: a case report

WU Hujun 1,4, LIN Yanfen 2, TAO Xiaofen 1, WU Lei 1,✉,✉
Editors: 余 方, 刘 丽娜
PMCID: PMC13195739  PMID: 41606814

Abstract

A 3-month and 17-day-old male infant presented with a 4-week history of cough and was initially diagnosed with pneumonia. Despite over 20 days of antibiotic therapy (including ceftriaxone, piperacillin-tazobactam, and vancomycin), his symptoms did not improve. Chest CT revealed worsening pulmonary infiltrates. Bronchoscopic findings revealed stenosis of the left main bronchus with mucosal erosion, granuloma, and caseous necrosis. Rapid on-site evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid demonstrated positivity on acid-fast staining. Together with positive T-SPOT and high-throughput sequencing results for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the infant was diagnosed with perinatal endobronchial tuberculosis. The infant was started on an HRZLzd anti-tuberculosis regimen (isoniazid 10 mg·kg-¹·d-¹ intravenous infusion, rifampicin 12.5 mg·kg-¹·d-¹ orally, pyrazinamide 30 mg·kg-¹·d-¹ orally, and linezolid 10 mg·kg-¹·d-¹ intravenous infusion). After one month of treatment, his clinical symptoms and pulmonary imaging findings markedly improved.

Keywords: Perinatal tuberculosis, Bronchoscopy, Endobronchial tuberculosis, Case report


结核病是全球范围内感染相关性死亡的首要原因[1-2]。儿童约占所有结核病患者的5%~15%[1]。2022年,全球约有110万名儿童罹患结核病,约20万名儿童死于结核病[3]。新生儿结核病既可能是先天性感染,也可能是后天性感染,临床上通常难以确定感染时间。围产期结核病涵盖了这两种感染类型。围产期结核病患儿的临床表现无特异性且形式多样,病情进展迅速、病死率高,需引起临床医生的高度重视。为了加深临床医生对围产期结核病的认识,本文回顾性分析了一例成功救治的围产期结核病患儿的临床资料,探讨了该病在诊断和治疗方面的难点,以期为早期识别、减少误诊提供参考。

1. 病历摘要

患儿男性,3个月17 d,因“咳嗽4周”于2024年6月收入浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院。患儿系28+5周早产儿,剖宫产出生,出生体重为1180 g,出生后因“呼吸窘迫综合征、极低出生体重儿、新生儿败血症、支气管肺发育不良、新生儿肺炎”在义乌市妇幼保健院接受呼吸机支持及抗感染治疗(具体治疗方案不详),约1个半月后患儿病情好转出院,出院时体重约2 kg。4周前,患儿出现咳嗽,伴白色黏痰,无其他不适,于义乌市妇幼保健院就诊。外周血检查结果提示,白细胞计数17.97×109/L,中性粒细胞占比51.4%,C反应蛋白26.51 mg/L;胸部X射线检查提示肺炎(图1A);痰培养检出大肠埃希菌。患儿先后接受头孢曲松、哌拉西林-他唑巴坦及万古霉素等抗感染治疗20余天,症状未改善。外周血复查结果提示,白细胞计数17.76×109/L,中性粒细胞占比46.5%,C反应蛋白8.52 mg/L;胸部CT提示双肺多发炎症灶、左肺部分实变(图1B)。患儿遂转诊至浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院。

图1. 患儿胸部X射线及CT影像图.

图1

A:初诊时胸部X射线图(2024-05-11)提示两侧肺炎,以左下叶为著;B:抗菌药物治疗后胸部CT图(2024-06-02)提示两肺多发炎症伴左肺局部实变,较前加重;C:抗结核治疗出院时胸部X射线图(2024-07-01)提示两肺纹理增多、多发斑片影.

体格检查:呼吸56次/min,轻度三凹征,血氧饱和度94%,肺部听诊可闻及少量湿啰音。患儿收入新生儿科病房。入院第2天,行软式支气管镜检查,术中观察到左主支气管狭窄,伴黏膜糜烂及坏死;左肺上叶固有段和舌叶可见肉芽肿,表面可见干酪样坏死(图2A、B),考虑结核感染可能。立即对支气管肺泡灌洗液进行快速现场评估,结果显示抗酸染色阳性(图2C)。结核感染T细胞斑点试验结果证实结核分枝杆菌阳性。高通量测序检测显示结核分枝杆菌阳性,利福平和异烟肼耐药基因检测均为敏感。建议患儿家长至成人医院接受检查,结果证实患儿母亲存在肺结核感染。患儿转至感染科病房接受抗结核治疗。入院第3天,患儿开始接受HRZLzd方案治疗,即异烟肼(10 mg·kg-1·d-1,静脉泵注)、利福平(12.5 mg·kg-1·d-1,口服)、吡嗪酰胺(30 mg·kg-1·d-1,口服)及利奈唑胺(10 mg·kg-1·d-1,静脉泵注)。入院第29天,患儿咳嗽症状明显改善,无需吸氧即可维持血氧饱和度正常。胸部X射线检查提示肺部感染较前好转(图1C)。随后,患儿家长要求出院,返回当地医院继续治疗。

图2. 患儿支气管镜检查及支气管肺泡灌洗液抗酸染色结果.

图2

A:左主支气管狭窄,黏膜糜烂坏死,表面可见干酪样坏死物附着(箭头所示);B:左舌叶有肉芽肿(箭头所示),表面可见干酪样坏死物附着;C:支气管肺泡灌洗液抗酸染色阳性. 标尺=10 μm.

2. 讨 论

本文资料回顾性分析了一例以左主支气管内膜结核为表现的围产期结核病患儿诊治经过,提示支气管镜及支气管肺泡灌洗液检查在围产期结核病的临床诊疗中具有重要意义。先天性结核感染可由宫内血行传播、吸入或吞入受感染的羊水,或分娩时吸入或吞入受感染的生殖道分泌物引起;产后结核感染则由吸入母亲或其他患者的飞沫引起[4]。鉴于部分患儿很难明确为宫内或出生后早期结核感染,故将先天性结核病和出生后早期获得性结核病统称为围产期结核病[5]。围产期结核病患儿可能在出生后第1天至3个月内出现感染症状[2],大多数患儿在出生后3周内出现症状[6],也有部分患儿在3月龄或更晚时才出现症状[7]。本文资料中患儿在2月龄时开始出现咳嗽症状,但由于无法获得其出生时母亲的阴道分泌物和胎盘标本,无证据表明存在原发性肝脏复合体(干酪样肝肉芽肿),因此目前无法确定是否为先天性感染。以往研究认为围产期结核病是一种罕见疾病[8]。但在结核病高负担地区,该病可能并不少见。围产期结核病患儿的病死率极高,若未接受有效治疗,其病死率可高达50%[9]。围产期结核病患儿的临床症状常不典型,可能有发热、嗜睡、呼吸窘迫及肝脾大等。本文资料中患儿除咳嗽外无其他症状,在接受多种抗菌药物治疗期间临床症状及影像学表现未见明显改善。因患儿早期痰培养检出大肠埃希菌,临床决策导向抗菌药物治疗,忽略了对结核病的排查。提示在婴儿长期抗感染治疗效果不佳时,须警惕围产期结核病的可能[8,10]。

支气管内膜结核是儿童原发性肺结核最常见的并发症,但关于围产期支气管内膜结核的病例报道较少。本文资料中患儿支气管镜检查发现肉芽肿和干酪样坏死是结核病的特征性表现。除结核菌素皮肤试验、γ干扰素释放试验、Xpert MTB/RIF和Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra等常规实验室检测外,支气管镜检查也是诊断围产期支气管内膜结核的重要方法。通过支气管镜检查可以直接观察支气管内膜病变,还可获取宝贵的肺泡灌洗液标本。此外,可以通过使用经支气管针吸对结核相关性肉芽肿活检并进行快速现场评估检查,从而提高外周肺部病变的检出率。

早期治疗对预防围产期结核病相关死亡和发病至关重要。Li等[6]通过系统评价认为,围产期结核病患儿在治疗初期2个月应接受异烟肼(10~15 mg·kg-1·d-1)、利福平(10~20 mg·kg-1·d-1)、吡嗪酰胺(15~30 mg·kg-1·d-1),联合链霉素(20~30 mg·kg-1·d-1)或乙胺丁醇(15~25 mg·kg-1·d-1)治疗;初始治疗阶段后根据病情严重程度可以继续使用异烟肼和利福平治疗4~10个月。目前公认的治疗方案是维持异烟肼联合利福平治疗6~12个月,若出现耐药情况,治疗疗程可延长至18~24个月[11-12]。本文资料中患儿入院时有明显气促伴血氧饱和度降低,病情较重,支气管镜检查提示支气管内膜结核,不排除存在结核播散可能。因此,在常规使用异烟肼、利福平、吡嗪酰胺的基础上,加用了利奈唑胺。Martínez-Campreciós等[13]和Diacon等[14]提出可利用利奈唑胺具有早期杀菌活性这一特性快速降低细菌载量,并减少耐药性扩增的可能性。目前,利奈唑胺在儿童中的有效性及安全性仍不明确,有待进一步研究。此外,对于围产期结核病患儿还需关注耐药及复发等情况。其中以异烟肼单耐药最常见,其次为利福平耐药和多耐药结核病,而准广泛耐药结核病或广泛耐药结核病较为少见。目前,儿童结核病真实复发率约为1.2%[15],尚无围产期结核病相关复发率的具体数据。患儿在结核感染后常有持续性肺不张、气管支气管狭窄、肺实质纤维化等肺部后遗症,当累及中枢神经系统或骨关节时可引起患儿永久性残疾或死亡。因此,建议接受治疗的患儿应每4~8周随访一次,有助于早期识别并防治后遗症。本文资料中患儿出院后未继续随访。

Supplementary information

本文附加文件见电子版。

Acknowledgments

义乌市妇幼保健院新生儿科陈淑君医生提供相关影像学资料

Acknowledgments

CHEN Shujun from the Neonatal Department of Yiwu Maternal and Child Health Hospital provided relevant imaging data

[缩略语]

计算机体层成像(computed tomography,CT);结核分枝杆菌及利福平耐药基因检测(mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin assay,MTB/RIF)

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

利益冲突声明

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献

吴沪军、林燕芬、陶孝芬和吴磊参与论文选题和设计或参与资料获取、分析或解释,起草研究论文或修改重要智力性内容. 所有作者均已阅读并认可最终稿件,并对数据的完整性和安全性负责. 具体见电子版

医学伦理

本研究通过浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院伦理委员会审查(KY-2025-0289)并符合1964年《赫尔辛基宣言》及之后的修订版或类似的伦理标准. 患者监护人签署知情同意书

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine (KY-2025-0289), and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The participant’s guardian has signed an informed consent form

数据可用性

本研究的相关数据可根据合理请求从通信作者(E-mail:zjuent@zju.edu.cn)处获得

Data availability

All relevant data supporting the findings of this study can be accessed upon reasonable request from the corresponding author at zjuent@zju.edu.cn

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

本文附加文件见电子版。

Data Availability Statement

本研究的相关数据可根据合理请求从通信作者(E-mail:zjuent@zju.edu.cn)处获得

All relevant data supporting the findings of this study can be accessed upon reasonable request from the corresponding author at zjuent@zju.edu.cn


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